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Kasapidou E, Iliadis IV, Mitlianga P, Papatzimos G, Karatzia MA, Papadopoulos V, Amanatidis M, Tortoka V, Tsiftsi E, Aggou A, Basdagianni Z. Variations in Composition, Antioxidant Profile, and Physical Traits of Goat Milk within the Semi-Intensive Production System in Mountainous Areas during the Post-Weaning to End-of-Lactation Period. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3505. [PMID: 38003123 PMCID: PMC10668865 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy products from mountain-origin milk are known for their superior composition and quality. This study aimed to examine changes in composition, nutritional quality, and antioxidant properties of milk from semi-intensively managed goats in mountainous regions during the post-weaning to end-of-lactation period. Bulk tank milk samples from 10 farms were collected bi-weekly in the period from March to September. The farms were situated in regions with an average altitude of 772.20 m above sea level. The results revealed significant variations in milk composition, with fluctuations in fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. Milk yield per doe showed seasonal differences, with the highest yield in April and the lowest in September. Fatty acid composition exhibited changes throughout the sampling period, with variations in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutritional indices, such as the atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index, remained within the recommended values. Antioxidant properties, including total phenolic content, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS, showed significant differences, with higher values toward the end of the study. Milk pH, electrical conductivity, brix value, and refractive index also exhibited variations, while density and freezing point remained relatively stable. The study provided valuable information that can be used to develop breeding and feeding plans to achieve uniform milk quality in mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kasapidou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece (V.P.)
| | | | - Paraskevi Mitlianga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece (P.M.)
| | - Georgios Papatzimos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece (V.P.)
| | | | - Vasileios Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece (V.P.)
| | - Michail Amanatidis
- Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Tortoka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece (P.M.)
| | - Ekaterini Tsiftsi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece (P.M.)
| | - Antonia Aggou
- School of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (Z.B.)
| | - Zoitsa Basdagianni
- School of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece (Z.B.)
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Moatsou G. Heat treatment of goat milk – A review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Silva PM, Silva JLS, Bonemann DH, Ribeiro AS, Silva LO, Pizzi GLBL, Martins CF. Influences of the seasons of the year and physiographic regions on the levels of calcium, copper and zinc in the hoof capsule of foals pre and post-weaning raised in native pasture. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103854. [PMID: 34954292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the levels of Ca, Cu and Zn in the hoof of Criollo foals, pre and post-weaning, correlating them with the concentrations of these inorganic chemical compounds in soil and pasture in the different seasons of the year. We used 41 pre-weaning foals and 28 post-weaning foals. Seventeen forage samples were collected in four seasons, later 10 soil samples per property in five distinct physiographic regions (Santa Maria, Dilermando de Aguiar, Jaguarão, Arroio Grande and Pelotas). There was variability in Ca, Cu and Zn concentrations in the hoof foal between distinct physiographic regions (P < 0.05), and between seasons. There was no association of pre-weaning and post-weaning Ca levels with forage in the different physiographic regions. The concentrations of Cu and Zn showed positive association (R = 0.69, 0.43; P < 0.05) with the native pastures in the different physiographic regions in pre-weaning. In post-weaning, only Cu was positively associated (R= 0.74; P < 0.05). Different season and physiographic regions influence the levels of Ca, Cu and Zn in the hoof capsule and native pasture during the pre and post-weaning stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moreira Silva
- Programa de pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96900-010, Brasil
| | - Jamir L S Silva
- Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS 96010-971, Brasil
| | - Daísa H Bonemann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96900-010, Brasil
| | - Anderson S Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96900-010, Brasil
| | - Lucas O Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96900-010, Brasil
| | - Gino Luigi Bonilla Lemos Pizzi
- Programa de pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96900-010, Brasil.
| | - Charles Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96900-010, Brasil
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Osthoff G, Beukes B, Steyn AC, Hugo A, Deacon F, Butler HJB, O'Neill FH, Grobler JP. Milk composition of white rhinoceros over lactation and comparison with other Perissodactyla. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:417-428. [PMID: 34010488 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The proximate composition of milk from fifteen free-ranging white rhinoceroses at different lactation stages is reported with detailed analysis of fatty acid composition and minerals. Lactose is the main component at 7.93 ± 0.53%, followed by 0.93 ± 0.19% protein, 1.76 ± 0.39% fat, 0.40 ± 0.18% ash, 0.05 ± 0.01% glucose, and 0.04 ± 0.02% non protein nitrogen The interindividual variation of all the components is high, showing no trend of change over lactation. The K and P content decreased over lactation. The fatty acid composition of rhinoceros milk is characteristic with a high saturated fatty acids content of 62%-84%, of which the medium chain fatty acids form the major portion. The C10:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C18:1c9 are the major fatty acids in the milk fat. The results are compared with the two other Perissodactylae families, the Equidae and Tapiridae. Differences in gross composition are small, but the milk of the Rhinocerotidae have the lowest gross energy, while the milk fats consist of the highest amounts of saturated fatty acids, while the low levels of C16:1c9 and C18:1c9 indicate the lowest mammary Δ9-desaturase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Blake Beukes
- Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Aletta C Steyn
- Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Arnold Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Francois Deacon
- Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hendrik J B Butler
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Frans H O'Neill
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - J Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Madende M, Schmidt L, Kobeni S, Deacon F. Milk Composition of Free-Ranging Impala ( Aepyceros melampus) and Tsessebe ( Damaliscus lunatus lunatus), and Comparison with Other African Bovidae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:516. [PMID: 33671145 PMCID: PMC7922303 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major nutrient and fatty acid composition of the milk of impala and tsessebe is reported and compared with other Bovidae and species. The proximate composition of impala milk was 5.56 ± 1.96% fat, 6.60 ± 0.51% protein, and 4.36 ± 0.94% lactose, and that of tsessebe milk was 8.44 ± 3.19%, 5.15 ± 0.49%, and 6.10 ± 3.85%, respectively. The high protein content of impala milk accounted for 42% of gross energy, which is typical for African Bovids that use a "hider" postnatal care system, compared to the 25% of the tsessebe, a "follower". Electrophoresis showed that the molecular size and surface charge of the tsessebe caseins resembled that of other Alcelaphinae members, while that of the impala resembled that of Hippotraginae. The milk composition of these two species was compared by statistical methods with 13 other species representing eight suborders, families, or subfamilies of African Artiodactyla. This showed that the tsessebe milk resembled that of four other species of the Alcelaphinae sub-family and that the milk of this sub-family differs from other Artiodactyla by its specific margins of nutrient contents and milk fat with a high content of medium-length fatty acids (C8-C12) above 17% of the total fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Arnold Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Moses Madende
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Lauren Schmidt
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sibusiso Kobeni
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (A.H.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Francois Deacon
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
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Stergiadis S, Nørskov NP, Purup S, Givens I, Lee MRF. Comparative Nutrient Profiling of Retail Goat and Cow Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2282. [PMID: 31554167 PMCID: PMC6835441 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat milk is globally consumed but nutritional profiling at retail level is scarce. This study compared the nutrient composition of retail cow and goat milk (basic solids, fatty acids, minerals, and phytoestrogens) throughout the year and quantified the potential implications on the consumers' nutrient intakes. When compared to cow milk, goat milk demonstrated nutritionally desirable traits, such as lower concentrations of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0 and Na: K ratio, and the higher concentrations of cis polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), isoflavones, B, Cu, Mg, Mn, P and I, although the latter may be less desirable in cases of high milk intakes. However, in contrast with nutritional targets, it had lower concentrations of omega-3 PUFA, vaccenic acid, lignans, Ca, S and Zn. The extent of these differences was strongly influenced by season and may demonstrate a combination of differences on intrinsic species metabolism, and farm breeding/husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Reading, Agriculture Building, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK.
| | - Natalja P Nørskov
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Blichers Alle 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Ian Givens
- Institute for Food Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Agriculture Building, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK.
| | - Michael R F Lee
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK.
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, UK.
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Madende M, Deacon F, Nel P. Milk composition of free-ranging red hartebeest, giraffe, Southern reedbuck and warthog and a phylogenetic comparison of the milk of African Artiodactyla. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xanthopoulos V, Ipsilandis C, Tzanetakis N. Use of a selected multi-strain potential probiotic culture for the manufacture of set-type yogurt from caprine milk. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, Wit MDMD. Comparison of the Milk Composition of Free-Ranging Eland, Kudu, Gemsbok and Scimitar Oryx, with Observations on Lechwe, Okapi and Southern Pudu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3957/056.042.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, de Wit M. Comparison of the milk composition of free-ranging blesbok, black wildebeest and blue wildebeest of the subfamily Alcelaphinae (family: Bovidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, de Wit M. Milk composition of free-ranging sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). Mamm Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Variations of vitamin and mineral contents in raw goat milk of the indigenous Greek breed during lactation. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Osthoff G, Hugo A, de Wit M. Milk composition of free-ranging springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 146:421-6. [PMID: 17257875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Milk was obtained from three free-ranging springbok ewes of the Karoo, South Africa. The nutrient content was 74.4+/-13.8 g protein; 145.2+/-4.5 g fat; and 42.3+/-16.4 g lactose/kg milk. Small amounts of glucose, galactose and fucose were noted, and 0.3+/-0.4 g oligosaccharides. The protein fraction respectively consisted of 60.0+/-13.7 g caseins/kg milk and of 14.1+/-4.5 g whey proteins/kg milk. The lactation stage of the springbok ewes was not known, but variation in milk composition among individuals indicates that they were at different stages. Electrophoresis and identification of protein bands showed a similar migrating sequence of proteins as seen in caprine milk. The lipid fraction contains 604.0+/-26.5 g saturated fatty acids/kg milk fat, and 278.2+/-20.5 and 45.2+/-3.6 g/kg mono and poly-unsaturated fatty acids respectively. Compared to domesticated dairy species, a low content of short chain length fatty acids was observed, while stearic acid was at higher, and arachidonic acid at lower levels. Substantial levels of uneven carbon chain fatty acids were also observed. Springbok milk is much more concentrated than the milks of most ruminants, with higher fat and oligosaccharide contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Osthoff
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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Soryal K, Zeng S, Min B, Hart S, Beyene F. Effect of feeding systems on composition of goat milk and yield of Domiati cheese. Small Rumin Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kráčmar S, Gajdůšek S, Jelı́nek P, Illek J. Changes in contents of some macro- and microelements in goat’s colostrum within the first 72 h after parturition. Small Rumin Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guo MR, Dixon PH, Park YW, Gilmore JA, Kindstedt PS. Seasonal Changes in the Chemical Composition of Commingled Goat Milk. J Dairy Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)70201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ploumi K, Belibasaki S, Triantaphyllidis G. Some factors affecting daily milk yield and composition in a flock of Chios ewes. Small Rumin Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(97)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quiles A, Gonzalo C, Barcina Y, Fuentes F, Hevia M. Protein quality of Spanish Murciano-Granadina goat milk during lactation. Small Rumin Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-4488(94)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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