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Prasad S, Purohit SR. Microbial exopolysaccharide: Sources, stress conditions, properties and application in food and environment: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124925. [PMID: 37236568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial glucan or exopolysaccharides (EPS) have caught an eye of researchers from decades. The unique characteristics of EPS make it suitable for various food and environmental applications. This review overviews the different types of exopolysaccharides, sources, stress conditions, properties, characterization techniques and applications in food and environment. The yield and production condition of EPS is a major factor affecting the cost and its applications. Stress conditions are very important as it stimulates the microorganism for enhanced EPS production and affects its properties. As far as application is concerned specific properties of EPS such as, hydrophilicity, less oil uptake behavior, film forming ability, adsorption potential have applications in both food and environment sector. Novel and improved method of production, feed stock and right choice of microorganisms with stress conditions are critical for desired functionality and yield of the EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanstuti Prasad
- Food and Bioprocessing Lab, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Purohit
- Food and Bioprocessing Lab, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam, India.
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2
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Narvhus JA, Abrahamsen RK. Traditional and modern Nordic fermented milk products: A review. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Kaur N, Dey P. Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Emerging Bioactive Macromolecules: From Fundamentals to Applications. Res Microbiol 2022; 174:104024. [PMID: 36587857 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are extracellular carbohydrate polymers forming capsules or slimy coating around the cells. EPS can be secreted by various bacterial genera that can help bacterial cells in attachment, environmental adaptation, stress tolerance and are an integral part of microbial biofilms. Several gut commensals (e.g., Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) produce EPS that possess diverse bioactivities. Bacterial EPS also has extensive commercial applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Owing to the structural and functional diversity, genetic and metabolic engineering strategies are currently employed to increase EPS production. Therefore, the current review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of bacterial exopolysaccharides, including their classification, source, biosynthetic pathways, and functions in the microbial community. The review also provides an overview of the diverse bioactivities of microbial EPS, including immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer properties. Since several gut microbes are EPS producers and gut microbiota helps maintain a functional gut barrier, emphasis has been given to the intestinal-level bioactivities of the gut microbial EPS. Collectively, the review provides a comprehensive overview of microbial bioactive exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Production, Purification and Health Benefits towards Functional Food. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142938. [PMID: 35889895 PMCID: PMC9319976 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are capable of synthesising metabolites known as exopolysaccharides (EPS) during fermentation. Traditionally, EPS plays an important role in fermented dairy products through their gelling and thickening properties, but they can also be beneficial to human health. This bioactivity has gained attention in applications for functional foods, which leads them to have prebiotic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, cholesterol-lowering and anti-obesity activity. Understanding the parameters and conditions is crucial to optimising the EPS yields from LAB for applications in the food industry. This review provides an overview of the functional food market together with the biosynthesis of EPS. Factors influencing the production of EPS as well as methods for isolation, characterisation and quantification are reviewed. Finally, the health benefits associated with EPS are discussed.
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Huang JJ, Yang LC, Liu YC. Production, purification, and structural characteristics of extracellular polysaccharides derived from Lactobacillus acidophilus. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yamane T, Handa S, Imai M, Harada N, Sakamoto T, Ishida T, Nakagaki T, Nakano Y. Exopolysaccharides from a Scandinavian fermented milk viili increase butyric acid and Muribaculum members in the mouse gut. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 3:100042. [PMID: 35415651 PMCID: PMC8991987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity of viili exopolysaccharide (VEPS) were determined in young male mice. Mice drank daily tap water supplemented with VEPS, stressless administration. A low dose VEPS modified mildly but significantly the gut microbiota.
Starter culture of viili contains lactic acid bacteria belonging to Lactococcus lactis. These bacteria secrete large polysaccharides (EPSs) into milk, resulting in a ropy texture of viili. In mouse experiments, a large dose of EPS (5–140 mg/day) has been shown to alleviate severity of artificially induced illness through modulation of the gut microbiota. The present study investigated whether supplementary amounts of EPS affects the gut microbiota of normal mouse. EPS with high glucosamine content (VEPS) was isolated from home-made viili. C57BL/6J male mice fed ordinary diet took 49 ± 1 μg VEPS/day for 28 days by drinking ad libitum tap water containing 8 μg/mL VEPS. The relative abundance of Muribaculum increased significantly by VEPS supplementation. The relative abundance of fecal butyric acid decreased in control mice, and VEPS prevented this decrease. These findings indicated that the gut microbiota can be modulated by a small dose of VEPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamane
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8570, Japan
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Institute of Food Sciences, Nakagaki Consulting Engineer and Co Ltd Nishi-ku, Sakai 593-8328, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Handa
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8570, Japan
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Momoko Imai
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8570, Japan
- Faculty of Human Development, Department of Food and Nutrition Management Studies, Soai University, Osaka 559-0033, Japan
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8570, Japan
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Takenori Nakagaki
- Institute of Food Sciences, Nakagaki Consulting Engineer and Co Ltd Nishi-ku, Sakai 593-8328, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8570, Japan
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Ng KS, Chang YC, Chen YP, Lo YH, Wang SY, Chen MJ. Characterization of exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria from Taiwanese ropy fermented milk and their application in low-fat fermented milk. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:281-289. [PMID: 34530518 PMCID: PMC8738951 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria from Taiwanese ropy fermented milk (TRFM) for developing a clean label low-fat fermented milk. Methods Potential isolates from TRFM were selected based on the Gram staining test and observation of turbid suspension in the culture broth. Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and API CHL 50 test were used for strain identification. After evaluation of EPS concentration, target strains were introduced to low-fat milk fermentation for 24 h. Fermentation characters were checked: pH value, acidity, viable count, syneresis, and viscosity. Sensory evaluation of fermented products was carried out by 30 volunteers, while the storage test was performed for 21 days at 4°C. Results Two EPS-producing strains (APL15 and APL16) were isolated from TRFM and identified as Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis subsp. cremoris. Their EPS concentrations in glucose and lactose media were higher than other published strains of Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris. Low-fat fermented milk separately prepared with APL15 and APL16 reached pH 4.3 and acidity 0.8% with a viable count of 9 log colony-forming units/mL. The physical properties of both products were superior to the control yogurt, showing significant improvements in syneresis and viscosity (p<0.05). Our low-fat products had appropriate sensory scores in appearance and texture according to sensory evaluation. Although decreasing viable cells of strains during the 21-day storage test, low-fat fermented milk made by APL15 exhibited stable physicochemical properties, including pH value, acidity, syneresis and sufficient viable cells throughout the storage period. Conclusion This study demonstrated that Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris APL15 isolated from TRFM had good fermentation abilities to produce low-fat fermented milk. These data indicate that EPS-producing lactic acid bacteria have great potential to act as natural food stabilizers for low-fat fermented milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ker-Sin Ng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Lo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yao Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: Techno-functional application in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sirin S, Aslim B. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria derived exopolysaccharides for use as a defined neuroprotective agent against amyloid beta 1-42-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8124. [PMID: 32415207 PMCID: PMC7229009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease characterized by cerebral neuronal degeneration and loss in a progressive manner. Amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is toxic to neurons, being a main risk factor for initiation and continuation of cognitive deterioration in AD. Neurotoxicity of Aβ origin is also linked to oxidative stress characterized by excessive lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, changes in antioxidant systems, and cerebral DNA damage in AD. Furthermore, Aβ can induce oxidative neuronal cell death by a mitochondrial dysfunction. Cellular injury caused by oxidative stress can be possibly prevented by boosting or promoting bodily oxidative defense system by supplying antioxidants in diet or as medications. However, most synthetic antioxidants are found to have cytotoxicity, which prevents their safe use, and limits their administration. For this reason, more attention has been paid to the natural non-toxic antioxidants. One of the most promising groups of non-toxic antioxidative compounds is thought to be polysaccharides. This study investigated the characterization and protective action exerted by exopolysaccharides (EPSs) originated from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B3 and Lactobacillus plantarum GD2 to protect from apoptotic activity exerted by Aβ1-42 among SH-SY5Y cells. We characterized EPSs by elemental analysis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, and XRD. The antioxidant effects of EPSs were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, and superoxide anion scavenging activity method. The protective effects of EPSs were determined by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Mannose ratio, molecular weight, functional groups, surface morphology, and amorphous character structure of EPSs are thought to play a role in the protective effect of EPSs. EPSs reduced apoptotic activity of Aβ1-42 in addition to their depolarizing effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in concentration-dependent manner. These observations contribute the inclusion of EPSs among the therapeutic options used to manage various neurological disorders in the traditional medicine in a scientific manner, indicating that EPSs may be promising natural chemical constituents that need advanced research and development for pharmacological therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Sirin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Belma Aslim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hassan SWM, Ibrahim HAH. Production, Characterization and Valuable Applications of Exopolysaccharides from Marine Bacillus subtilis SH1. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 66:449-461. [PMID: 29319513 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are high molecular weight polymers consisting of different sugar residues they are preferable for replacing synthetic polymers as they are degradable and nontoxic. Many microorganisms possess the ability to synthesize and excrete exopolysaccharides with novel chemical compositions, properties and structures to have potential applications in different fields. The present study attempt to optimize the production of EPS by marine Bacillus subtilis SH1 in addition to characterization and investigation of different valuable applications. Effect of medium type, incubation period and pH were studied using the one factor at a time experiments. It was shown that the highest productivity (24 gl-1) of exopolysaccharides was recorded by using yeast malt glucose medium with pH 9 at the fourth day of incubation. Experimental design using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize various nutrients at different concentrations. The finalized optimized medium contained (gl-1) glucose (5), peptone (2.5), yeast extract (4.5) and malt extract (4.5) increased the production of EPS to 33.8 gl-1 with1.4 fold increase compared to the basal medium. Chemical characterization of the extracted EPS showed that, FTIR spectra exhibited bands at various regions. Moreover, HPLC chromatogram indicated that the EPS was a heteropolysaccharide consisting of maltose and rhamnose. The study was extended to evaluate the potentiality of the extracted polysaccharides in different medical applications. Results concluded that, EPS exhibited antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis and the highest antibacterial activity (7.8, 9 and 10.4 AU/ml) was against S. faecalis at 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml respectively. The EPS exhibited various degree of antitumor effect toward the tested cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2). In addition, EPS exhibited antiviral activity at 500 μg/ml. The antioxidant capacity increased with increasing the concentration of the sample. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that EPS had compact film-like structure, which could make it a useful in the future applications as in preparing plasticized film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar W M Hassan
- Marine Microbiology Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hassan A H Ibrahim
- Marine Microbiology Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
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Sun N, Liu H, Liu S, Zhang X, Chen P, Li W, Xu X, Tian W. Purification, Preliminary Structure and Antitumor Activity of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Streptococcus thermophilus CH9. Molecules 2018; 23:E2898. [PMID: 30404213 PMCID: PMC6278328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the preliminary structure and in vitro antitumor activity of three exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from Streptococcus thermophilus CH9 were investigated. Then, three purified fractions of EPS-1a, EPS-2a, and EPS-3a were obtained by chromatography using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100, respectively. The average molecular weight of EPS-1a, EPS-2a, and EPS-3a, were 1.80 × 10⁶, 1.06 × 10⁶ and 1.05 × 10⁶. The monosaccharide composition of EPS-3a was dramatically different from the others. The EPS-1a and EPS-2a were mainly composed of mannose, in a ratio of 69.82% and 57.09%, respectively, while EPS-3a was mainly composed of glucose (63.93%), without mannose. In addition, the surface morphology observed suggested that there were protein particles on the sugar chain of EPS-3a and EPS-3a was a protein-containing polysaccharide. Furthermore, EPS-3a exhibited higher antitumor activity against human liver cancer HepG2 cells in vitro. The antitumor activity of EPS-3a in HepG2 cells was associated with cell apoptosis. HE staining and Hoechst 33342 staining showed that with the treatment of EPS-3a, HepG2 cells had typical morphological changes. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Huiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Weihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xiangxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Wentan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Ziadi M, Bouzaiene T, M'Hir S, Zaafouri K, Mokhtar F, Hamdi M, Boisset-Helbert C. Evaluation of the Efficiency of Ethanol Precipitation and Ultrafiltration on the Purification and Characteristics of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Three Lactic Acid Bacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1896240. [PMID: 30320131 PMCID: PMC6167595 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1896240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by three Lactic Acid Bacteria strains, Lactococcus lactis SLT10, Lactobacillus plantarum C7, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides B3, were isolated using two methods: ethanol precipitation (EPS-ETOH) and ultrafiltration (EPS-UF) through a 10 KDa cut-off membrane. EPS recovery by ultrafiltration was higher than ethanol precipitation for Lactococcus lactis SLT10 and Lactobacillus plantarum C7. However, it was similar with both methods for Leuconostoc mesenteroides B3. The monomer composition of the EPS fractions revealed differences in structures and molar ratios between the two studied methods. EPS isolated from Lactococcus lactis SLT10 are composed of glucose and mannose for EPS-ETOH against glucose, mannose, and rhamnose for EPS-UF. EPS extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum C7 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides B3 showed similar composition (glucose and mannose) but different molar ratios. The molecular weights of the different EPS fractions ranged from 11.6±1.83 to 62.4±2.94 kDa. Molecular weights of EPS-ETOH fractions were higher than those of EPS-UF fractions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed a similarity in the distribution of the functional groups (O-H, C-H, C=O, -COO, and C-O-C) between the EPS isolated from the three strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ziadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, LETMi-INSAT, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology INSAT, Carthage University, 2 Boulevard de la Terre, BP 676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taroub Bouzaiene
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, LETMi-INSAT, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology INSAT, Carthage University, 2 Boulevard de la Terre, BP 676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana M'Hir
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, LETMi-INSAT, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology INSAT, Carthage University, 2 Boulevard de la Terre, BP 676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Zaafouri
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, LETMi-INSAT, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology INSAT, Carthage University, 2 Boulevard de la Terre, BP 676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Mokhtar
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CERMAV, CNRS, 601 rue de la Chimie, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mokhtar Hamdi
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, LETMi-INSAT, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology INSAT, Carthage University, 2 Boulevard de la Terre, BP 676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Claire Boisset-Helbert
- National Research Center for Materials Science, Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP N°73, 8027 Soliman, Tunisia
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Prechtl RM, Wefers D, Jakob F, Vogel RF. Structural characterization of the surface-associated heteropolysaccharide of Lactobacillus plantarum TMW 1.1478 and genetic analysis of its putative biosynthesis cluster. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:236-245. [PMID: 30286997 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) like xanthan are widely exploited as natural biopolymers in diverse industrial sectors. In foods, in-situ EPS formation by starter cultures allows the manufacturing of "clean labeled" products with improved textural and nutritional properties. We performed structural analyses of the cell surface-associated EPS produced by Lactobacillus plantarum TMW 1.1478, which is a promising starter culture for fermented foods. Chromatographic analyses and NMR experiments suggested an acetylated heptameric repeating unit comprised of glucose, rhamnose and galactose as major components, whereas analysis of the macromolecular HePS structure suggested an apparent molecular mass of Mr ∼2 × 106 and a root mean square (RMS) radius of ca. 60 nm. Genetic analyses enabled the identification of the respective EPS biosynthesis cluster, and its modular organization supports the chemically identified, novel EPS structure. The obtained results broaden the understanding of complex EPS formation from activated sugar nucleotides by Lactobacillus plantarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Prechtl
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel Wefers
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Frank Jakob
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Freising, Germany.
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Freising, Germany
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Sarikaya H, Aslim B, Yuksekdag Z. Assessment of anti-biofilm activity and bifidogenic growth stimulator (BGS) effect of lyophilized exopolysaccharides (l-EPSs) from Lactobacilli strains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1160923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halime Sarikaya
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Aslim
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehranur Yuksekdag
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, Turkey
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Production and partial characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by two Lactobacillus suebicus strains isolated from cider. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 214:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shao L, Wu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Ai L, Guo B. Partial characterization and immunostimulatory activity of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus rhamnosus KF5. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 107:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Huang KH, Chen BY, Shen FT, Young CC. Optimization of exopolysaccharide production and diesel oil emulsifying properties in root nodulating bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1367-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Li C, Liu P, Ahmed Z, Xiao P, Bai X. Physical characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KF5 isolated from Tibet Kefir. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ayala-Hernández I, Hassan A, Goff H, Corredig M. Effect of protein supplementation on the rheological characteristics of milk permeates fermented with exopolysaccharide-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Exopolysaccharide-producing mesophilic lactic cultures for preparation of fat-free Dahi - an Indian fermented milk. J DAIRY RES 2009; 76:90-7. [PMID: 19121242 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029908003865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Forty seven exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing mesophilic lactic acid bacteria have been isolated from Dahi and raw milk and selected cultures were evaluated for their influence on rheological and sensory properties of fat-free Dahi. Two isolates namely B-6 and KT-24 that showed promising technological attributes were identified as Lc. lactis subsp. lactis strains. B-6 produced 184+/-2 mg/l EPS in deproteinized whey medium compared with 193+/-1 mg/l by KT-24. EPS produced by B-6 was a heteropolysaccharide (consisting of glucose and mannose, 1:7 x 4) with molecular weight of 3.0x104 Da whereas KT-24 EPS was a homopolysaccharide (rhamnose) having molecular weight of 4.5x104 Da. Both EPS producing cultures showed significant changes in rheological and sensory properties of fat-free Dahi. Dahi prepared by these cultures was more viscous, adhesive, sticky, showed lower susceptibility to whey separation, and received higher sensory scores than Dahi prepared with non-EPS producing culture.
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Ayala-Hernández I, Hassan A, Goff H, Mira de Orduña R, Corredig M. Production, isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris JFR1 and their interaction with milk proteins: Effect of pH and media composition. Int Dairy J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vijayendra S, Palanivel G, Mahadevamma S, Tharanathan R. Physico-chemical characterization of an exopolysaccharide produced by a non-ropy strain of Leuconostoc sp. CFR 2181 isolated from dahi, an Indian traditional lactic fermented milk product. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Lin T, Chien MFC. Exopolysaccharides production as affected by lactic acid bacteria and fermentation time. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Knoshaug EP, Ahlgren JA, Trempy JE. Exopolysaccharide expression in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Ropy352: evidence for novel gene organization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:897-905. [PMID: 17122391 PMCID: PMC1800743 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01945-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Ropy352 produces two distinct heteropolysaccharides, phenotypically described as ropy and mucoid, when cultured in nonfat milk. One exopolysaccharide precipitated with 50% ethanol as a series of elongated threads and was composed of glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 3:2. The second exopolysaccharide precipitated with 75% ethanol as a fine flocculant and consisted of galactose, glucose, and mannose with a molar ratio of 67:21:12. A mutant strain, L. lactis subsp. cremoris EK240, lacking the ropy phenotype did not produce the exopolysaccharide that precipitated with 50% ethanol; however, it produced the exopolysaccharide that precipitated with 75% ethanol, indicating that the former exopolysaccharide is essential for the ropy phenotype. Cultures of L. lactis subsp. cremoris Ropy352 in 10% nonfat milk reached a viscosity of 25 Pa-s after 24 h, while those of the nonropy L. lactis subsp. cremoris EK240 mutant did not change. A mutation abolishing ropy exopolysaccharide expression mapped to a region on a plasmid containing two open reading frames, epsM and epsN, encoding novel glycosyltransferases bordered by ISS1 elements oriented in the same direction. Sequencing of this plasmid revealed two other regions involved in exopolysaccharide expression, an operon located between partial IS981 and IS982 elements, and an independent gene, epsU. Two and possibly three of these regions are involved in L. lactis subsp. cremoris Ropy352 exopolysaccharide expression and are arranged in a novel fashion different from that of typical lactococcal exopolysaccharide loci, and this provides genetic evidence for exopolysaccharide gene reorganization and evolution in Lactococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Knoshaug
- Department of Microbiology, Nash Hall 220, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA
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Aslim B, Beyatli Y, Yuksekdag ZN. Productions and monomer compositions of exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from traditional home-made yoghurts and raw milk. Int J Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Sánchez JI, Martínez B, Guillén R, Jiménez-Díaz R, Rodríguez A. Culture conditions determine the balance between two different exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus pentosus LPS26. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7495-502. [PMID: 17012595 PMCID: PMC1694222 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01078-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus pentosus LPS26, isolated from a natural fermentation of green olives, produces a capsular polymer constituted of two exopolysaccharides (EPS): EPS A, a high-molecular-weight (high-Mw) polysaccharide (1.9x10(6) Da) composed of glucose and rhamnose (3:1), and EPS B, a low-Mw polysaccharide (3.3x10(4) Da) composed of glucose and mannose (3:1). Fermentation experiments in a chemically semidefined medium with different carbon sources (glucose, fructose, mannitol, and lactose) showed that all of them except fructose supported EPS A production rather than EPS B production. The influence of temperature and pH was further analyzed. As the temperature dropped, increased synthesis of both EPS was detected. The control of pH especially enhanced EPS B production. With regard to this, the maximum total EPS production (514 mg liter-1) was achieved at a suboptimal growth temperature (20 degrees C) and pH 6.0. Continuous cultures showed that EPS A, synthesized mainly at low dilution rates, is clearly dependent on the growth rate, whereas EPS B synthesis was hardly affected. EPS production was also detected in supplemented skimmed milk, but no increase on the viscosity of the fermented milk was recorded. This could be linked to the high proportion of the low-Mw polysaccharide produced in these conditions in contrast to that observed in culture media. Overall, the present study shows that culture conditions have a clear impact on the type and concentration of EPS produced by strain LPS26, and consequently, these conditions should be carefully selected for optimization and application studies. Finally, it should be noted that this is, to our knowledge, the first report on EPS production by L. pentosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Ignacio Sánchez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Ctra. Infiesto s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
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Pacheco-Sanchez M, Boutin Y, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ. A bioactive (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-d-glucan from Collybia dryophilaand other mushrooms. Mycologia 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Pacheco-Sanchez
- Centre de recherche en horticulture, Pavillon de l’Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec QC, G1K 7P4 Canada, and Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec QC, G1K 7P4 Canada
| | - Yvan Boutin
- Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec QC, G1K 7P4 Canada, Transbiotech, Cégep Lévis-Lauzon, 205 route Mgr Bourget, Lévis QC, G6V 6Z9 Canada
| | - Paul Angers
- Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec QC, G1K 7P4 Canada
| | | | - Russell J. Tweddell
- Centre de recherche en horticulture, Pavillon de l’Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec QC, G1K 7P4 Canada, and Institut des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec QC, G1K 7P4 Canada
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Dabour N, LaPointe G. Identification and molecular characterization of the chromosomal exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SMQ-461. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:7414-25. [PMID: 16269783 PMCID: PMC1287649 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.7414-7425.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide (EPS) capsule-forming strain SMQ-461 of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, isolated from raw milk, produces EPS with an apparent molecular mass of >1.6 x 10(6) Da. The EPS biosynthetic genes are located on the chromosome in a 13.2-kb region consisting of 15 open reading frames. This region is flanked by three IS1077-related tnp genes (L. lactis) at the 5' end and orfY, along with an IS981-related tnp gene, at the 3' end. The eps genes are organized in specific regions involved in regulation, chain length determination, biosynthesis of the repeat unit, polymerization, and export. Three (epsGIK) of the six predicted glycosyltransferase gene products showed low amino acid similarity with known glycosyltransferases. The structure of the repeat unit could thus be different from those known to date for Lactococcus. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that the eps locus is transcribed as a single mRNA. The function of the eps gene cluster was confirmed by disrupting the priming glycosyltransferase gene (epsD) in Lactococcus cremoris SMQ-461, generating non-EPS-producing reversible mutants. This is the first report of a chromosomal location for EPS genetic elements in Lactococcus cremoris, with novel glycosyltransferases not encountered before in lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dabour
- STELA Dairy Research Centre, Room 1316, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1K 7P4
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30
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Aslim B, Yüksekdag˘ ZN, Beyatli Y, Mercan N. Exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus delbruckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains under different growth conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-3613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Ruas-Madiedo P, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Invited Review: Methods for the Screening, Isolation, and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:843-56. [PMID: 15738217 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) is widespread among lactic acid bacteria (LAB), although the physiological role of these molecules has not been clearly established yet. Some EPS confer on LAB a "ropy" character that can be detected in cultures that form long strands when extended with an inoculation loop. When EPS are produced in situ during milk fermentation they can act as natural biothickeners, giving the product a suitable consistency, improving viscosity, and reducing syneresis. In addition, some of these EPS may have beneficial effects on human health. The increasing demand by consumers of novel dairy products requires a better understanding of the effect of EPS on existing products and, at the same time, the search for new EPS-producing strains with desirable properties. The use of genetically modified organisms capable of producing high levels of EPS or newly designed biopolymers is still very limited. Therefore, exploration of the biodiversity of wild LAB strains from natural ecological environments is currently the most suitable approach to search for the desired EPS-phenotype. The screening of ropy strains and the isolation and characterization of EPS responsible for this characteristic have led to the application over the past years of a wide variety of techniques. This review summarizes the available information on methods and procedures used for research on this topic. The information provided deals with methods for screening of EPS-producing LAB, detection of the ropy phenotype, and the physicochemical and structural characterization of these molecules, including parameters related to their viscosifying properties. To our knowledge, this is the first compilation of methods available for the study of EPS produced by LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruas-Madiedo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, CSIC, Carretera de Infiesto s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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32
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Ruas-Madiedo P, Alting AC, Zoon P. Effect of exopolysaccharides and proteolytic activity of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains on the viscosity and structure of fermented milks. Int Dairy J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bergmaier D, Champagne CP, Lacroix C. Growth and exopolysaccharide production during free and immobilized cell chemostat culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595M. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:272-84. [PMID: 15659181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were studied during chemostat cultures in whey permeate medium with Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595M-free cells and cells immobilized on solid porous supports (ImmobaSil). METHODS AND RESULTS A continuous culture with free cells was conducted for 9 days at dilution rates (D) between 0.3 and 0.8 h(-1) in yeast extract (YE)/mineral supplemented whey permeate. Maximum EPS production (1808 mg l(-1)) and volumetric productivity (542.6 mg l(-1) h(-1)) were obtained for a low D of 0.3 h(-1). A continuous fermentation in a two-stage bioreactor system, composed of a first stage with immobilized cells and a second stage inoculated with free cells produced in the first reactor, was carried out for 32 days. The influence of YE concentration, temperature and dilution rate, and their interactions on biomass, EPS and lactic acid production was investigated. A statistically significant model was found only for lactic acid production. Marked cell morphological and physiological changes led to the formation of very large cell-containing aggregates and a low mean soluble EPS production (138 mg l(-1)). Aggregate volumetric productivity of the two-stage system varied between 5.7 and 49.5 g l(-1) h(-1) for different fermentation conditions and times. Aggregates contained a very high biomass concentration, estimated at 74% of aggregate dry weight by nitrogen analysis and 4.3 x 10(12) CFU g(-1) by a DNA extraction method and a high nonsoluble polysaccharide content (14.2%). At age 24 days, insoluble EPS concentration and volumetric productivity were 1250 mg l(-1) and 2240 mg l(-1) h(-1) respectively. The physiological changes were shown to be reversible when cells were incubated during three successive batch cultures. CONCLUSIONS EPS production and volumetric productivity during continuous free-cell chemostat cultures with L. rhamnosus RW-9595M are among the highest values reported for lactobacilli in literature. Immobilization and continuous culture resulted in low soluble EPS production and large morphological and physiological changes of L. rhamnosus RW-9595M, with formation of macroscopical aggregates mainly composed of biomass and nonsoluble EPS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study on continuous EPS production by immobilized LAB. Immobilization and culture time-induced cell aggregation and could be used to produce new synbiotic products with very high viable cell and EPS concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bergmaier
- Dairy Research Centre STELA, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, PQ, Canada
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Vaningelgem F, Meulen RVD, Zamfir M, Adriany T, Laws AP, Vuyst LD. Streptococcus thermophilus ST 111 produces a stable high-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide in milk-based medium. Int Dairy J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Vaningelgem F, Zamfir M, Mozzi F, Adriany T, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, De Vuyst L. Biodiversity of exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus strains is reflected in their production and their molecular and functional characteristics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:900-12. [PMID: 14766570 PMCID: PMC348814 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.900-912.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six lactic acid bacterium strains isolated from European dairy products were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus and characterized by bacterial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing capacity in milk and enriched milk medium. In addition, the acidification rates of the different strains were compared with their milk clotting behaviors. The majority of the strains grew better when yeast extract and peptone were added to the milk medium, although the presence of interfering glucomannans was shown, making this medium unsuitable for EPS screening. EPS production was found to be strain dependent, with the majority of the strains producing between 20 and 100 mg of polymer dry mass per liter of fermented milk medium. Furthermore, no straightforward relationship between the apparent viscosity and EPS production could be detected in fermented milk medium. An analysis of the molecular masses of the isolated EPS by gel permeation chromatography revealed a large variety, ranging from 10 to >2,000 kDa. A distinction could be made between high-molecular-mass EPS (>1,000 kDa) and low-molecular-mass EPS (<1,000 kDa). Based on the molecular size of the EPS, three groups of EPS-producing strains were distinguished. Monomer analysis of the EPS by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with amperometric detection was demonstrated to be a fast and simple method. All of the EPS from the S. thermophilus strains tested were classified into six groups according to their monomer compositions. Apart from galactose and glucose, other monomers, such as (N-acetyl)galactosamine, (N-acetyl)glucosamine, and rhamnose, were also found as repeating unit constituents. Three strains were found to produce EPS containing (N-acetyl)glucosamine, which to our knowledge was never found before in an EPS from S. thermophilus. Furthermore, within each group, differences in monomer ratios were observed, indicating possible novel EPS structures. Finally, large differences between the consistencies of EPS solutions from five different strains were assigned to differences in their molecular masses and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Vaningelgem
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing (IMDO), Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Tallon R, Bressollier P, Urdaci MC. Isolation and characterization of two exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus plantarum EP56. Res Microbiol 2003; 154:705-12. [PMID: 14643409 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Lactobacillus plantarum strain producing exopolysaccharides (EPSs) was isolated from corn silage. When this strain, named L. plantarum EP56, was grown on a chemically defined medium, two EPS fractions were isolated. The cell-bound EPS fraction (EPS-b) was composed of a single high-molecular-mass polymer of 8.5x10(5) Da containing glucose, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine in a molar ratio of approximately 3:1:1 and traces of glycerol and phosphoglycerol. The released EPS fraction (EPS-r) was composed of the high-molecular-mass bound polysaccharide and a second polymer of 4x10(4) Da containing glucose, galactose and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 3:1:1 and traces of glycerol and phosphoglycerol. EPS-b and EPS-r contained phosphate which contributes to their negative net charge. Studies on polysaccharide production and location showed that both polymers were synthesized during the exponential growth phase and that the EPS-b polymer was progressively released into the culture medium during the stationary growth phase. Carbon source and temperature influenced EPS synthesis when L. plantarum EP56 was grown in a chemically defined medium. Lactose was the most efficient carbon source among the five tested (glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose and sucrose). EPS production was also increased when the incubation temperature is lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tallon
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, ENITA de Bordeaux, 1, cours du Général de Gaulle, BP 201, 33175, Gradignan, France
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Zisu B, Shah NP. Effects of pH, Temperature, Supplementation with Whey Protein Concentrate, and Adjunct Cultures on the Production of Exopolysaccharides by Streptococcus thermophilus 1275. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:3405-15. [PMID: 14672169 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of pH, temperature, supplementation with whey protein concentrate (WPC), and non-EPS culture on the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Streptococcus thermophilus 1275 were studied. The organism was grown in 10% reconstituted skim milk (RSM) in a Biostat B fermenter for 24 h at various pH (4.5, 5.5 and 6.5) and temperatures (30, 37, 40, and 42 degrees C), and supplementation with WPC 392, and non-EPS producing S. thermophilus 1303 and the amount of EPS produced were determined. Bacterial counts were enumerated and the concentrations of lactic acid, lactose, glucose, and galactose were also determined. A maximum of 406 mg/L of EPS was produced in RSM at 37 degrees C after 24 h of fermentation at pH 4.08 when the pH was not controlled. A pH of 5.5 and temperature of 40 degrees C were found to be optimal for EPS production by S. thermophilus 1275, yielding 458 mg/L. The EPS production increased when RSM was supplemented with WPC 392. At optimum pH and at 37 degrees C with WPC supplementation, the level of EPS increased to 1029 mg/L. Co-culturing S. thermophilus 1275 with non-EPS S. thermophilus 1303 increased EPS production at 37 degrees C and pH 5.5 to 832 mg/L. High temperature (42 degrees C) reduced the amount of EPS production, and EPS production ceased at pH 4.5 when maintained constantly at this pH. The level of lactose utilization and lactic acid production depended on growth conditions of the organism. No glucose was detected, while galactose was found to accumulate in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zisu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne City Mail Center, Victoria 8001, Australia
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Petry S, Furlan S, Waghorne E, Saulnier L, Cerning dagger J, Maguin E. Comparison of the thickening properties of four Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains and physicochemical characterization of their exopolysaccharides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 221:285-91. [PMID: 12725940 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that physicochemical properties of exopolysaccharides (EPS) can vary between strains of a given species and according to growth conditions. The EPS production of four strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was monitored during growth in milk and in a chemically defined media. All strains, including the non-ropy one, produced EPS. The monosaccharide composition, molar mass (M(w)), and intrinsic viscosity of these EPS were determined and compared. Further characterization using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography revealed the presence of two fractions in all EPS: one fraction exhibited a high M(w) and a high intrinsic viscosity while the other had a low M(w) and a low intrinsic viscosity. Strikingly, the EPS synthesized by the non-ropy strain was mainly composed of the low-M(w) fraction while for the ropy strains, the fraction of high M(w) varied between 43 and 90%. According to our results, we propose that the ratio between the high-M(w) and low-M(w) fractions is critical for the texturing properties of L. bulgaricus EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Petry
- Unité de Recherches Laitières et Génétique Appliquée, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Gorret N, Renard C, Famelart M, Maubois J, Doublier J. Rheological characterization of the EPS produced by P. acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ricciardi A, Parente E, Crudele MA, Zanetti F, Scolari G, Mannazzu I. Exopolysaccharide production by Streptococcus thermophilus SY: production and preliminary characterization of the polymer. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:297-306. [PMID: 11849358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effect of yeast extract (YE) concentration, temperature and pH on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in a whey-based medium by Streptococcus thermophilus SY and to characterize the partially purified EPS. METHODS AND RESULTS Factorial experiments and empirical model building were used to optimize fermentation conditions and the chemical composition, average molecular weight (MW) and rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of the EPS were determined. Exopolysaccharide production was growth associated and was higher (152 mg l(-1)) at pH 6.4 and 36 degrees C with 4 g l(-1) YE. High performance size exclusion chromatography of the partially purified EPS showed two peaks, with a weight average MW of 2 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(4), respectively. The EPS was a heteropolysaccharide, with a glucose : galactose : rhamnose ratio of 2 : 4.5 : 1. Its water dispersions had a pseudoplastic behaviour and showed a higher viscosity of xanthan solutions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fermentation conditions and some properties of an EPS produced by Strep. thermophilus, a dairy starter organism, were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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41
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Role of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris on the viscosity of fermented milks. Int Dairy J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vlahopoulou I, Bell AE, Wilbey RA. Effects of starter culture and its exopolysaccharides on the gelation of glucono-δ-lactone-acidified bovine and caprine milk. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-727x.2001.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Degeest B, Janssens B, De Vuyst L. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis by Lactobacillus sakei 0-1: production kinetics, enzyme activities and EPS yields. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:470-7. [PMID: 11556912 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine optimal exopolysaccharide (EPS) production conditions of the mesophilic lactic acid bacterium strain Lactobacillus sakei 0-1 and to detect possible links between EPS yields and the activity of relevant enzymes. METHODS AND RESULTS Fermentation experiments at different temperatures using either glucose or lactose were carried out. EPS production took place during the exponential growth phase. Low temperatures, applying glucose as carbohydrate source, resulted in the best bacterial growth, the highest amounts of EPS and the highest specific EPS production. Activities of 10 important enzymes involved in the EPS biosynthesis and the energy formation of Lact. sakei 0-1 were measured. The obtained results revealed that there is a clear link for some enzymes with EPS biosynthesis. It was also demonstrated clearly that the presence of rhamnose in the EPS building blocks is due to high activities of the enzymes involved in the rhamnose synthetic branch. CONCLUSION EPS production in Lact. sakei 0-1 is growth-associated and displays primary metabolite kinetics. Glucose as carbohydrate source and low temperatures enhance the EPS production. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the activated sugar nucleotides play a major role in determining the monomeric composition of the synthesized EPS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The proposed results contribute to a better understanding of the physiological factors influencing EPS production and the key enzymes involved in EPS biosynthesis by Lact. sakei.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Degeest
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing (IMDO), Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Gorret N, Maubois JL, Engasser JM, Ghoul M. Study of the effects of temperature, pH and yeast extract on growth and exopolysaccharides production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate using a response surface methodology. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:788-96. [PMID: 11348440 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effects of temperature, pH and yeast extract (YE) concentration on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici DSM 4900 cultivated on milk microfiltrate. METHODS AND RESULTS A multifactorial approach using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was followed. The results indicated that both growth, and EPS and organic acids production, were influenced by pH, temperature and YE concentration. Biomass and organic acids production occurred in all the tested domains, whereas EPS production was only possible in a narrow pH range (5.3-6.5). The results clearly showed that the optimal conditions for EPS production were different to those for optimal growth. The effect of YE on EPS production was not only due to an increase in growth but also to a direct effect on the production of EPS. The temperature played a major role. A decrease of temperature induced a slowing down of both growth and organic acids production, making the essential factors of the medium and the precursors of EPS biosynthesis more available and hence, leading to an increase in EPS production. CONCLUSION The effects of pH, temperature and YE were determined, allowing the definition of favourable, though non-optimal, conditions for EPS production: 23 degrees C, pH 6 and 3 g l(-1) YE concentration. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of a multifactorial approach for investigating the effect of fermentation conditions on EPS production has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorret
- Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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Gorret N, Maubois JL, Ghoul M, Engasser JM. Exopolysaccharide production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:779-87. [PMID: 11348439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this work were to evaluate growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production properties of Propionibacterium acidi-propionici DSM 4900 on milk permeate. METHODS AND RESULTS Anaerobic growth on milk permeate was only possible if supplemented with yeast extract (YE). Fermentation capacities of the strain were significantly improved by further increasing the supplemented YE. At 5 g l(-1) YE, consumption of 45 g l(-1) lactose to produce 9 g l(-1) biomass, 34 g l(-1) organic acids and 0.65 g l(-1) EPS was observed. From a kinetic point of view, EPS production occurred during the bacteria growth phase. At the excreted polysaccharide level, the medium showed shear-thinning behaviour with a relatively high apparent viscosity of up to 30 mPa.s (milli.Pascal.second) at a shear rate of 17 s(-1). CONCLUSION EPS production by P. acidi-propionici DSM 4900 on milk permeate showed promising rheological behaviour of the milk-derived medium obtained, even at a low production level. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A kinetic study on EPS production by a food-grade bacterium that could be used in situ in alimentation was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorret
- Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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Marshall VM, Dunn H, Elvin M, McLay N, Gu Y, Laws AP. Structural characterisation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus EU20. Carbohydr Res 2001; 331:413-22. [PMID: 11398983 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus EU20 when grown on skimmed milk secretes a high-molecular-weight exopolysaccharide that is composed of glucose, galactose and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 2:3:2. Using chemical techniques and 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C) the polysaccharide has been shown to possess a heptasaccharide repeating unit having the following structure: [chemical structure: see text]. Treatment of the polysaccharide with mild acid (0.5 M TFA, 100 degrees C for 1 h) liberates two oligosaccharides; the components correspond to the repeating unit and a hexasaccharide equivalent to the repeating unit minus the terminal alpha-L-Rhap.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Marshall
- Division of Food and Nutrition, University of Huddersfield, UK
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Vincent SJ, Faber EJ, Neeser JR, Stingele F, Kamerling JP. Structure and properties of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus macedonicus Sc136. Glycobiology 2001; 11:131-9. [PMID: 11287400 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus macedonicus is a Gram positive lactic acid bacterium that is part of the starter flora present in Greek sheep and goat cheeses. The S. macedonicus Sc136 strain produces a high-molecular-mass, highly texturizing exopolysaccharide composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the molar ratio of 3:2:1. The structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by S. macedonicus Sc136 was determined by chemical analysis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The repeating unit was shown to be: (see text) The polysaccharide sidechain beta-D-Galf-(1-->6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-D-GlcpNAc is a key factor in the highly texturizing properties of the S.macedonicus Sc136 exopolysaccharide. Finally, the trisaccharide sequence beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp corresponds to the internal backbone of the lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose units, which serve as a structural basis for the large majority of human milk oligosaccharides, an additional property offering an important potential for the development of improved infant nutrition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Vincent
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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De Vuyst L, De Vin F, Vaningelgem F, Degeest B. Recent developments in the biosynthesis and applications of heteropolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Degeest B, Vaningelgem F, De Vuyst L. Microbial physiology, fermentation kinetics, and process engineering of heteropolysaccharide production by lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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