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Gao R, Zhu Q, Huang L, Fan X, Teng X, Miao Y. LEP Gene Promotes Milk Fat Synthesis via the JAK2-STAT3 and mTOR Signaling Pathways in Buffalo Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2446. [PMID: 39199979 PMCID: PMC11350831 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptin (LEP), a protein hormone well-known for its role in metabolic regulation, has recently been linked to lipid metabolism in cattle. However, its function in buffalo mammary glands remains unclear. To address this issue, we isolated and identified the LEP gene and conducted experiments to investigate its function in buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BuMECs). In this study, two transcript variants of LEP, designated as LEP_X1 and LEP_X2, were identified. The coding sequences (CDS) of LEP_X1 and LEP_X2 are 504 bp and 579 bp in length, encoding 167 and 192 amino acid residues, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that LEP_X2 is a hydrophobic protein with an isoelectric point below 7 and contains a signal peptide, while LEP_X1 is hydrophilic and lacks a signal peptide. Our study found that LEP gene expression in lactating BuMECs was significantly higher than in non-lactating cells, with LEP_X2 expression remarkably higher than LEP_X1 in lactating BuMECs. Overexpression of both LEP_X1 and LEP_X2 significantly promoted the expression of genes related to milk fat synthesis in lactating BuMECs, including STAT3, PI3K, mTOR, SCD, and SREBF1, accompanied by an increase in cellular triglycerides (TG). Interestingly, LEP_X2 overexpression significantly suppressed LEP_X1 expression while increasing intracellular TG concentration by 12.10-fold compared to LEP_X1 overexpression, suggesting an antagonistic relationship between the two variants and supposing LEP_X2 plays a dominant role in milk fat synthesis in lactating BuMECs. Additionally, four nucleotide substitutions were identified in the buffalo LEP CDS, including a nonsynonymous substitution c.148C>T (p.Arg50Cys), which was predicted to decrease the stability of the LEP protein without affecting its function. These results collectively underscore the significant role of LEP in milk fat synthesis and can provide a basis for molecular breeding strategies of buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yongwang Miao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.G.); (Q.Z.); (L.H.); (X.F.); (X.T.)
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2
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Geldsetzer-Mendoza C, Riveros JL. Morphophysiological Responses of the Goat Mammary Gland to Water Scarcity in Arid and Semi-Arid Environments: Are They Enough to Generate Adaptation to New Climatic Challenges? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3825. [PMID: 38136862 PMCID: PMC10740433 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to climate change, diverse territories of the planet will suffer from water restrictions. Goats are perceived as the most resilient ruminants in this scenario. So, various studies have focused on describing how a lower water intake influences milk production, especially in breeds adapted to desert environments. In water-stress situations, goats lose up to 32% of their body weight (BW), the rate of passage is reduced, and the digestibility of the feed increases. When goats consume water again, the rumen prevents hemolysis and osmotic shock from occurring. Regarding milk production, the response varies depending on the breed and the level of water restriction, maintaining the milk volume or reducing it by up to 41%. Systemically, it decreases the urinary volume and glomerular filtration rate, increasing blood osmolality and the vasopressin (ADH) concentration. Studies are scarce regarding changes in blood flow to the mammary gland, but there would be a reduction in blood flow velocity of up to 40% without changing blood pressure. New studies must be undertaken to determine which breeds or crosses are the best adapted to changing environmental conditions and to improve our understanding of the changes that occur at the morphophysiological level of the caprine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Riveros
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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Jena MK, Khan FB, Ali SA, Abdullah A, Sharma AK, Yadav V, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mandadapu G, Sahoo AK, Rath PK, Taneera J, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Goh KW, Ming LC, Ardianto C. Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:491-508. [PMID: 37694522 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ with various physiological processes like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during the pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. It is essential to understand the molecular changes during the lactogenic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs, the milk-synthesizing cells). The MECs are organized as luminal milk-secreting cells and basal myoepithelial cells (responsible for milk ejection by contraction) that form the alveoli. The branching morphogenesis and lactogenic differentiation of the MECs prepare the gland for lactation. This process is governed by many molecular mediators including hormones, growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, regulatory proteins, etc. Interestingly, various signalling pathways guide lactation and understanding these molecular transitions from pregnancy to lactation will help researchers design further research. Manipulation of genes responsible for milk synthesis and secretion will promote augmentation of milk yield in dairy animals. Identifying protein signatures of lactation will help develop strategies for persistent lactation and shortening the dry period in farm animals. The present review article discusses in details the physiological and molecular changes occurring during lactogenic differentiation of MECs and the associated hormones, regulatory proteins, miRNAs, and signalling pathways. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular events will aid in developing engineered cellular models for studies related to mammary gland diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Amarish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Chu S, Yang Y, Nazar M, Chen Z, Yang Z. miR-497 Regulates LATS1 through the PPARG Pathway to Participate in Fatty Acid Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1224. [PMID: 37372404 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient metabolism is required to maintain energy balance in animal organisms, and fatty acids play an irreplaceable role in fat metabolism. In this study, microRNA sequencing was performed on mammary gland tissues collected from cows during early, peak, and late lactation to determine miRNA expression profiles. Differentially expressed miRNA (miR-497) was selected for functional studies of fatty acid substitution. Simulants of miR-497 impaired fat metabolism [triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol], whereas knockdown of miR-497 promoted fat metabolism in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. In addition, in vitro experiments on BMECs showed that miR-497 could down-regulate C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, and C20:1 as well as long-chain polyunsaturated fats. Thus, these data expand the discovery of a critical role for miR-497 in mediating adipocyte differentiation. Through bioinformatics analysis and further validation, we identified large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) as a target of miR-497. siRNA-LATS1 increased concentrations of fatty acids, TAG, and cholesterol in cells, indicating an active role of LATS1 in milk fat metabolism. In summary, miR-497/LATS1 can regulate the biological processes associated with TAG, cholesterol, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in cells, providing an experimental basis for further elucidating the mechanistic regulation of lipid metabolism in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfeng Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mudasir Nazar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Dong B, Mehran S, Yang Y, Jing H, Liang L, Guo X, Zhang Q. Effect of leptin on the growth and expression of STAT3 in yak mammary epithelial cells. Vet World 2022; 15:2141-2150. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2141-2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptin (LEP) is an autocrine and paracrine factor produced by the fat pad and acinar epithelial cells of the breast. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LEP on yak mammary epithelial cells (YMECs) and the expression of STAT3. In addition, we evaluated the possible effects of prolactin (PRL) on the function of LEP.
Materials and Methods: The YMECs were treated with 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ng/mL LEP for 48 h in the absence of PRL and the presence of 500 ng/mL PRL. The growth activity of YMECs was measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay. The changes in the lactation signaling pathway-related factor STAT3 were detected at the mRNA, protein, and protein phosphorylation levels using the reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. To explore whether LEP affects the activation of STAT3 through JAK2/JAK3 in YMECs, the JAK2/3 signaling pathway inhibitor AG490 was used at a fixed concentration of LEP.
Results: Each concentration of LEP significantly promoted the expression of STAT3 mRNA (p < 0.05) in YMECs in the presence of PRL. In the absence of PRL, all concentrations of LEP were found to inhibit the expression of the STAT3 protein (p < 0.05). The expression of the STAT3 protein in YMECs was found to first increase followed by a decrease with an increase in the concentration of LEP. In addition, the phosphorylation level of STAT3 increased in all groups, except the 100 ng/mL concentration group. The STAT3 phosphorylation trend and protein expression were different, such that the level of protein phosphorylation was higher than that of the STAT3 protein (p < 0.05). The addition of AG490 reduced the expression of the STAT3 mRNA, STAT3 protein, and STAT3 phosphorylation in the LEP and LEP + PRL groups.
Conclusion: Altogether, the results indicated that different concentrations of LEP exerted varying effects on the growth of YMECs and the expression of STAT3, and the activity of STAT3 was primarily activated by JAK2. The addition of LEP can effectively inhibit the downregulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway by AG490, mitigate its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of YMECs, and reduce apoptosis. We believe that these findings will provide a theoretical and experimental basis for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxia Dong
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Sidra Mehran
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Haixia Jing
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kunlun College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qinwen Zhang
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Chen Z, Lu Q, Liang Y, Cui X, Wang X, Mao Y, Yang Z. Circ11103 Interacts with miR-128/ PPARGC1A to Regulate Milk Fat Metabolism in Dairy Cows. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4490-4500. [PMID: 33826315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quality of milk is inseparable from its milk components, and fatty acid content is a key factor affecting the quality of milk. In this study, the miRNA and mRNA profiles of the bovine mammary gland tissue during the dry period and the peak lactation period were determined through high-throughput sequencing. In total, 72 miRNA-mRNA regulatory pathways were screened, including miR-128/PPARGC1A regulatory pathways. miR-128 can directly target PPARGC1A and inhibit its expression. In addition, the study also observed that there was a miR-128 binding site in the sequence of the circular RNA circ11103, and circ11103 significantly reduced the expression of miR-128. circ11103 upregulated the triglyceride levels in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and increased the contents of unsaturated fatty acids. However, miR-128 decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels in BMECs. This study aims to analyze the mechanism governing the regulatory effect of circ11103 on milk fat metabolism, which provides new insights into improving milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Qinyue Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian Nutrition Physiology Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiangshun Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Developmental Biology, Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yongjiang Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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Chen Z, Chu S, Liang Y, Xu T, Sun Y, Li M, Zhang H, Wang X, Mao Y, Loor JJ, Wu Y, Yang Z. miR-497 regulates fatty acid synthesis via LATS2 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:8625-8636. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both mRNA and miRNA play an important role in the regulation of mammary fatty acid metabolism and milk fat synthesis.
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Chen Z, Chu S, Wang X, Sun Y, Xu T, Mao Y, Loor JJ, Yang Z. MiR-16a Regulates Milk Fat Metabolism by Targeting Large Tumor Suppressor Kinase 1 ( LATS1) in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11167-11178. [PMID: 31542928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Milk contains a number of beneficial fatty acids including short and medium chain and unsaturated conjugated and nonconjugated fatty acids. In this study, microRNA sequencing of mammary tissue collected in early-, peak-, mid-, and late-lactation periods was performed to determine the miRNA expression profiles. miR-16a was one of the differentially expressed miRNA and was selected for in-depth functional studies pertaining to fatty acid metabolism. The mimic of miR-16a impaired fat metabolism [triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol] while knock-down of miR-16a promoted fat metabolism in vitro in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). In addition, the in vitro work with BMECs also revealed that miR-16a had a negative effect on the cellular concentration of cis 9-C18:1, total C18:1, C20:1, and C22:1 and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, these data suggesting a negative effect on fatty acid metabolism extend the discovery of the key role of miR-16a in mediating adipocyte differentiation. Through a combination of bioinformatics analysis, target gene 3' UTR luciferase reporter assays, and western blotting, we identified large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) as a target of miR-16a. Transfection of siRNA-LATS1 into BMECs led to increases in TAG, cholesterol, and cellular fatty acid concentrations, suggesting a positive role of LATS1 in mammary cell fatty acid metabolism. In summary, data suggest that miR-16a regulates biological processes associated with intracellular TAG, cholesterol, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis through LATS1. These data provide a theoretical and experimental framework for further clarifying the regulation of lipid metabolism in mammary cells of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Shuangfeng Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Yujia Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Tianle Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Yongjiang Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian Nutrition Physiology Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
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Ji Z, Chao T, Zhang C, Liu Z, Hou L, Wang J, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhou J, Xuan R, Wang G, Wang J. Transcriptome Analysis of Dairy Goat Mammary Gland Tissues from Different Lactation Stages. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:129-143. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohua Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Aili Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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Palin MF, Farmer C, Duarte CRA. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM/BOLFA: Adipokines affect mammary growth and function in farm animals. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5689-5700. [PMID: 29293788 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role of mammary fat pads in mammary growth and morphogenesis was the first indication that biologically active molecules, secreted from adipocytes or other stromal cells, could regulate endocrine cues for growth and function of the mammary gland. The presence of leptin and adiponectin receptors in mammary tissues suggested that locally produced or circulating adipokines could affect mammary growth and function. Herein, we present the current knowledge on the role of adipokines in mammary cell proliferation and differentiation and in lactogenesis and galactopoiesis in farm animals. We also address the role of milk adipokines in the neonate. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipokines could act as metabolic sensors, regulating mammary growth and function in periods of metabolic adaptations such as late pregnancy and early lactation. Indeed, different experiments reported that adiponectin and leptin expression varies according to physiological stages and nutritional status of the animal. The current review also demonstrates that adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are important regulators of the action of lactogenic hormones in the mammary gland. Findings also suggest important roles for adipokines in growth and intestinal maturation of the neonate.
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Buonfiglio DC, Ramos-Lobo AM, Freitas VM, Zampieri TT, Nagaishi VS, Magalhães M, Cipolla-Neto J, Cella N, Donato J. Obesity impairs lactation performance in mice by inducing prolactin resistance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22421. [PMID: 26926925 PMCID: PMC4772384 DOI: 10.1038/srep22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity reduces breastfeeding success and lactation performance in women. However, the mechanisms involved are not entirely understood. In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice were chronically exposed to a high-fat diet to induce obesity and subsequently exhibited impaired offspring viability (only 15% survival rate), milk production (33% reduction), mammopoiesis (one-third of the glandular area compared to control animals) and postpartum maternal behaviors (higher latency to retrieving and grouping the pups). Reproductive experience attenuated these defects. Diet-induced obese mice exhibited high basal pSTAT5 levels in the mammary tissue and hypothalamus, and an acute prolactin stimulus was unable to further increase pSTAT5 levels above basal levels. In contrast, genetically obese leptin-deficient females showed normal prolactin responsiveness. Additionally, we identified the expression of leptin receptors specifically in basal/myoepithelial cells of the mouse mammary gland. Finally, high-fat diet females exhibited altered mRNA levels of ERBB4 and NRG1, suggesting that obesity may involve disturbances to mammary gland paracrine circuits that are critical in the control of luminal progenitor function and lactation. In summary, our findings indicate that high leptin levels are a possible cause of the peripheral and central prolactin resistance observed in obese mice which leads to impaired lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella C Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Freitas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thais T Zampieri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S Nagaishi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Magna Magalhães
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Cella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Lin J, Bao ZK, Zhang Q, Hu WW, Yu QH, Yang Q. Transcriptome analysis of the mammary gland from GH transgenic goats during involution. Gene 2015; 565:228-34. [PMID: 25865296 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammary glands are organs for milk production in female mammals. Growth hormone (GH) is known to affect the growth and development of the mammary gland, as well as to increase milk production in dairy goats. This study performed a comprehensive expression profiling of genes expressed in the mammary gland of early involution GH transgenic (n=4) and non-transgenic goats (n=4) by RNA sequencing. RNA was extracted from mammary gland tissues collected at day 3 of involution. Gene expression analysis was conducted by Illumina RNA sequencing and sequence reads were assembled and analyzed using TopHat. FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon per million) values were analyzed for differentially expressed genes using the Cufflinks package. Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes was categorized using agriGO, while KEGG pathway analysis was performed with the online KEGG automatic annotation server. Our results revealed that 75% of NCBI goat annotated genes were expressed during early involution. A total of 18,323 genes were expressed during early involution in GH transgenic goats, compared with 18,196 expressed genes during early involution of non-transgenic goats. In these expressed genes, the majority (17,589) were ubiquitously expressed in GH transgenic and non-transgenic goats. However, there were 745 differentially expressed genes, 421 of which were upregulated and 324 were downregulated in GH transgenic goats. GO and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes were involved in mammary gland physiology, including cell adhesion molecules, ECM-receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, and fat metabolism. Our results demonstrated that the GH receptor was strongly affected in GH transgenic goats, which may activate the IGF-1/Stat3 signaling pathway. Overall, our study provided a global view of the transcriptome during involution of GH transgenic and non-transgenic goats, which increases our understanding of the biology of involution in the goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- College of Veterinary, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ze Kun Bao
- College of Veterinary, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Wei Hu
- College of Veterinary, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qing Hua Yu
- College of Veterinary, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, PR China.
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Strucken EM, Laurenson YCSM, Brockmann GA. Go with the flow-biology and genetics of the lactation cycle. Front Genet 2015; 6:118. [PMID: 25859260 PMCID: PMC4374477 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a dynamic process, which evolved to meet dietary demands of growing offspring. At the same time, the mother's metabolism changes to meet the high requirements of nutrient supply to the offspring. Through strong artificial selection, the strain of milk production on dairy cows is often associated with impaired health and fertility. This led to the incorporation of functional traits into breeding aims to counteract this negative association. Potentially, distributing the total quantity of milk per lactation cycle more equally over time could reduce the peak of physiological strain and improve health and fertility. During lactation many factors affect the production of milk: food intake; digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients; blood glucose levels; activity of cells in the mammary gland, liver, and adipose tissue; synthesis of proteins and fat in the secretory cells; and the metabolic and regulatory pathways that provide fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Whilst the endocrine regulation and physiology of the dynamic process of milk production seems to be understood, the genetics that underlie these dynamics are still to be uncovered. Modeling of longitudinal traits and estimating the change in additive genetic variation over time has shown that the genetic contribution to the expression of a trait depends on the considered time-point. Such time-dependent studies could contribute to the discovery of missing heritability. Only very few studies have estimated exact gene and marker effects at different time-points during lactation. The most prominent gene affecting milk yield and milk fat, DGAT1, exhibits its main effects after peak production, whilst the casein genes have larger effects in early lactation. Understanding the physiological dynamics and elucidating the time-dependent genetic effects behind dynamically expressed traits will contribute to selection decisions to further improve productive and healthy breeding populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Strucken
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan C S M Laurenson
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Gudrun A Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
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14
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Wu L, Liu W, Bayaer N, Gu W, Song J. Exogenous leptin administered intramuscularly induces sex hormone disorder and Ca loss via downregulation of Gnrh and PI3K expression. Exp Anim 2014; 63:447-57. [PMID: 25048263 PMCID: PMC4244293 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health problem that increases the risk of metabolic disease,
infertility, and other chronic health problems. The present study aimed to develop a new
rat model for sex hormone disorder with overweight and Ca loss by intramuscular injection
of exogenous leptin (LEP). Thirty female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (40 days old) were
injected thrice intramuscularly with LEP or keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunogen. The
following analyses were performed to determine the development of appetite, overweight,
reproductive related-hormones, and calcium (Ca)/phosphorus (Pi) in SD rats: measurement of
Lee’s index, body weight, food intake; serum Ca, Pi, and hormone tests by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent analysis; histological analysis of abdominal fat; real-time polymerase chain
reaction analysis of neuropeptide Y, pro-opiomelanocortin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(Gnrh) mRNA, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
(Gnrhr) mRNA expression; and western blotting analysis of enzyme
phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). Rats injected with LEP immunogen displayed
significantly increased body weight, food intake, Lee’s index, serum LEP, serum cortisol,
fat deposition in the abdomen, and decreased hormones including follicle stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, cholecystokinin, and Ca. Exogenous LEP
administered intramuscularly also downregulate Gnrh and PI3K. In
conclusion, exogenous LEP administered intramuscularly is a novel animal model for sex
hormones disorder with overweight and Ca loss in SD rats. The downregulation of PI3K and
Gnrh may be involved in the development of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, 1023 Guangzhou North Road, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Wu L, LIU W, BAYAER N, GU W, SONG J. Exogenous Leptin Administered Intramuscularly Induces Sex Hormone Disorder and Ca Loss via Downregulation of Gnrh and PI3K Expression. Exp Anim 2014. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, 1023 Guangzhou North Road, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. &Tech. Co., Ltd., 523808 Dongguan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510140 Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen LIU
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 38163 Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nashun BAYAER
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guang Dong Medical College, 523808 Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Weiwang GU
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, 1023 Guangzhou North Road, 510515 Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jieli SONG
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, 510900 Guang Zhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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