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Gai N, Uniacke-Lowe T, O’Regan J, Faulkner H, Kelly AL. Effect of Protein Genotypes on Physicochemical Properties and Protein Functionality of Bovine Milk: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2409. [PMID: 34681458 PMCID: PMC8535582 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk protein comprises caseins (CNs) and whey proteins, each of which has different genetic variants. Several studies have reported the frequencies of these genetic variants and the effects of variants on milk physicochemical properties and functionality. For example, the C variant and the BC haplotype of αS1-casein (αS1-CN), β-casein (β-CN) B and A1 variants, and κ-casein (κ-CN) B variant, are favourable for rennet coagulation, as well as the B variant of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg). κ-CN is reported to be the only protein influencing acid gel formation, with the AA variant contributing to a firmer acid curd. For heat stability, κ-CN B variant improves the heat resistance of milk at natural pH, and the order of heat stability between phenotypes is BB > AB > AA. The A2 variant of β-CN is more efficient in emulsion formation, but the emulsion stability is lower than the A1 and B variants. Foaming properties of milk with β-lg variant B are better than A, but the differences between β-CN A1 and A2 variants are controversial. Genetic variants of milk proteins also influence milk yield, composition, quality and processability; thus, study of such relationships offers guidance for the selection of targeted genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gai
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (N.G.); (T.U.-L.)
| | - Therese Uniacke-Lowe
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (N.G.); (T.U.-L.)
| | - Jonathan O’Regan
- Nestlé Development Centre Nutrition, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton, Co., V94 E7P9 Limerick, Ireland; (J.O.); (H.F.)
| | - Hope Faulkner
- Nestlé Development Centre Nutrition, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton, Co., V94 E7P9 Limerick, Ireland; (J.O.); (H.F.)
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (N.G.); (T.U.-L.)
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Nilsson K, Abdelghani A, Burleigh S, Buhelt Johansen L, Lindmark-Månsson H, Paulsson M, Glantz M. An investigation of the enzymatic cleavage of κ-casein in non-coagulating milk. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nilsson K, Buhelt Johansen L, de Koning D, Duchemin S, Stenholdt Hansen M, Stålhammar H, Lindmark-Månsson H, Paulsson M, Fikse W, Glantz M. Effects of milk proteins and posttranslational modifications on noncoagulating milk from Swedish Red dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6858-6868. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Duchemin SI, Nilsson K, Fikse WF, Stålhammar H, Buhelt Johansen L, Stenholdt Hansen M, Lindmark-Månsson H, de Koning DJ, Paulsson M, Glantz M. Genetic parameters for noncoagulating milk, milk coagulation properties, and detailed milk composition in Swedish Red Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8330-8342. [PMID: 32600755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rennet-induced coagulation ability of milk is important in cheese production. For Swedish Red Dairy Cattle (RDC), this ability is reduced because of a high prevalence of noncoagulating (NC) milk. In this study, we simultaneously combined genetic parameters for NC milk, milk coagulation properties, milk composition, physical traits, and milk protein composition. Our aim was to estimate heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations for NC milk and 24 traits (milk coagulation properties, milk composition, physical traits, and milk protein composition). Phenotypes and ∼7,000 SNP genotypes were available for all 600 Swedish RDC. The genotypes were imputed from ∼7,000 SNP to 50,000 SNP. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated with an animal model. In Swedish RDC, a moderate heritability estimate of 0.28 was found for NC milk. For the other 24 traits, heritability estimates ranged from 0.12 to 0.77 (standard errors from 0.08 to 0.18). A total of 300 phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated. For phenotypic and genetic correlations, 172 and 95 were significant, respectively. In general, most traits showing significant genetic correlations also showed significant phenotypic correlations. In this study, phenotypic and genetic correlations with NC milk suggest that many correlations between traits exist, making it difficult to predict the real consequences on the composition of milk, if selective breeding is applied on NC milk. We speculate that some of these consequences may lead to changes in the composition of milk, most likely affecting its physical and organoleptic properties. However, our results suggest that κ-casein could be used as an indicator trait to predict the occurrence of NC milk at the herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Duchemin
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - K Nilsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - W F Fikse
- Växa Sverige, PO Box 288, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Stålhammar
- Viking Genetics, PO Box 64, SE-532 21, Skara, Sweden
| | | | | | - H Lindmark-Månsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - D-J de Koning
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Paulsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Glantz
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Nilsson K, Stålhammar H, Stenholdt Hansen M, Lindmark-Månsson H, Duchemin S, Fikse F, de Koning DJ, Paulsson M, Glantz M. Characterisation of non-coagulating milk and effects of milk composition and physical properties on rennet-induced coagulation in Swedish Red Dairy Cattle. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Arango O, Trujillo AJ, Castillo M. Monitoring the effect of inulin, protein, and calcium on milk coagulation phases using a fibre optic sensor. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Arango O, Trujillo A, Castillo M. Modelling gelation and cutting times using light backscatter parameters at different levels of inulin, protein and calcium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Effects of milk protein polymorphism and composition, casein micelle size and salt distribution on the milk coagulation properties in Norwegian Red cattle. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Duchemin SI, Glantz M, de Koning DJ, Paulsson M, Fikse WF. Identification of QTL on Chromosome 18 Associated with Non-Coagulating Milk in Swedish Red Cows. Front Genet 2016; 7:57. [PMID: 27148354 PMCID: PMC4832587 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coagulating (NC) milk, defined as milk not coagulating within 40 min after rennet-addition, can have a negative influence on cheese production. Its prevalence is estimated at 18% in the Swedish Red (SR) cow population. Our study aimed at identifying genomic regions and causal variants associated with NC milk in SR cows, by doing a GWAS using 777k SNP genotypes and using imputed sequences to fine map the most promising genomic region. Phenotypes were available from 382 SR cows belonging to 21 herds in the south of Sweden, from which individual morning milk was sampled. NC milk was treated as a binary trait, receiving a score of one in case of non-coagulation within 40 min. For all 382 SR cows, 777k SNP genotypes were available as well as the combined genotypes of the genetic variants of αs1-β-κ-caseins. In addition, whole-genome sequences from the 1000 Bull Genome Consortium (Run 3) were available for 429 animals of 15 different breeds. From these sequences, 33 sequences belonged to SR and Finish Ayrshire bulls with a large impact in the SR cow population. Single-marker analyses were run in ASReml using an animal model. After fitting the casein loci, 14 associations at -Log10(P-value) > 6 identified a promising region located on BTA18. We imputed sequences to the 382 genotyped SR cows using Beagle 4 for half of BTA18, and ran a region-wide association study with imputed sequences. In a seven mega base-pairs region on BTA18, our strongest association with NC milk explained almost 34% of the genetic variation in NC milk. Since it is possible that multiple QTL are in strong LD in this region, 59 haplotypes were built, genetically differentiated by means of a phylogenetic tree, and tested in phenotype-genotype association studies. Haplotype analyses support the existence of one QTL underlying NC milk in SR cows. A candidate gene of interest is the VPS35 gene, for which one of our strongest association is an intron SNP in this gene. The VPS35 gene belongs to the mammary gene sets of pre-parturient and of lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine I. Duchemin
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Glantz
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Dirk-Jan de Koning
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Paulsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Willem F. Fikse
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
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Bertelsen HP, Gregersen VR, Poulsen N, Nielsen RO, Das A, Madsen LB, Buitenhuis AJ, Holm LE, Panitz F, Larsen LB, Bendixen C. Detection of genetic variation affecting milk coagulation properties in Danish Holstein dairy cattle by analyses of pooled whole-genome sequences from phenotypically extreme samples (pool-seq)1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1365-76. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. P. Bertelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - V. R. Gregersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - N. Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - R. O. Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - A. Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - L. B. Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - A. J. Buitenhuis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - L.-E. Holm
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - F. Panitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - L. B. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - C. Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Buitenhuis B, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB, Sehested J. Estimation of genetic parameters and detection of quantitative trait loci for minerals in Danish Holstein and Danish Jersey milk. BMC Genet 2015; 16:52. [PMID: 25989905 PMCID: PMC4438472 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk provides important minerals, essential for human nutrition and dairy product quality. For changing the mineral composition of the milk to improve dietary needs in human nutrition and technological properties of milk, a thorough understanding of the genetics underlying milk mineral contents is important. Therefore the aim of this study was to 1) estimate the genetic parameters for individual minerals in Danish Holstein (DH) (n=371) and Danish Jersey (DJ) (n=321) milk, and 2) detect genomic regions associated with mineral content in the milk using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach. RESULTS For DH, high heritabilities were found for Ca (0.72), Zn (0.49), and P (0.46), while for DJ, high heritabilities were found for Ca (0.63), Zn (0.57), and Mg (0.57). Furthermore, intermediate heritabilities were found for Cu in DH, and for K, Na, P and Se in the DJ. The GWAS revealed a total of 649 significant SNP markers detected for Ca (24), Cu (90), Fe (111), Mn (3), Na (1), P (4), Se (12) and Zn (404) in DH, while for DJ, a total of 787 significant SNP markers were detected for Ca (44), Fe (43), K (498), Na (4), Mg (1), P (94) and Zn (3). Comparing the list of significant markers between DH and DJ revealed that the SNP ARS-BFGL-NGS-4939 was common in both breeds for Zn. This SNP marker is closely linked to the DGAT1 gene. Even though we found significant SNP markers on BTA14 in both DH and DJ for Ca, and Fe these significant SNPs did not overlap. CONCLUSION The results show that Ca, Zn, P and Mg show high heritabilities. In combination with the GWAS results this opens up possibilities to select for specific minerals in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Buitenhuis
- Aarhus University, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Nina A Poulsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Lotte B Larsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Sehested
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark.
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12
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Poulsen N, Buitenhuis A, Larsen L. Phenotypic and genetic associations of milk traits with milk coagulation properties. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2079-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Poulsen NA, Rybicka I, Poulsen HD, Larsen LB, Andersen KK, Larsen MK. Seasonal variation in content of riboflavin and major minerals in bulk milk from three Danish dairies. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Reid M, O’Donovan M, Elliott C, Bailey J, Watson C, Lalor S, Corrigan B, Fenelon M, Lewis E. The effect of dietary crude protein and phosphorus on grass-fed dairy cow production, nutrient status, and milk heat stability. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:517-31. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dairy processing and cold storage affect the milk coagulation properties in relation to cheese production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-014-0202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Impact of genetic variants of milk proteins on chymosin-induced gelation properties of milk from individual cows of Swedish Red dairy cattle. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Islam MA, Alam MK, Islam MN, Khan MAS, Ekeberg D, Rukke EO, Vegarud GE. Principal milk components in buffalo, holstein cross, indigenous cattle and red chittagong cattle from bangladesh. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:886-97. [PMID: 25050028 PMCID: PMC4093166 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to get a total physical and chemical characterization and comparison of the principal components in Bangladeshi buffalo (B), Holstein cross (HX), Indigenous cattle (IC) and Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) milk. Protein and casein (CN) composition and type, casein micellar size (CMS), naturally occurring peptides, free amino acids, fat, milk fat globule size (MFGS), fatty acid composition, carbohydrates, total and individual minerals were analyzed. These components are related to technological and nutritional properties of milk. Consequently, they are important for the dairy industry and in the animal feeding and breeding strategies. Considerable variation in most of the principal components of milk were observed among the animals. The milk of RCC and IC contained higher protein, CN, β-CN, whey protein, lactose, total mineral and P. They were more or less similar in most of the all other components. The B milk was found higher in CN number, in the content of αs2-, κ-CN and α-lactalbumin, free amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, Ca and Ca:P. The B milk was also lower in β-lactoglobulin content and had the largest CMS and MFGS. Proportion of CN to whey protein was lower in HX milk and this milk was found higher in β-lactoglobulin and naturally occuring peptides. Considering the results obtained including the ratio of αs1-, αs2-, β- and κ-CN, B and RCC milk showed best data both from nutritional and technological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Islam
- Corresponding Author: M. A. Islam. Tel: +47-64966235, Fax: +47-64965901, E-mail:
| | - M. K. Alam
- Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341,
Bangladesh
| | - M. N. Islam
- Department of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh
| | - M. A. S. Khan
- Department of Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh
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De Marchi M, Toffanin V, Cassandro M, Penasa M. Prediction of coagulating and noncoagulating milk samples using mid-infrared spectroscopy. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4707-15. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Poulsen NA, Bertelsen HP, Jensen HB, Gustavsson F, Glantz M, Månsson HL, Andrén A, Paulsson M, Bendixen C, Buitenhuis AJ, Larsen LB. The occurrence of noncoagulating milk and the association of bovine milk coagulation properties with genetic variants of the caseins in 3 Scandinavian dairy breeds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4830-42. [PMID: 23746587 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial variation in milk coagulation properties has been observed among dairy cows. Consequently, raw milk from individual cows and breeds exhibits distinct coagulation capacities that potentially affect the technological properties and milk processing into cheese. This variation is largely influenced by protein composition, which is in turn affected by underlying genetic polymorphisms in the major milk proteins. In this study, we conducted a large screening on 3 major Scandinavian breeds to resolve the variation in milk coagulation traits and the frequency of milk with impaired coagulation properties (noncoagulation). In total, individual coagulation properties were measured on morning milk collected from 1,299 Danish Holstein (DH), Danish Jersey (DJ), and Swedish Red (SR) cows. The 3 breeds demonstrated notable interbreed differences in coagulation properties, with DJ cows exhibiting superior coagulation compared with the other 2 breeds. In addition, milk samples from 2% of DH and 16% of SR cows were classified as noncoagulating. Furthermore, the cows were genotyped for major genetic variants in the αS1- (CSN1S1), β- (CSN2), and κ-casein (CSN3) genes, revealing distinct differences in variant frequencies among breeds. Allele I of CSN2, which had not formerly been screened in such a high number of cows in these Scandinavian breeds, showed a frequency around 7% in DH and DJ, but was not detected in SR. Genetic polymorphisms were significantly associated with curd firming rate and rennet coagulation time. Thus, CSN1S1 C, CSN2 B, and CSN3 B positively affected milk coagulation, whereas CSN2 A(2), in particular, had a negative effect. In addition to the influence of individual casein genes, the effects of CSN1S1-CSN2-CSN3 composite genotypes were also examined, and revealed strong associations in all breeds, which more or less reflected the single gene results. Overall, milk coagulation is under the influence of additive genetic variation. Optimal milk for future cheese production can be ensured by monitoring the frequency of unfavorable variants and thus preventing an increase in the number of cows producing milk with impaired coagulation. Selective breeding for variants associated with superior milk coagulation can potentially increase raw milk quality and cheese yield in all 3 Scandinavian breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
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Jensen H, Poulsen N, Andersen K, Hammershøj M, Poulsen H, Larsen L. Distinct composition of bovine milk from Jersey and Holstein-Friesian cows with good, poor, or noncoagulation properties as reflected in protein genetic variants and isoforms. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6905-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Frederiksen PD, Andersen KK, Hammershøj M, Poulsen HD, Sørensen J, Bakman M, Qvist KB, Larsen LB. Composition and effect of blending of noncoagulating, poorly coagulating, and well-coagulating bovine milk from individual Danish Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 94:4787-99. [PMID: 21943730 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to study the underlying causes of noncoagulating (NC) milk. Based on an initial screening in a herd of 53 Danish Holstein-Friesians, 20 individual Holstein-Friesian cows were selected for good and poor chymosin-induced coagulation properties; that is, the 10 cows producing milk with the poorest and best coagulating properties, respectively. These 20 selected cows were followed and resampled on several occasions to evaluate possible changes in coagulation properties. In the follow-up study, we found that among the 10 cows with the poorest coagulating properties, 4 cows consistently produced poorly coagulating (PC) or NC milk, corresponding to a frequency of 7%. Noncoagulating milk was defined as milk that failed to form a coagulum, defined as increase in the storage modulus (G') in oscillatory rheometry, within 45min after addition of chymosin. Poorly coagulating milk was characterized by forming a weak coagulum of low G'. Milk proteomic profiling and contents of different casein variants, ionic contents of Ca, P and Mg, κ-casein (CN) genotypes, casein micelle size, and coagulation properties of the 4 NC or PC samples were compared with milk samples of 4 cows producing milk with good coagulation properties. The studies included determination of production of caseinomacropeptide to ascertain whether noncoagulation could be ascribed to the first or second phase of chymosin-induced coagulation. Caseinomacropeptide was formed in all 8 milk samples after addition of chymosin, indicating that the first step (cleavage of κ-CN) was not the cause of inability to coagulate. Furthermore, the effect of mixing noncoagulating and well-coagulating milk was studied. By gradually blending NC with well-coagulating milk, the coagulation properties of the well-coagulating samples were compromised in a manner similar to titration. Milk samples from cows that consistently produced NC milk were further studied at the udder quarter level. The coagulation properties of the quarter milk samples were not significantly different from those of the composite milk sample, showing that poor coagulation traits and noncoagulation traits of the composite milk were not caused by the milk quality of a single quarter. The milk samples exhibiting PC or NC properties were all of the κ-CN variant AA genotype, and contained casein micelles with a larger mean diameter and a lower fraction of κ-CN relative to total CN than milk with good coagulation properties. Interestingly, the relative proportions of different phosphorylation forms of α-CN differed between well-coagulating milk and PC or NC milk samples. The PC and NC milk samples contained a lower proportion of the 2 less-phosphorylated variants of α-CN (α(S1)-CN-8P and α(S2)-CN-11P) compared with samples of milk that coagulated well.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Frederiksen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Pretto D, Kaart T, Vallas M, Jõudu I, Henno M, Ancilotto L, Cassandro M, Pärna E. Relationships between milk coagulation property traits analyzed with different methodologies. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4336-46. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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