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Saglam N, Melissaratos DS, Shain DH. Biocontrol of snail-borne parasites with the glossiphoniid leech, Helobdella austinensis. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220484. [PMID: 37042130 PMCID: PMC10090873 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites in which freshwater snails are intermediate hosts pose a serious threat to human health worldwide. We show here that freshwater snails can potentially be controlled by leech predation; in principle, this approach could significantly reduce snail-borne parasitic diseases (SBPDs). Specifically, glossiphoniid leeches, Helobdella austinensis and congener species, consume freshwater snails indiscriminately, while other common leeches do not. A single adult H. austenensis, for example, can consume up to its weight in snails, e.g. Physella acuta, per day. Our predator-prey models suggest that snail populations could be eliminated in relatively short time periods (approximately six months) using a leech biocontrol approach. This could have considerable impact on global SBPDs by breaking the intermediate host life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Saglam
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Fisheries Faculty, Firat University, 23200 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Diana S. Melissaratos
- Biology Department, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Joint Health Sciences Center, 201 South Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Daniel H. Shain
- Biology Department, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Joint Health Sciences Center, 201 South Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Ajakaye OG, Dagona AG, Haladu AG, Ombugadu A, Lapang MP, Enabulele EE. Contrasting epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis among pastoral communities surrounding three Ramsar wetland in Nigeria. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:637-642. [PMID: 36091292 PMCID: PMC9458808 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspected changes in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis due to several hybridization reports between human and livestock Schistosoma species in Africa calls for epidemiological investigations among potential high-risk groups and sites. Although the use of wetlands for pastoralism has been linked to schistosomiasis, there is limited information on the epidemiology of the disease among pastoralists in Nigeria. In this study, urine samples from 355 participants from pastoral communities settled around three Ramsar wetlands (Wetlands of International Importance) in Nigeria, (Dagona Sanctuary, Maladumba, and Pandam-Wase) were screened for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium. Only participants in the Dagona Sanctuary were infected with 34.2% prevalence. Macrohematuria was however observed in some individuals at the Dagona Sanctuary wetland (2.5%) and Maladumba (2.8%). Regular praziquantel administration, functional health care facilities and awareness about schistosomiasis were contributory factors to the contrasting epidemiology of the disease among the study population. Schistosomiasis control requires the inclusion of pastoral and nomadic communities in mass drug administration of praziquantel based on a community-directed intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. G. Ajakaye
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State Nigeria
| | - A. G. Dagona
- Department of Biological Science, Federal University, Gashua, Yobe State Nigeria
| | - A. G. Haladu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Bauchi State Nigeria
| | - A. Ombugadu
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nasarawa State Nigeria
| | - M. P. Lapang
- Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State Nigeria
| | - E. E. Enabulele
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State Nigeria
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
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Adubi TO, Otubanjo OA, Atalabi TE. Detection of schistosome infection in the invasive snail Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) by polymerase chain reaction from Plateau State, Nigeria: a novel turning point in disease epidemiology and control? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:758-759. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Melanoides tuberculata is a freshwater snail that serves as an intermediate host for 11 parasitic flukes. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying and screening the snail intermediate hosts in the study site for schistosomiasis using the molecular technique.
Methods
DNA was extracted from the snails by the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide method and the Dra1 primer was used to amplify the Dra1 repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium.
Results
The presence of schistosome DNA in M. tuberculata by polymerase chain reaction was confirmed.
Conclusions
Our findings show that M. tuberculata is a potential intermediate host of schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo Oluwakemi Adubi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos , Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | | | - Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University , Dutsin-Ma, P.M.B. 5001, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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Challenges and Opportunities Presented by Current Techniques for Detecting Schistosome Infections in Intermediate Host Snails: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105403. [PMID: 34069316 PMCID: PMC8158760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), causes morbidity and mortality in over 250 million people globally. And 700 million people are at risk of contracting it. It is caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma. Freshwater snails of the family Planorbidae are of public health significance as they are intermediate hosts of these highly infective flukes. Accurate diagnostic techniques to detect schistosome infections in intermediate host snails (IHS) and environmental surveillance are needed to institute measures for the interruption of transmission and eventual elimination. We carried out a systematic review of the literature to assess advantages and limitations of different diagnostic techniques for detecting schistosome infections in snails. Literature from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from 2008 to 2020 were searched using combinations of predefined search terms with Boolean operators. The studies revealed that conventional diagnostics are widely used, although they are labor-intensive, have low specificity and sensitivity levels, and cannot detect prepatent infections. Whereas more advanced techniques such as immunological, nucleic-acid amplification, and eDNA diagnostics have high sensitivity and specificity levels, they are costly, hence, not suitable for field applications and large-scale surveys. Our review highlights the importance of designing and developing innovative diagnostics that are high in specificity and sensitivity as well as affordable and technically feasible for use in field laboratories and for large-scale surveys.
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Hailegebriel T, Nibret E, Munshea A. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:8850840. [PMID: 32963554 PMCID: PMC7492904 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. METHODS Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by I 2 test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command. RESULTS A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9-6.1%). The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9-6.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6-5.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7-25.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03-0.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from Bulinus globosus (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2-18.3%) followed by Biomphalaria sudanica (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5-9.0%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1-6.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Hailegebriel
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Chibwana FD, Tumwebaze I, Mahulu A, Sands AF, Albrecht C. Assessing the diversity and distribution of potential intermediate hosts snails for urogenital schistosomiasis: Bulinus spp. (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) of Lake Victoria. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:418. [PMID: 32795373 PMCID: PMC7427762 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lake Victoria basin is one of the most persistent hotspots of schistosomiasis in Africa, the intestinal form of the disease being studied more often than the urogenital form. Most schistosomiasis studies have been directed to Schistosoma mansoni and their corresponding intermediate snail hosts of the genus Biomphalaria, while neglecting S. haematobium and their intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus. In the present study, we used DNA sequences from part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region to investigate Bulinus populations obtained from a longitudinal survey in Lake Victoria and neighbouring systems during 2010-2019. METHODS Sequences were obtained to (i) determine specimen identities, diversity and phylogenetic positions, (ii) reconstruct phylogeographical affinities, and (iii) determine the population structure to discuss the results and their implications for the transmission and epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis in Lake Victoria. RESULTS Phylogenies, species delimitation methods (SDMs) and statistical parsimony networks revealed the presence of two main groups of Bulinus species occurring in Lake Victoria; B. truncatus/B. tropicus complex with three species (B. truncatus, B. tropicus and Bulinus sp. 1), dominating the lake proper, and a B. africanus group, prevalent in banks and marshes. Although a total of 47 cox1 haplotypes, were detected within and outside Lake Victoria, there was limited haplotype sharing (only Haplotype 6 was shared between populations from Lake Victoria open waters and neighbouring aquatic systems) - an indication that haplotypes are specific to habitats. CONCLUSIONS The Bulinus fauna of Lake Victoria consists of at least B. truncatus, B. tropicus, Bulinus sp. 1 (B. trigonus?) and B. ugandae. The occurrence and wide distribution of Bulinus species in Lake Victoria potentially implies the occurrence of urogenital schistosomiasis in communities living along the shores and on islands of the lake who depend solely on the lake for their livelihood. More in-depth studies are needed to obtain a better picture of the extent of the disease in the Lake Victoria basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D. Chibwana
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Immaculate Tumwebaze
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Mahulu
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arthur F. Sands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Léger E, Borlase A, Fall CB, Diouf ND, Diop SD, Yasenev L, Catalano S, Thiam CT, Ndiaye A, Emery A, Morrell A, Rabone M, Ndao M, Faye B, Rollinson D, Rudge JW, Sène M, Webster JP. Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in human, livestock, and snail populations in northern Senegal: a One Health epidemiological study of a multi-host system. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e330-e342. [PMID: 32800151 PMCID: PMC7443702 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of global medical and veterinary importance. As efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem and interrupt transmission gather momentum, the potential zoonotic risk posed by livestock Schistosoma species via viable hybridisation in sub-Saharan Africa have been largely overlooked. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and multi-host, multiparasite transmission cycle of Haematobium group schistosomiasis in Senegal, West Africa. METHODS In this epidemiological study, we carried out systematic surveys in definitive hosts (humans, cattle, sheep, and goats) and snail intermediate hosts, in 2016-18, in two areas of Northern Senegal: Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers, where transmission is perennial; and Barkedji and Linguère, where transmission is seasonal. The occurrence and distribution of Schistosoma species and hybrids were assessed by molecular analyses of parasitological specimens obtained from the different hosts. Children in the study villages aged 5-17 years and enrolled in school were selected from school registers. Adults (aged 18-78 years) were self-selecting volunteers. Livestock from the study villages in both areas were also randomly sampled, as were post-mortem samples from local abattoirs. Additionally, five malacological surveys of snail intermediate hosts were carried out at each site in open water sources used by the communities and their animals. FINDINGS In May to August, 2016, we surveyed 375 children and 20 adults from Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers, and 201 children and 107 adults from Barkedji and Linguère; in October, 2017, to January, 2018, we surveyed 386 children and 88 adults from Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers, and 323 children and 85 adults from Barkedji and Linguère. In Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in children was estimated to be 87% (95% CI 80-95) in 2016 and 88% (82-95) in 2017-18. An estimated 63% (in 2016) and 72% (in 2017-18) of infected children were shedding Schistosoma haematobium-Schistosoma bovis hybrids. In adults in Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers, the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was estimated to be 79% (52-97) in 2016 and 41% (30-54) in 2017-18, with 88% of infected samples containing S haematobium-S bovis hybrids. In Barkedji and Linguère the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in children was estimated to be 30% (23-38) in 2016 and 42% (35-49) in 2017-18, with the proportion of infected children found to be shedding S haematobium-S bovis hybrid miracidia much lower than in Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers (11% in 2016 and 9% in 2017-18). In adults in Barkedji and Linguère, the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was estimated to be 26% (17-36) in 2016 and 47% (34-60) in 2017-18, with 10% of infected samples containing S haematobium-S bovis hybrids. The prevalence of S bovis in the sympatric cattle population of Richard Toll and the Lac de Guiers was 92% (80-99), with S bovis also found in sheep (estimated prevalence 14% [5-31]) and goats (15% [5-33]). In Barkedji and Linguère the main schistosome species in livestock was Schistosoma curassoni, with an estimated prevalence of 73% (48-93) in sheep, 84% (61-98) in goats and 8% (2-24) in cattle. S haematobium-S bovis hybrids were not found in livestock. In Richard Toll and Lac de Guiers 35% of infected Bulinus spp snail intermediate hosts were found to be shedding S haematobium-S bovis hybrids (68% shedding S haematobium; 17% shedding S bovis); however, no snails were found to be shedding S haematobium hybrids in Barkedji and Linguère (29% shedding S haematobium; 71% shedding S curassoni). INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that hybrids originate in humans via zoonotic spillover from livestock populations, where schistosomiasis is co-endemic. Introgressive hybridisation, evolving host ranges, and wider ecosystem contexts could affect the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis and other pathogens, demonstrating the need to consider control measures within a One Health framework. FUNDING Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems programme (UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK Department for International Development, UK Economic and Social Research Council, UK Medical Research Council, UK Natural Environment Research Council, and UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Léger
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Anna Borlase
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; NTD Modelling Consortium, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheikh B Fall
- Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nicolas D Diouf
- Institut Supérieur de Formation Agricole et Rurale, Université de Thiès, Bambey, Senegal; Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d'Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Samba D Diop
- Institut Supérieur de Formation Agricole et Rurale, Université de Thiès, Bambey, Senegal
| | - Lucy Yasenev
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Stefano Catalano
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cheikh T Thiam
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d'Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Alassane Ndiaye
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d'Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Aidan Emery
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Parasites and Vectors Division, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Alice Morrell
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Muriel Rabone
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Parasites and Vectors Division, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Babacar Faye
- Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - David Rollinson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Parasites and Vectors Division, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - James W Rudge
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mariama Sène
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences Agronomiques, d'Aquaculture et de Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, UK; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Olkeba BK, Boets P, Mereta ST, Yeshigeta M, Akessa GM, Ambelu A, Goethals PLM. Environmental and biotic factors affecting freshwater snail intermediate hosts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:292. [PMID: 32513295 PMCID: PMC7282061 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the distribution and habitat preference of freshwater snail intermediate hosts can provide information to initiate and set-up effective snail control programmes. However, there is limited research conducted on the factors driving the occurrence and abundance of freshwater snail intermediate hosts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Hence, in this study, we investigated how environmental and biotic factors influence the occurrence and abundance of the snail intermediate hosts in Ethiopian Rift Valley region. METHODS Data on freshwater snails, physico-chemical water quality parameters, physical characteristics of habitat, predators and competitors, and anthropogenic activity variables were collected from 174 sampling sites during the wet season of 2017 and 2018. Generalized linear models were used to identify the main environmental and biotic factors affecting the occurrence and abundance of the snail species. RESULTS It was found that Bulinus globosus (31.7%) was the most abundant snail species followed by Lymnaea natalensis (21.6%), Lymnaea truncatula (15.1%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (14.6%). Generalized linear models indicated that physico-chemical parameters (water temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, nitrate and ammonia), physical habitat characteristics (water depth, canopy cover, macrophyte cover and substrate type) and biotic factors (abundance of predators and competitors) were found to be the main variables determining the occurrence and abundance of snail species in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region. In terms of anthropogenic activities, human settlement, farming, bathing and swimming, clothes washing, grazing, drainage of land, car washing, boating, fishing and silviculture were also important variables determining the occurrence and abundance of snail species in the region. CONCLUSIONS The findings reported herein suggest that integrated snail control strategies should be considered to control snails via protection of water bodies from disturbance by anthropogenic activities. In this way, it is possible to reduce the concentration of organic matter and dissolved ions in aquatic ecosystems which are conducive for the presence of snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beekam Kebede Olkeba
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Pieter Boets
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Provincial Centre of Environmental Research, Godshuizenlaan 95, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seid Tiku Mereta
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Yeshigeta
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Muleta Akessa
- Departement of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Peter L. M. Goethals
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Building F, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Tumwebaze I, Clewing C, Dusabe MC, Tumusiime J, Kagoro-Rugunda G, Hammoud C, Albrecht C. Molecular identification of Bulinus spp. intermediate host snails of Schistosoma spp. in crater lakes of western Uganda with implications for the transmission of the Schistosoma haematobium group parasites. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:565. [PMID: 31775865 PMCID: PMC6882369 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human schistosomiasis is the second most important tropical disease and occurs in two forms in Africa (intestinal and urogenital) caused by the digenetic trematodes Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium, respectively. A proposed recent shift of schistosomiasis above a previously established altitudinal threshold of 1400 m above sea level in western Ugandan crater lakes has triggered more research interest there. Methods Based on extensive field sampling in western Uganda and beyond and employing an approach using sequences of the mitochondrial barcoding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) this study aims were: (i) identification and establishment of the phylogenetic affinities of Bulinus species as potential hosts for Schistosoma spp.; (ii) determining diversity, frequency and distribution patterns of Bulinus spp.; and (iii) establishing genetic variability and phylogeographical patterns using Bayesian inference and parsimony network analyses. Results Out of the 58 crater lakes surveyed, three species of Bulinus snails were found in 34 crater lakes. Bulinus tropicus was dominating, Bulinus forskalii was found in two lakes and Bulinus truncatus in one. The latter two species are unconfirmed potential hosts for S. haematobium in this region. However, Bulinus tropicus is an important species for schistosomiasis transmission in ruminants. Bulinus tropicus comprised 31 haplotypes while both B. forskalii and B. truncatus exhibited only a single haplotype in the crater lakes. All species clustered with most of the haplotypes from surrounding lake systems forming source regions for the colonization of the crater lakes. Conclusions This first detailed malacological study of the crater lakes systems in western Uganda revealed presence of Bulinus species that are either not known or not regionally known to be hosts for S. haematobium, the causing agent of human urogenital schistosomiasis. Though this disease risk is almost negligible, the observed dominance of B. tropicus in the crater lakes shows that there is a likelihood of a high risk of infections with Schistosoma bovis. Thus, extra attention should be accorded to safeguard wild and domestic ruminants in this region as the population benefits from these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate Tumwebaze
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Catharina Clewing
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Julius Tumusiime
- Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Grace Kagoro-Rugunda
- Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Cyril Hammoud
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.,Limnology Research Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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10
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Ramalli L, Mulero S, Noël H, Chiappini JD, Vincent J, Barré-Cardi H, Malfait P, Normand G, Busato F, Gendrin V, Allienne JF, Fillaux J, Boissier J, Berry A. Persistence of schistosomal transmission linked to the Cavu river in southern Corsica since 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 29382413 PMCID: PMC5801336 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.18-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven cases of urogenital schistosomiasis occurred in Corsica in 2015 and 2016. The episodes were related to exposure to the same river and involved the same parasite strain as an outbreak with 106 cases in summer 2013. The connection calls for further investigations on the presence of an animal reservoir and the survival of infested snails during winter. However, recontamination of the river from previously infected bathers remains the most likely hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Ramalli
- Both authors contributed equally to the study and manuscript writing.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,Santé publique France, Regional office of the French national public health agency in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Corsica, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Stephen Mulero
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMR 5244), University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France.,Both authors contributed equally to the study and manuscript writing
| | - Harold Noël
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | | | - Hélène Barré-Cardi
- Environnement Agency of Corsica (Office de l'environnement de Corse), Corsica, France
| | - Philippe Malfait
- Santé publique France, Regional office of the French national public health agency in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Corsica, Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Gendrin
- Infectious disease department, Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, Trévenans, France
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMR 5244), University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Judith Fillaux
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Both authors contributed equally to the study.,French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) (UMR 5244), University of Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Antoine Berry
- Physiopathology Centre of Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse University, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Both authors contributed equally to the study.,Department of Parasitology-Mycology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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11
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Abe EM, Guo YH, Shen H, Mutsaka-Makuvaza MJ, Habib MR, Xue JB, Midzi N, Xu J, Li SZ, Zhou XN. Phylogeography of Bulinus truncatus (Audouin, 1827) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Selected African Countries. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040127. [PMID: 30572694 PMCID: PMC6306716 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of some schistosome parasites is dependent on the planorbid snail hosts. Bulinus truncatus is important in urinary schistosomiasis epidemiology in Africa. Hence, there is a need to define the snails' phylogeography. This study assessed the population genetic structure of B. truncatus from Giza and Sharkia (Egypt), Barakat (Sudan) and Madziwa, Shamva District (Zimbabwe) using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) markers. COI was sequenced from 94 B. truncatus samples including 38 (Egypt), 36 (Sudan) and 20 (Zimbabwe). However, only 51 ITS 1 sequences were identified from Egypt (28) and Sudan (23) (because of failure in either amplification or sequencing). The unique COI haplotypes of B. truncatus sequences observed were 6, 11, and 6 for Egypt, Sudan, and Zimbabwe, respectively. Also, 3 and 2 unique ITS 1 haplotypes were observed in sequences from Egypt and Sudan respectively. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from Sudan and Zimbabwe indicated high haplotype diversity with 0.768 and 0.784, respectively, while relatively low haplotype diversity was also observed for sequences from Egypt (0.334). The location of populations from Egypt and Sudan on the B. truncatus clade agrees with the location of both countries geographically. The clustering of the Zimbabwe sequences on different locations on the clade can be attributed to individuals with different genotypes within the population. No significant variation was observed within B. truncatus populations from Egypt and Sudan as indicated by the ITS 1 tree. This study investigated the genetic diversity of B. truncatus from Giza and Sharkia (Egypt), Barakat area (Sudan), and Madziwa (Zimbabwe), which is necessary for snail host surveillance in the study areas and also provided genomic data of this important snail species from the sampled countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniola M Abe
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yun-Hai Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Haimo Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | | | - Mohamed R Habib
- Medical Malacology Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt.
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Nicholas Midzi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare 00263, Zimbabwe.
| | - Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
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12
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Ebbs ET, Loker ES, Brant SV. Phylogeography and genetics of the globally invasive snail Physa acuta Draparnaud 1805, and its potential to serve as an intermediate host to larval digenetic trematodes. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:103. [PMID: 29969987 PMCID: PMC6029401 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physa acuta is a globally invasive freshwater snail native to North America. Prior studies have led to conflicting views of how P. acuta populations are connected and genetic diversity is partitioned globally. This study aims to characterize phylogeographic and population genetic structure within the native range of P. acuta, elucidate its invasion history and assess global patterns of genetic diversity. Further, using meta-analytic methods, we test the 'Enemy-Release hypothesis' within the P. acuta - digenetic trematode system. The 'Enemy-Release hypothesis' refers to the loss of native parasites following establishment of their host within an invasive range. Population genetic data is combined with surveys of trematode infections to map range-wide trematode species richness associated with P. acuta, and to identify relevant host-population parameters important in modeling host-parasite invasion. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA uncovered two major clades (A & B). Clade A occurs globally while clade B was only recovered from the Western USA. All invasive populations sampled grouped within Clade A, where multiple independent source populations were identified from across North America. Significant population genetic structure was found within the native range of P. acuta, with some evidence for contemporary geographic barriers between western and eastern populations. Mito-nuclear discordance was found suggesting historical isolation with secondary contact between the two mitochondrial clades. Trematode species richness was found to differ significantly between native and invasive populations, in concordance with the 'Enemy-Release hypothesis'. Further, our data suggests a positive relationship between nucleotide diversity of invasive populations and trematode prevalence and richness. CONCLUSIONS This study includes a wider geographic sampling of P. acuta within its native range that provides insight into phylogeographic and population genetic structure, range-wide genetic diversity and estimation of the invasion history. Meta-analysis of P. acuta - trematode surveys globally is consistent with the 'Enemy-Release hypothesis'. Additionally, results from this study suggest that host demographic parameters, namely genetic diversity as a proxy for population size, may play an essential role in how parasite communities assemble within invasive host populations. This knowledge can be used to begin to construct a framework to model host-parasite invasion dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T. Ebbs
- Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter MSCO3 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter MSCO3 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter MSCO3 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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13
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Ajibola O, Gulumbe BH, Eze AA, Obishakin E. Tools for Detection of Schistosomiasis in Resource Limited Settings. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020039. [PMID: 29789498 PMCID: PMC6024580 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease affecting over 200 million people, with the highest burden of morbidity and mortality in African countries. Despite its huge impact on the health and socio-economic burden of the society, it remains a neglected tropical disease, with limited attention from governments and stakeholders in healthcare. One of the critical areas that is hugely under-developed is the development of accurate diagnostics for both intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis is important for the detection and treatment of disease in endemic and non-endemic settings. A conclusive detection method is also an indispensable part of treatment, both in the clinic and during mass drug administration (MDA), for the monitoring efficacy of treatment. Here, we review the available diagnostic methods and discuss the challenges encountered in diagnosis in resource limited settings. We also present the available diagnostics and cost implications for deployment in resource limited settings. Lastly, we emphasize the need for more funding directed towards the development of affordable diagnostic tools that is affordable for endemic countries as we work towards the elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Ajibola
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, P.M.B. 1157 Kalgo Road, Birnin Kebbi 860222, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Bashar Haruna Gulumbe
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, P.M.B. 1157 Kalgo Road, Birnin Kebbi 860222, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthonius Anayochukwu Eze
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu 400241, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Emmanuel Obishakin
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 001, Vom, Jos, 930281, Plateau State, Nigeria.
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14
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Dawaki S, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ithoi I, Ibrahim J, Abdulsalam AM, Ahmed A, Sady H, Atroosh WM, Al-Areeqi MA, Elyana FN, Nasr NA, Surin J. PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG HAUSA COMMUNITIES IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 58:54. [PMID: 27410914 PMCID: PMC4964323 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases especially in Nigeria which has the greatest number of infected people worldwide. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 551 participants from Kano State, North Central Nigeria. Fecal samples were examined for the presence of Schistosoma mansoni eggs using the formalin-ether sedimentation method while the urine samples were examined using the filtration technique for the presence of S. haematobium eggs. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental information was collected using a pre-validated questionnaire. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 17.8%, with 8.9% and 8.3% infected with S. mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively and 0.5% presenting co-infection with both species. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age < 18 years (OR = 2.13; 95% CI; 1.34- 3.41), presence of infected family members (OR = 3.98; 95% CI; 2.13-7.46), and history of infection (OR = 2.87; 95% CI; 1.87- 4.56) were the significant risk factors associated with schistosomiasis in these communities. In conclusion, this study revealed that schistosomiasis is still prevalent among Hausa communities in Nigeria. Mass drug administration, health education and community mobilization are imperative strategies to significantly reduce the prevalence and morbidity of schistosomiasis in these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Dawaki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Hesham Mahyoub Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .,Endemic and Tropical Diseases Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Init Ithoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Jamaiah Ibrahim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Awatif Mohammed Abdulsalam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Abdulhamid Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University. Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria. E-mail:
| | - Hany Sady
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Wahib Mohammed Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Mona Abdullah Al-Areeqi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Fatin Nur Elyana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Nabil Ahmed Nasr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Johari Surin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
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15
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Stanton MC, Adriko M, Arinaitwe M, Howell A, Davies J, Allison G, LaCourse EJ, Muheki E, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR. Intestinal schistosomiasis in Uganda at high altitude (>1400 m): malacological and epidemiological surveys on Mount Elgon and in Fort Portal crater lakes reveal extra preventive chemotherapy needs. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:34. [PMID: 28162096 PMCID: PMC5292801 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal schistosomiasis is of public health importance in Uganda but communities living above 1400 m are not targeted for control as natural transmission is thought unlikely. To assess altitudinal boundaries and at-risk populations, conjoint malacological and epidemiological surveys were undertaken on Mount Elgon (1139 m–3937 m), in Fort Portal crater lakes and in the Rwenzori Mountains (1123 m–4050 m). Methods Seventy freshwater habitats [Mount Elgon (37), Fort Portal crater lakes (23), Rwenzori Mountains (8) and Lake Albert (2)] were inspected for Biomphalaria species. Water temperature, pH and conductivity were recorded. A parasitological examination of 756 schoolchildren [Mount Elgon (300), Fort Portal crater lakes (456)] by faecal microscopy of duplicate Kato-Katz smears from two consecutive stool samples was bolstered by antigen (urine-CCA dipstick) and antibody (SEA-ELISA) diagnostic assays. Results Biomphalaria spp. was found up to 1951 m on Mount Elgon and 1567 m in the Fort Portal crater lakes. Although no snail from Mount Elgon shed cercariae, molecular analysis judged 7.1% of snails sampled at altitudes above 1400 m as having DNA of Schistosoma mansoni; in Fort Portal crater lakes three snails shed schistosome cercariae. Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis as measured in schoolchildren by Kato-Katz (Mount Elgon = 5.3% v. Fort Portal crater lakes = 10.7%), CCA urine-dipsticks (18.3% v. 34.4%) and SEA-ELISA (42.3% v. 63.7%) showed negative associations with increasing altitude with some evidence of infection up to 2000 m. Conclusions Contrary to expectations, these surveys clearly show that natural transmission of intestinal schistosomiasis occurs above 1400 m, possibly extending up to 2000 m. Using spatial epidemiological predictions, this now places some extra six million people at-risk, denoting an expansion of preventive chemotherapy needs in Uganda. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0248-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Stanton
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, P.O. Box 1661, Uganda
| | - Moses Arinaitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, P.O. Box 1661, Uganda
| | - Alison Howell
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Juliet Davies
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Gillian Allison
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - E James LaCourse
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Edridah Muheki
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, P.O. Box 1661, Uganda
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, P.O. Box 1661, Uganda.,Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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16
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de la Torre-Escudero E, Pérez-Sánchez R, Manzano-Román R, Oleaga A. Schistosoma bovis-host interplay: Proteomics for knowing and acting. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 215:30-39. [PMID: 27485556 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma bovis is a parasite of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to farmers throughout Africa, Southwestern Asia and the Mediterranean. Additionally, recent studies have reported its zoonotic potential through the formation of S. bovis×Schistosoma haematobium hybrids. As observed in the Schistosoma species infecting humans, it is assumed that S. bovis has also evolved host regulatory molecules that ensure its long-term survival in the bloodstream of its host. Since these molecules could be potential targets for the development of new drugs and anti-schistosome vaccines, their identification and functional characterization were undertaken. With this aim in mind, the molecular interface between S. bovis and its vertebrate host was subjected to a series of proteomic studies, which started with the analysis of the proteomes of the S. bovis moieties exposed to the host, namely, the excretory/secretory products and the tegument surface. Thus, a wealth of novel molecular information of S. bovis was obtained, which in turn allowed the identification of several parasite proteins with fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities that could be used by S. bovis to regulate the host defensive systems. Following on, the host interface was investigated by studying the proteome of the host vascular endothelium surface at two points along the infection: in the lung vessels during the schistosomula migration and in the portal vein after the parasites have reached adulthood and sexual maturity. These studies have provided original data regarding the proteomes of the endothelial cell surface of pulmonary vasculature and portal vein in S. bovis-infected animals, and have shown significant changes in these proteomes associated with infection. This review compiles current information and the analyses of all the proteomic data from S. bovis and the S. bovis-host interface, including the molecular and functional characterization of S. bovis proteins that were found to participate in the regulation of the host coagulation and fibrinolysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de la Torre-Escudero
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Oleaga
- Parasitology Laboratory, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
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17
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He P, Song LG, Xie H, Liang JY, Yuan DY, Wu ZD, Lv ZY. Nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:25. [PMID: 27025210 PMCID: PMC4812660 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease that causes serious harms to humans and animals. Surveillance and diagnosis play key roles in schistosomiasis control, however, current techniques for surveillance and diagnosis of the disease have limitations. As genome data for parasites are increasing, novel techniques for detection incorporating nucleotide sequences are receiving widespread attention. These sensitive, specific, and rapid detection methods are particularly important in the diagnosis of low-grade and early infections, and may prove to have clinical significance. This paper reviews the progress of nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis, including such aspects as the selection of target genes, and development and application of nucleic acid detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Lan-Gui Song
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jin-Yi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dong-Ya Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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18
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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19
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Akinwale O, Oso O, Salawu O, Odaibo A, Tang P, Chen TW, Gyang P. Molecular characterisation of Bulinus snails – intermediate hosts of schistosomes in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.023.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Diagnostics for schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: a review of present options in control and future needs for elimination. Parasitology 2014; 141:1947-61. [PMID: 25158604 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the World Health Organization 2012-2020 roadmap for control and elimination of schistosomiasis, the scale-up of mass drug administration with praziquantel is set to change the epidemiological landscape across Africa and Arabia. Central in measuring progress is renewed emphasis upon diagnostics which operate at individual, community and environmental levels by assessing reductions in disease, infections and parasite transmission. However, a fundamental tension is revealed between levels for present diagnostic tools, and methods applied in control settings are not necessarily adequate for application in elimination scenarios. Indeed navigating the transition from control to elimination needs careful consideration and planning. In the present context of control, we review current options for diagnosis of schistosomiasis at different levels, highlighting several strengths and weaknesses therein. Future challenges in elimination are raised and we propose that more cost-effective diagnostics and clinical staging algorithms are needed. Using the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a contemporary example, embedding new diagnostic methods within the primary care health system is discussed with reference to both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis.
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Ceccarelli G, d'Ettorre G, Riccardo F, Ceccarelli C, Chiaretti M, Picciarella A, Pacifici LE, Vullo V. Urinary schistosomiasis in asylum seekers in Italy: an emergency currently undervalued. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 15:846-50. [PMID: 23135629 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent tropical diseases in developing countries and and large flows of migrants come from countries where the disease is endemic, imported urinary schistosomiasis is still not easily recognized in non-endemic areas, especially if not subjected to specific investigations. Moreover schistosomiasis is currently not reportable in any European public health system. The data presented in this report were collected were collected between asylum seekers by a simple screening method based on a prior or actual history of a macroscopic hematauria. In case of a history of gross hematuria, the patient underwent to specific exams standardized for the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. Our data show that the prevalence of the disease has been largely underestimated by European Surveillance Systems; in fact in a small population of young asylum seekers coming from endemic areas for schistosomiasis, we found a significant number of individuals with symptomatic disease. Given that the disease typically has an insidious course, it is highly probable that a screening procedure is able to identify early asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic subjects and avoid the serious complications that are present in advanced stages of disease. Given the limits and the costs of a late diagnosis and that an effective treatment is available, subjects from endemic areas should be actively screened for urinary schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Heath and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Sapienza", Via del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Detection and quantification of schistosome DNA in freshwater snails using either fluorescent probes in real-time PCR or oligochromatographic dipstick assays targeting the ribosomal intergenic spacer. Acta Trop 2013; 128:241-9. [PMID: 22100540 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several DNA probes were designed for use in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to target sequence variation within the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) of schistosomes. A sub-section of the IGS (∼300bp) was amplified, with cross-specific primers, after which group-specific fluorescent, locked nucleic acid probes were assessed for their ability to differentiate and quantify DNA from Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni group parasites. A number of fluorescent probe candidates were screened and validated against genomic DNA from adult schistosome worms and laboratory infected freshwater snails. Two fluorescent, locked nucleic acid probes ShaemLNA5 and SmanLNA2, of 20-26bp in length, were identified and found to be effective in providing evidence of infection in field-collected snails. To adapt these real-time PCR assays for more resource-poor laboratory settings, a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed and primer/probe combinations were modified for use in oligochromatography, a DNA 'dipstick' technology. An appropriate dipstick was developed, inclusive of internal amplification and amplicon migration controls that could be of particular importance for assessing schistosome transmission dynamics. These assays and tools also have future potential for use in detection of schistosome infections in humans and livestock.
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Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Garba A, Mohammed KA, Schur N, Person B, Colley DG, Utzinger J. Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop 2013; 128:423-40. [PMID: 22580511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is time to raise global awareness to the possibility of schistosomiasis elimination and to support endemic countries in their quest to determine the most appropriate approaches to eliminate this persistent and debilitating disease. The main interventions for schistosomiasis control are reviewed, including preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel, snail control, sanitation, safe water supplies, and behaviour change strategies supported by information, education and communication (IEC) materials. Differences in the biology and transmission of the three main Schistosoma species (i.e. Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum), which impact on control interventions, are considered. Sensitive diagnostic procedures to ensure adequate surveillance in areas attaining low endemicity are required. The importance of capacity building is highlighted. To achieve elimination, an intersectoral approach is necessary, with advocacy and action from local communities and the health community to foster cooperative ventures with engineers, the private sector, governments and non-governmental organizations specialized in water supply and sanitation. Examples of successful schistosomiasis control programmes are reviewed to highlight what has been learnt in terms of strategy for control and elimination. These include St. Lucia and other Caribbean islands, Brazil and Venezuela for S. mansoni; Saudi Arabia and Egypt for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium; Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritius and the Islamic Republic of Iran for S. haematobium; Japan and the People's Republic of China for S. japonicum. Additional targets for elimination or even eradication could be the two minor human schistosome species S. guineenisis and S. intercalatum, which have a restricted distribution in West and Central Africa. The examples show that elimination of schistosomiasis is an achievable and desirable goal requiring full integration of preventive chemotherapy with the tools of transmission control. An agenda for the elimination of schistosomiasis would aim to identify the gaps in knowledge, and define the tools, strategies and guidelines that will help national control programmes move towards elimination, including an internationally accepted mechanism that allows verification/confirmation of elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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Akinwale O, Akpunonu V, Ajayi M, Akande D, Adeleke M, Gyang P, Adebayo M, Dike A. Urinary schistosomiasis transmission in Epe, an urban community of Southwest Nigeria. Trop Parasitol 2013; 1:99-103. [PMID: 23507989 PMCID: PMC3593492 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.86944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A survey of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Epe, an urban community in Lagos State, Southwest Nigeria, was carried out to ascertain the possibility that schistosomiasis, otherwise considered a rural disease, could reach urban populations. Materials and Methods: About 100 ml of voided urine samples from 200 pupils aged 6–13 years [109 (54.5%) males and 91 (45.5%) females], attending an Anglican primary school, Ebute Afuye, and a community primary school, Erepoto, were examined parasitologically for hematuria and S. haematobium ova following informed consent obtained from their parents/guardians. All samples were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 gene. Fourteen Bulinus snails collected from the two sites, Ebute Afuye (6) and Erepoto (8), were screened for schistosome infection by the PCR amplification of the schistosome Dra1 gene. PCR-RFLP of the snails’ its region was analyzed for species identification and a subregion of the cox1 gene from four infected snails (two from each site) was amplified and sequenced. Results: In the Anglican primary school, Ebute Afuye, and community primary school, Erepoto, 16% and 29% were positive for hematuria, and 16% and 17% had schistosome ova, respectively. PCR analysis showed that 57% and 40% were positive for the infection in Anglican primary school, Ebute Afuye, and community primary school, Erepoto, respectively. PCR screening of the snails confirmed that four from Ebute Afuye and three from Erepoto were infected with schistosomes. PCR-RFLP showed that all the 14 snails were Bulinus truncatus while phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced partial cox1 gene corroborated the PCR-RFLP results. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of S. haematobium infection among the participants detected by PCR, which was able to detect infection in cases otherwise shown to be negative by hematuria. We also observed that B. truncatus is one of the snail species responsible for the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in the Epe community. For national control programs, it is very important that trends in the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in urban cities be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Akinwale
- Molecular Parasitology Research Laboratory, Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos State, Nigeria
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