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Blair D. Paragonimiasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:203-238. [PMID: 39008267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species. Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex. Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 6.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blair
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Voronova AN, Vainutis KS, Tabakaeva TV, Sapotsky MV, Kakareka NN, Volkov YG, Galkina IV, Shchelkanov MY. Molecular identification of the trematode P. ichunensis stat. n. from lungs of siberian tigers justified reappraisal of Paragonimus westermani species complex. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:744-753. [PMID: 36091260 PMCID: PMC9458828 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flukes from the genus Paragonimus Braun, 1899 are medically important foodborne trematodes predominantly occurring throughout Asian countries. Providing molecular genetic characteristics based on ITS2 and partial 28 S rDNA of the paragonimids from the Russian Far East, Northeast, South, and Southeast Asian countries, we performed a partial reappraisal of Paragonimus westermani species complex. Members of this complex are genetically distinct worms with different divergence times and explosive expansion during Miocene-Pliocene epochs. We confirm the taxonomic status as valid species for P. ichunensis stat. n. (from the Russian Far East and Northern China), and P. filipinus (from the Philippines), which were previously considered subspecies of P. westermani, and reinstated the species name P. pulmonalis (from Japan). We suggest considering the worms from South Korea the Korean variety of P. ichunensis, because Korean specimens are sister and genetically closest to P. ichunensis from Northeast China and Primorsky region of Russia. Worms from South (India (type 2), Sri Lanka), Southeast (Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand (types 1 and 2)) and East Asia (Taiwan) were left in the paragonimid systematics as Paragonimus sp. We propose to consider Indian worms of type 1 as true P. westermani, but in further revisions, due to the lack of holotype and unknown exact type locality, new type specimens (neotype) should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N. Voronova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 1, Selskaya st, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Vainutis
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 1, Selskaya st, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Tabakaeva
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 1, Selskaya st, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova st., 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Sapotsky
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Stoletiya Vladivostoka, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N. Kakareka
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Stoletiya Vladivostoka, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yury G. Volkov
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Stoletiya Vladivostoka, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Irina V. Galkina
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova st., 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Shchelkanov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 1, Selskaya st, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova st., 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Stoletiya Vladivostoka, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
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Li SH, Li SD, Wu KL, Li JY, Li HJ, Wang WQ, Yang LJ, Xu JJ, Chang GJ, Zhang YL, Shu QH, Zhuang SS, Ma ZQ, He SM, Zhu M, Wang WL, Huang HL. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Possible Virulence Factors of Paragonimus proliferus. Curr Bioinform 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893615999200728203648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
To identify the possible virulence factors (VFs) of P. proliferus.
Methods:
By Illumina HiSeq 4000 RNA-Seq platform, transcriptomes of adult P. proliferus
worms were sequenced to predict VFs via screening the homologues of traditional VFs of parasites
based on the annotations in the functional databases. Homology analysis was also performed to
screen homologous genes between P. proliferus and other four Paragonimus species (i.e., P.
kellicotti, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii and P. westermani) whose transcriptomes were downloaded
from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and then the
differential-expressed homologous genes (DEHGs) were screened via comparisons of P. proliferus
and P. kellicotti, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii and P. westermani, respectively. Finally, an overlap of
the predicted VFs and DEHGs was performed to identify possible key VFs that do not only belong
to the predicted VFs but also DEHGs.
Results:
A total of 1,509 genes of P. proliferus homologous to traditional VFs, including surface
antigens (SAGs), secreted proteins (SPs), ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters, actin-related
proteins (ARPs), aminopeptidases (APases), glycoproteins (GPs), cysteine proteases (CPs), and
heat shock proteins (HSPs), were identified. Meanwhile, homology analysis identified 6279
DEHGs among the five species, of which there were 48 DEHGs being mutually differentialexpressed
among the four pairs of comparisons, such as MRP, Tuba 3, PI3K, WASF2, ADK,
Nop56, DNAH1, PFK-2/FBPase2, Ppp1r7, SSP7. Furthermore, the overlap between the predicted
VFs and DEHGs showed 97 genes of the predicted VFs that simultaneously belonged to DEHGs.
Strikingly, of these 97 genes, only 26, including Chymotrypsin, Leucine APases, Cathepsin L, HSP
70, and so on, were higher expressed in P. proliferus while all the remaining were lower expressed
than in the four other species.
Conclusions:
This work provides a fundamental context for further studies of the pathogenicity of
P. proliferus. Most of the predicted VFs which simultaneously belonged to DEHGs were lower
expressed in P. proliferus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hao Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shu-De Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Kun-Li Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Hong-Juan Li
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Wei-Qun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Guo-Ji Chang
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yan’an Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shu-Meiqi He
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Wen-Lin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Hong-Li Huang
- Department of Hepatology, Oncology, Infectious Disease, Health Care or Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650043, China
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Differentially Expressed Homologous Genes Reveal Interspecies Differences of Paragonimus Proliferus based on Transcriptome Analysis. Helminthologia 2020; 57:196-210. [PMID: 32855607 PMCID: PMC7425231 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Paragonimus proliferus (P. proliferus), one of 46 Paragonimus species registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, may be much more widely distributed in Southeast Asia than previously thought, as its reported natural foci have increased in the past decades. However, very little is known about its molecular biology, especially at the transcriptome level. For the first time, the transcriptome of this species was sequenced and compared with four other common Paragonimus species, namely Paragonimus skrjabini, Paragonimus kellicotti, Paragonimus miyazakii, and Paragonimus westermani, to predict homologous genes and differentially expressed homologous genes to explore interspecies differences of Paragonimus proliferus. A total of 7393 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 49 were considered to be core genes because they were differentially expressed in all four comparison groups. Annotations revealed that these genes were related mainly to "duplication, transcription, or translation", energy or nutrient metabolism, and parasitic growth, proliferation, motility, invasion, adaptation to the host, or virulence. Interestingly, a majority (5601/7393) of the identified genes, and in particular the core genes (48/49), were expressed at lower levels in P. proliferus. The identified genes may play essential roles in the biological differences between Paragonimus species. This work provides fundamental background information for further research into the molecular biology of P. proliferus.
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Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species (Table 5.1). Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex (Table 5.1). Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 5.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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Doanh PN, Tu LA, Van Hien H, Van Duc N, Horii Y, Blair D, Nawa Y. First intermediate hosts of Paragonimus spp. in Vietnam and identification of intramolluscan stages of different Paragonimus species. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:328. [PMID: 29848373 PMCID: PMC5977750 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the genus Paragonimus require at least three hosts in their life-cycles. The obligatory first intermediate hosts are freshwater snails. In Vietnam, although seven Paragonimus species have been recorded, the natural first intermediate hosts of almost all species have not been confirmed. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate snail hosts of Paragonimus species in Vietnam, and to identify Paragonimus species at intramolluscan stages. Methods Freshwater snails were collected from streams in Yen Bai and Quang Tri Provinces, where high prevalences of Paragonimus metacercariae in crab hosts have been reported. Snails were morphologically identified and then examined individually for Paragonimus cercariae using shedding and crushing methods. Chaetomicrocercous cercariae, the morphological class to which Paragonimus cercariae belong, were collected for morphological description and molecular species identification by analyses of ITS2 sequences. The infected snail species were identified based on analyses of nucleotide sequences of the cox1 gene. Results Three snail species were found to be infected with Paragonimus cercariae at low infection rates, ranging between 0.07–1.0%. The molecular analyses identified them as Sulcospira quangtriensis and 2 species of subfamily Triculinae. In a phylogenetic tree, these two triculine snails were related to the genera Gammatricula and Tricula with low posterior probabilities. Thus we named them as Triculinae sp. 1 and Triculinae sp. 2. Cercariae from the three snail species, Sulcospira quangtriensis, Triculinae sp. 1 and Triculinae sp. 2, were molecularly identified as Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus and P. proliferus, respectively. The cercariae of the three species are morphologically similar to each other, but their daughter rediae can be distinguished by the length of the intestine and the number of cercariae per redia. The rediae of P. westermani have a long intestine and each contain 6–8 cercariae. In contrast, those of P. heterotremus and P. proliferus have a short intestine and each redia contain 10–12 and 5–6 cercariae, respectively. Conclusions Three snail species, Sulcospira quangtriensis, Triculinae sp. 1 and Triculinae sp. 2, serve as the first intermediate hosts of P. westermani, P. heterotremus and P. proliferus, respectively, in Vietnam. The length of the intestine of rediae and the number of cercariae per redia are valuable characteristics for distinguishing between larvae of these Paragonimus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Luu Anh Tu
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Van Hien
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Duc
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - David Blair
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | - Yukifumi Nawa
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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