1
|
Zhao J, Hao S, Chen Y, Ye X, Fang P, Hu H. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid liposome alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through restoring intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 236:113798. [PMID: 38377705 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease that damages the colonic mucosa and disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier. The current clinical treatment for UC is mainly chemotherapy, which has the limited effectiveness and severe side effects. It mainly focuses on the treatment of inflammation while neglecting the repair of the intestinal mucosa and the restoration of the microbiota balance. Here, we aimed to address these challenges by using an amphipathic bile acid -tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) to replace cholesterol (CHL) in conventional liposomes. We prepared TUDCA/Emodin liposomes by incorporating the hydrophobic drug emodin. The experimental results indicated that TUDCA/Emodin Lip had uniform particle size distribution, good stability, low cytotoxicity, and exhibited good mucus permeability and anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro experiments, and was able to protect cells from oxidative stress. After oral administration, TUDCA/Emodin Lip significantly alleviated the severity of UC. This was evidenced by increased colon length, decreased inflammation and reduced colonic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Furthermore, TUDCA/Emodin Lip maintained the normal levels of the tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and ZO-1, thereby restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Importantly, TUDCA/Emodin Lip also promoted the ecological restoration of the gut microbiota, increased overall abundance and diversity. Taken together, TUDCA/Emodin Lip can fundamentally restore intestinal homeostasis, this work provides a new, efficient and easily transformable treatment for UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suqi Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengchao Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hashimoto N, Nagata R, Han KH, Wakagi M, Ishikawa-Takano Y, Fukushima M. Involvement of the vagus nerve and hepatic gene expression in serum adiponectin concentrations in mice. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:99-112. [PMID: 37837567 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Several humoral factors, such as adiponectin and urate, have been suggested to affect metabolic syndromes. Previously, we reported a reduction in blood adiponectin concentrations after a high-fructose diet partially via the vagus nerve in rats. Although a lithogenic diet (LD), i.e., supplementation of a normal control diet (CT) with 0.6% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate, reduced blood adiponectin concentrations, the involvement of the vagus nerve in this mechanism remains unclear. To estimate the involvement of the vagus nerve in the regulation of blood adiponectin concentrations using an LD, male imprinting control region mice that had been vagotomized (HVx) or only laparotomized (Sham) were administered a CT or an LD for 10 weeks. Serum adiponectin concentrations in the Sham-LD, HVx-CT, and HVx-LD groups were reduced by half compared with the Sham-CT group. The hepatic mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which reportedly stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue, were lower in the LD groups compared with the CT groups. HepG2 hepatoma cells showed that various bile acids reduced the mRNA expression of FGF21. Moreover, the LD increased serum urate concentrations and reduced hepatic expressions of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) mRNA and glucokinase, suggesting insufficient regeneration of ATP from AMP. In conclusion, serum adiponectin concentration may be regulated via the vagus nerve in normal mice, whereas a reduction of hepatic Fgf21 mRNA by bile acids may also lower serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, the LD may promote hepatic AMP accumulation and subsequently increase the serum urate concentration in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hashimoto
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Nagata
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kyu-Ho Han
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Wakagi
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishikawa-Takano
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Michihiro Fukushima
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song YJ, Zhang J, Xu Z, Nie P, Chang MX. Liver X Receptor LXRα Promotes Grass Carp Reovirus Infection by Attenuating IRF3-CBP Interaction and Inhibiting RLR Antiviral Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1006-1019. [PMID: 37548504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors involved in metabolism and the immune response. Different from mammalian LXRs, which include two isoforms, LXRα and LXRβ, only a single LXRα gene exists in the piscine genomes. Although a study has suggested that piscine LXR inhibits intracellular bacterial survival, the functions of piscine LXRα in viral infection are unknown. In this study, we show that overexpression of LXRα from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), which is named as gcLXRα, increases host susceptibility to grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, whereas gcLXRα knockdown in CIK (C. idellus kidney) cells inhibits GCRV infection. Consistent with these functional studies, gcLXRα knockdown promotes the transcription of antiviral genes involved in the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) antiviral signaling pathway, including IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and the type I IFN IFN1. Further results show that gcLXRα knockdown induces the expression of CREB-binding protein (CBP), a transcriptional coactivator. In the knockdown of CBP, the inhibitory effect of gcLXRα knockdown in limiting GCRV infection is completely abolished. gcLXRα also interacts with IRF3 and CBP, which impairs the formation of the IRF3/CBP transcription complex. Moreover, gcLXRα heterodimerizes with RXRg, which cooperatively impair the transcription of the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and promote GCRV infection. Taken together, to our knowledge, our findings provide new insight into the functional correlation between nuclear receptor LXRα and the RLR antiviral signaling pathway, and they demonstrate that gcLXRα can impair the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and the production of type I IFN via forming gcLXRα/RXRg complexes and attenuating IRF3/CBP complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao R, Tian H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Xu H, Rao G, Tian Y, Fu X. Signaling pathways and intervention for therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e283. [PMID: 37303813 PMCID: PMC10248034 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents one of the fastest growing epidemic metabolic disorders worldwide and is a strong contributor for a broad range of comorbidities, including vascular, visual, neurological, kidney, and liver diseases. Moreover, recent data suggest a mutual interplay between T2DM and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Pioneering discoveries throughout the past few decades have established notable links between signaling pathways and T2DM pathogenesis and therapy. Importantly, a number of signaling pathways substantially control the advancement of core pathological changes in T2DM, including IR and β cell dysfunction, as well as additional pathogenic disturbances. Accordingly, an improved understanding of these signaling pathways sheds light on tractable targets and strategies for developing and repurposing critical therapies to treat T2DM and its complications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the history of T2DM and signaling pathways, and offer a systematic update on the role and mechanism of key signaling pathways underlying the onset, development, and progression of T2DM. In this content, we also summarize current therapeutic drugs/agents associated with signaling pathways for the treatment of T2DM and its complications, and discuss some implications and directions to the future of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Guocheng Rao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao R, Meng X, Xue Y, Mao M, Liu Y, Tian X, Sui B, Li X, Zhang P. Bile acids-gut microbiota crosstalk contributes to the improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027212. [PMID: 36386219 PMCID: PMC9640995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurs that cannot effectively use the insulin. Insulin Resistance (IR) is a significant characteristic of T2DM which is also an essential treatment target in blood glucose regulation to prevent T2DM and its complications. Bile acids (BAs) are one group of bioactive metabolites synthesized from cholesterol in liver. BAs play an important role in mutualistic symbiosis between host and gut microbiota. It is shown that T2DM is associated with altered bile acid metabolism which can be regulated by gut microbiota. Simultaneously, BAs also reshape gut microbiota and improve IR and T2DM in the bidirectional communications of the gut-liver axis. This article reviewed the findings on the interaction between BAs and gut microbiota in improving T2DM, which focused on gut microbiota and its debinding function and BAs regulated gut microbiota through FXR/TGR5. Meanwhile, BAs and their derivatives that are effective for improving T2DM and other treatments based on bile acid metabolism were also summarized. This review highlighted that BAs play a critical role in the glucose metabolism and may serve as therapeutic targets in T2DM, providing a reference for discovering and screening novel therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Gao
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yili Xue
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Mao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuewen Tian
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Sui
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Li
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Esan O, Viljoen A, Wierzbicki AS. Colesevelam - a bile acid sequestrant for treating hypercholesterolemia and improving hyperglycemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:1363-1370. [PMID: 35968655 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low density Lipoprotein cholesterol)LDL-C) levels show a clear relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins are first line agents to reduce LDL-C and CVD risk. However, combination lipid-lowering therapy is often required to achieve large reductions in LDL-C. AREA COVERED Colesevelam HCl is a bile acid sequestrant (BAS), which reduces LDL-C by 16-22% in monotherapy and adds a further 12-14% reduction in LDL-C when combined with other lipid-lowering drugs. Like statins, colesevelam reduces C-reactive protein levels by 16% in monotherapy and additional 6% when added to statins. Colesevelam also reduced HbA1c by 4mmol/mol (0.5%) when used alone and added to other hypoglycaemic drugs in studies of patients with diabetes . EXPERT OPINION Bile acid sequestrants reduce LDL-C and HbA1c and have some CVD outcome evidence. The uses of these agents are limited in patients with gastrointestinal disease or high triglycerides due to adverse effects on gut function and raising triglycerides and they interfere with the absorption of lipid-soluble drugs. Colesevelam has a higher bile acid binding capacity, and fewer adverse effects than other BAS. Colesevelam may be useful as a third line agent for treatment of hypercholesterolemia with some additional specific benefits on glycemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwayemisi Esan
- Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas Hospitals, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Adie Viljoen
- Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, East & North Hertfordshire Hospitals, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK
| | - Anthony S Wierzbicki
- Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas Hospitals, London SE1 7EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reduced Cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor by Pharmacological Intervention in a Preclinical Study. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070877. [PMID: 35883432 PMCID: PMC9313251 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies in our laboratory have shown that the bile acid profile is altered during diabetes development and such alteration has been linked to the diabetes-associated inflammatory profile. Hence, this study aimed to investigate if the first-line antidiabetic drug metformin will alter the bile acid profile and diabetes-associated inflammation in a murine model of pre-type 2 diabetes. C57 mice were randomly allocated into three equal groups of eight. Group One was given a low-fat diet (LFD), Group Two was given a high-fat diet (HFD), and Group Three was given an HFD and, upon prediabetes confirmation, daily oral metformin for one month. Blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, drug concentrations in tissues and faeces, and the inflammatory and bile acid profiles were measured. Metformin showed wide tissue distribution and was also present in faeces. The bile acid profile showed significant alteration due to prediabetes, and although metformin did not completely normalize it, it did exert significant effects on both the bile acid and the inflammatory profiles, suggesting a direct and, to some extent, positive impact, particularly on the diabetes-associated inflammatory profile.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan M, Hou L, Cai Y, Wang H, Ma Y, Geng Q, Jiang W, Tang W. Effects of Intestinal FXR-Related Molecules on Intestinal Mucosal Barriers in Biliary Tract Obstruction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906452. [PMID: 35770078 PMCID: PMC9234329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a key factor regulating hepatic bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic circulation. Repression of bile acid synthesis by the FXR is a potential strategy for treating cholestatic liver disease. However, the role of intestinal FXR on the intestinal barrier and intestinal microbiota needs further investigation. Materials: Intestinal tissues were collected from patients with biliary atresia or without hepatobiliary disease. Then, intestinal mRNA levels of FXR-related molecules were determined. To investigate the effect of FXR activation, bile-duct-ligation rats were treated with obeticholic acid [OCA (5 mg/kg/day)] or vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose) per oral gavage for 14 days. The mRNA levels of intestinal FXR, SHP, TNF-α, FGF15 and bile acid transporter levels were determined. In addition, the intestinal permeability, morphologic changes, and composition of the intestinal microbiota were evaluated. Gut Microbiome was determined by 16S rDNA MiSeq sequencing, and functional profiling of microbial communities was predicted with BugBase and PICRUSt2. Finally, the role of OCA in injured intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation was examined by pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Caco-2 cells. Results: The downstream of the FXR in ileum tissues was inhibited in biliary obstruction. Activation of the FXR signaling pathway by OCA significantly reduced liver fibrosis and intestinal inflammation, improved intestinal microbiota, and protected intestinal mucosa in BDL rats. OCA also altered the functional capacities of ileum microbiota in BDL rats. Significant differences existed between the controls and BDL rats, which were attenuated by OCA in the alpha diversity analysis. Principal coordinates analysis showed that microbial communities in BDL rats clustered separately from controls, and OCA treatment attenuated the distinction. Bugbase and PICRUSt2 analysis showed that OCA changed the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota and improved the metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria. Moreover, OCA reduced the apoptosis induced by LPS in Caco-2 cells. Conclusion: The FXR agonist, OCA, activates the intestinal FXR signaling pathway and improves the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota and intestinal barrier in BDL rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai’an Maternal And Child Health Care center, Huai’an, China
| | - Li Hou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaoyao Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanfei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujun Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiming Geng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Jiang, ; Weibing Tang,
| | - Weibing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Jiang, ; Weibing Tang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Durník R, Šindlerová L, Babica P, Jurček O. Bile Acids Transporters of Enterohepatic Circulation for Targeted Drug Delivery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092961. [PMID: 35566302 PMCID: PMC9103499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important steroidal molecules with a rapidly growing span of applications across a variety of fields such as supramolecular chemistry, pharmacy, and biomedicine. This work provides a systematic review on their transport processes within the enterohepatic circulation and related processes. The focus is laid on the description of specific or less-specific BA transport proteins and their localization. Initially, the reader is provided with essential information about BAs′ properties, their systemic flow, metabolism, and functions. Later, the transport processes are described in detail and schematically illustrated, moving step by step from the liver via bile ducts to the gallbladder, small intestine, and colon; this description is accompanied by descriptions of major proteins known to be involved in BA transport. Spillage of BAs into systemic circulation and urine excretion are also discussed. Finally, the review also points out some of the less-studied areas of the enterohepatic circulation, which can be crucial for the development of BA-related drugs, prodrugs, and drug carrier systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Durník
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondřej Jurček
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:377-392. [PMID: 35474341 PMCID: PMC9076644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut-brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut-brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut-brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut-brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mohr AE, Gumpricht E, Sears DD, Sweazea KL. Recent advances and health implications of dietary fasting regimens on the gut microbiome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G847-G863. [PMID: 33729005 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00475.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction is a primary dietary intervention demonstrated over many decades in cellular and animal models to modulate aging pathways, positively affect age-associated diseases and, in clinical studies, to promote beneficial health outcomes. Because long-term compliance with daily calorie restriction has proven problematic in humans several intermittent fasting regimens, including alternate day fasting and time-restricted feeding, have evolved revealing similar clinical benefits as calorie restriction. Despite significant research on the cellular and physiological mechanisms contributing to, and responsible for, these observed benefits, relatively little research has investigated the impact of these various fasting protocols on the gut microbiome (GM). Reduced external nutrient supply to the gut may beneficially alter the composition and function of a "fed" gut microflora. Indeed, the prevalent, obesogenic Western diet can promote deleterious changes in the GM, signaling intermediates involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes recent preclinical and clinical effects of varying fasting regimens on GM composition and associated physiology. Although the number of preclinical and clinical interventions are limited, significant data thus far suggest fasting interventions impact GM composition and physiology. However, there are considerable heterogeneities of study design, methodological considerations, and practical implications. Ongoing research on the health impact of fasting regimens on GM modulation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona.,Isagenix International LLC, Gilbert, Arizona
| | | | - Dorothy D Sears
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engin A. Bile Acid Toxicity and Protein Kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:229-258. [PMID: 33539018 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
If the bile acids reach to pathological concentrations due to cholestasis, accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids within the hepatocyte may result in cell death. Thus, hydrophobic bile acids induce apoptosis in hepatocytes, while hydrophilic bile acids increase intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels and activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis.Two apoptotic pathways have been described in bile acids-induced death. Both are controlled by multiple protein kinase signaling pathways. In mitochondria-controlled pathway, caspase-8 is activated with death domain-independent manner, whereas, Fas-dependent classical pathway involves ligand-independent oligomerization of Fas.Hydrophobic bile acids dose-dependently upregulate the inflammatory response by further stimulating production of inflammatory cytokines. Death receptor-mediated apoptosis is regulated at the cell surface by the receptor expression, at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by expression of procaspase-8, the death receptors Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and cellular FADD-like interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β)-converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (cFLIP). Bile acids prevent cFLIP recruitment to the DISC and thereby enhance initiator caspase activation and lead to cholestatic apoptosis. At mitochondria, the expression of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins contribute to apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial cytochrome c release via Bcl-2, Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) interacting domain death agonist (Bid), or Bcl-2 associated protein x (Bax). Fas receptor CD95 activation by hydrophobic bile acids is initiated by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. However, activation of necroptosis by ligands of death receptors requires the kinase activity of receptor interacting protein1 (RIP1), which mediates the activation of RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). In this chapter, mainly the effect of protein kinases signal transduction on the mechanisms of hydrophobic bile acids-induced inflammation, apoptosis, necroptosis and necrosis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun R, Kong B, Yang N, Cao B, Feng D, Yu X, Ge C, Feng S, Fei F, Huang J, Lu Z, Xie Y, Yang CS, Guo GL, Wang G, Aa J. The Hypoglycemic Effect of Berberine and Berberrubine Involves Modulation of Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling Pathway and Inhibition of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:276-286. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
14
|
Activation of the Nuclear Receptor Fxr Improves Intestinal Cell Tolerance to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Shock 2019; 50:316-323. [PMID: 29028769 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in bile acid metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, and intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We aimed to clarify the potential effects of FXR on intestinal epithelial cell tolerance to intestinal I/R injury and reveal the underlying mechanisms. An intestinal I/R injury model was established by the occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 4 h in C57BL/6 (wild type [WT]) and FXR mice. The small intestine injury was assessed by histological analysis. Diamine oxidase and TNF-α levels in the serum were measured. Expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) were determined by immunohostochemical staining. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) was used to make injury in cultured Caco-2 cells pretreated with FXR agonist (INT-747) or DL-propargylglycine (PAG) for 24 h. Cell viability and the expressions of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 were assessed. Compared with WT I/R mice, FXR knockout mice exacerbated intestinal I/R injury, intestinal epithelial apoptosis, and inflammatory response. The I/R injury in WT mice was alleviated with INT-747 pretreatment. CSE expression increased after intestinal I/R injury in WT but not in FXR mice. INT-747 enhanced Caco-2 cell viability and inhibited inflammatory response by blocking the NF-κB pathway after OGD/R injury, which was diminished by a CSE-specific inhibitor (PAG). Thus, we demonstrated that FXR activation enhances intestinal epithelial cell tolerance to I/R by suppressing the inflammatory response and NF-κB pathway via CSE mediation.
Collapse
|
15
|
de Boer JF, Verkade E, Mulder NL, de Vries HD, Huijkman N, Koehorst M, Boer T, Wolters JC, Bloks VW, van de Sluis B, Kuipers F. A human-like bile acid pool induced by deletion of hepatic Cyp2c70 modulates effects of FXR activation in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:291-305. [PMID: 31506275 PMCID: PMC7053831 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) facilitate intestinal absorption of lipid-soluble nutrients and modulate various metabolic pathways through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. These receptors are targets for therapy in cholestatic and metabolic diseases. However, dissimilarities in BA metabolism between humans and mice complicate translation of preclinical data. Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily c polypeptide 70 (CYP2C70) was recently proposed to catalyze the formation of rodent-specific muricholic acids (MCAs). With CRISPR/Cas9-mediated somatic genome editing, we generated an acute hepatic Cyp2c70 knockout mouse model (Cyp2c70ako) to clarify the role of CYP2C70 in BA metabolism in vivo and evaluate whether its activity modulates effects of pharmacologic FXR activation on cholesterol homeostasis. In Cyp2c70ako mice, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) increased at the expense of βMCA, resulting in a more hydrophobic human-like BA pool. Tracer studies demonstrated that, in vivo, CYP2C70 catalyzes the formation of βMCA primarily by sequential 6β-hydroxylation and C7-epimerization of CDCA, generating αMCA as an intermediate metabolite. Physiologically, the humanized BA composition in Cyp2c70ako mice blunted the stimulation of fecal cholesterol disposal in response to FXR activation compared with WT mice, predominantly due to reduced stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Thus, deletion of hepatic Cyp2c70 in adult mice translates into a human-like BA pool composition and impacts the response to pharmacologic FXR activation. This Cyp2c70ako mouse model may be a useful tool for future studies of BA signaling and metabolism that informs human disease development and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands .,Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Verkade
- Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Mulder
- Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,iPSC/CRISPR Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, Campus Fryslân, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Boer
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, Campus Fryslân, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang F, Yuan W, Wei Y, Zhang D, Duan Y, Li B, Wang X, Xi L, Zhou Y, Wu X. The alterations of bile acids in rats with high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes and their negative effects on glucose metabolism. Life Sci 2019; 229:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Gall bladder: The metabolic orchestrator. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3140. [PMID: 30770629 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly held that the gall bladder (GB) is not indispensable for life. However, recent studies strongly suggest that GB removal can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). With the recent recognition of the role of bile acids (BAs) in systemic metabolic regulation, it is worthwhile to re-examine the function of the GB, which can be regarded as the physiological "pacemaker" of BA flow. Thus, in the present study, we review the role of the GB in BA flow regulation, describe the epidemiologic evidence that associates cholecystectomy with various components of MetS, and discuss the possible mechanism behind these connections in order to demonstrate the pivotal role that GB plays in metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cerdó T, García-Santos JA, G Bermúdez M, Campoy C. The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Nutrients 2019; 11:E635. [PMID: 30875987 PMCID: PMC6470608 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic complex to treat due to its multifactorial pathogenesis-an unhealthy lifestyle, neuronal and hormonal mechanisms, and genetic and epigenetic factors are involved. Scientific evidence supports the idea that obesity and metabolic consequences are strongly related to changes in both the function and composition of gut microbiota, which exert an essential role in modulating energy metabolism. Modifications of gut microbiota composition have been associated with variations in body weight and body mass index. Lifestyle modifications remain as primary therapy for obesity and related metabolic disorders. New therapeutic strategies to treat/prevent obesity have been proposed, based on pre- and/or probiotic modulation of gut microbiota to mimic that found in healthy non-obese subjects. Based on human and animal studies, this review aimed to discuss mechanisms through which gut microbiota could act as a key modifier of obesity and related metabolic complications. Evidence from animal studies and human clinical trials suggesting potential beneficial effects of prebiotic and various probiotic strains on those physical, biochemical, and metabolic parameters related to obesity is presented. As a conclusion, a deeper knowledge about pre-/probiotic mechanisms of action, in combination with adequately powered, randomized controlled follow-up studies, will facilitate the clinical application and development of personalized healthcare strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Cerdó
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mercedes G Bermúdez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, GRANADA, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain.
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada's node, Carlos III Health Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laferrère B, Pattou F. Weight-Independent Mechanisms of Glucose Control After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:530. [PMID: 30250454 PMCID: PMC6140402 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass results in large and sustained weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes in 60% of cases at 1-2 years. In addition to calorie restriction and weight loss, various gastro-intestinal mediated mechanisms, independent of weight loss, also contribute to glucose control. The anatomical re-arrangement of the small intestine after gastric bypass results in accelerated nutrient transit, enhances the release of post-prandial gut hormones incretins and of insulin, alters the metabolism and the entero-hepatic cycle of bile acids, modifies intestinal glucose uptake and metabolism, and alters the composition and function of the microbiome. The amelioration of beta cell function after gastric bypass in individuals with type 2 diabetes requires enteric stimulation. However, beta cell function in response to intravenous glucose stimulus remains severely impaired, even in individuals in full clinical diabetes remission. The permanent impairment of the beta cell may explain diabetes relapse years after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Laferrère
- Division of Endocrinology, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - François Pattou
- Translational Research on Diabetes, UMR 1190, Inserm, Université Lille, Lille, France
- Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Duodenal Exclusion but Not Sleeve Gastrectomy Preserves Insulin Secretion, Making It the More Effective Metabolic Procedure. Obes Surg 2017; 28:1408-1416. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
22
|
Rodrigues RR, Greer RL, Dong X, DSouza KN, Gurung M, Wu JY, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Antibiotic-Induced Alterations in Gut Microbiota Are Associated with Changes in Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Mice. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2306. [PMID: 29213261 PMCID: PMC5702803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in health and disease. Antibiotics are known to alter gut microbiota, yet their effects on glucose tolerance in lean, normoglycemic mice have not been widely investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore mechanisms by which treatment of lean mice with antibiotics (ampicillin, metronidazole, neomycin, vancomycin, or their cocktail) influences the microbiome and glucose metabolism. Specifically, we sought to: (i) study the effects on body weight, fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, and fasting insulin, (ii) examine the changes in expression of key genes of the bile acid and glucose metabolic pathways in the liver and ileum, (iii) identify the shifts in the cecal microbiota, and (iv) infer interactions between gene expression, microbiome, and the metabolic parameters. Treatment with individual or a cocktail of antibiotics reduced fasting glucose but did not affect body weight. Glucose tolerance changed upon treatment with cocktail, ampicillin, or vancomycin as indicated by reduced area under the curve of the glucose tolerance test. Antibiotic treatment changed gene expression in the ileum and liver, and shifted the alpha and beta diversities of gut microbiota. Network analyses revealed associations between Akkermansia muciniphila with fasting glucose and liver farsenoid X receptor (Fxr) in the top ranked host-microbial interactions, suggesting possible mechanisms by which this bacterium can mediate systemic changes in glucose metabolism. We observed Bacteroides uniformis to be positively and negatively correlated with hepatic Fxr and Glucose 6-phosphatase, respectively. Overall, our transkingdom network approach is a useful hypothesis generating strategy that offers insights into mechanisms by which antibiotics can regulate glucose tolerance in non-obese healthy animals. Experimental validation of our predicted microbe-phenotype interactions can help identify mechanisms by which antibiotics affect host phenotypes and gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Renee L. Greer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Karen N. DSouza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Manoj Gurung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jia Y. Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrey Morgun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|