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Yang K, Chen Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Hou H, Mao YH. The Improvement and Related Mechanism of Microecologics on the Sports Performance and Post-Exercise Recovery of Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1602. [PMID: 38892536 PMCID: PMC11174581 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The diversity and functionality of gut microbiota may play a crucial role in the function of human motor-related systems. In addition to traditional nutritional supplements, there is growing interest in microecologics due to their potential to enhance sports performance and facilitate post-exercise recovery by modulating the gut microecological environment. However, there is a lack of relevant reviews on this topic. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies investigating the effects of various types of microecologics, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, on enhancing sports performance and facilitating post-exercise recovery by regulating energy metabolism, mitigating oxidative-stress-induced damage, modulating immune responses, and attenuating bone loss. Although further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which microecologics exert their effects. In summary, this study aims to provide scientific evidence for the future development of microecologics in athletics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keer Yang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yonglin Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Minghan Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yishuo Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Haoyang Hou
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yu-Heng Mao
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Human Sports Performance Science, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
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Gorgel SN, Ozer K, Kose O, Dindar AS. Can preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio predict malignancy in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy because of renal mass? Int Braz J Urol 2017; 44:461-466. [PMID: 29211406 PMCID: PMC5996777 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the importance of preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicting malignancy in patients who undergo partial nephrectomy due to renal mass. Materials and Methods: Seventy nine patients who underwent open partial nephrectomy for renal masses were included in this retrospective study. In preoperative routine blood tests, renal ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography were performed for all patients. Preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were compared in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (Group1, 65 patients) and benign lesions (Group 2, 14 patients). The predictive ability of NLR was analyzed by ROC curves and Youden Index method was used to identify the cut-off value for NLR. Results: The mean age of patients was 59.8±11.7 years in Group1 and 57.4±12.6 years in Group 2 (p=0.493). The mean tumor size was 3.8±1.2 cm in Group 1 and 3.3±1.0 cm in Group 2 (p=0.07). The median NLR was 2.48 (1.04) in Group 1 and 1.63 (0.96) in Group 2 (p<0.001). The area under a ROC curve was 0.799 (p<0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio may predict renal masses that can not be distinguished radiologically. Our results must be confirmed by large and properly designed prospective, randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacit Nuri Gorgel
- Department of Urology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey
| | - Kutan Ozer
- Department of Urology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey
| | - Osman Kose
- Department of Urology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey
| | - Ahmet Selçuk Dindar
- Department of Urology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir,Turkey
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Cavalcante PAM, Gregnani MF, Henrique JS, Ornellas FH, Araújo RC. Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:42. [PMID: 29185059 PMCID: PMC5705532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have addressed the relationship between toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and the production of local and systemic cytokines in response to physical exercise, and they have produced conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether acute and chronic exercise outcomes are associated with changes in TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling and if so, the mechanisms that connect them. METHODS PubMed database were consulted. This systematic review selected 39 articles, 26 involving humans and 13 based on rodents. RESULTS In acute resistance exercise studies, 75% reported a decrease in TLR4 or TLR2 expression and 25% did not find differences. For chronic resistance exercise studies, 67% reported a reduction of expression and 33% did not find differences. Studies of both types reported reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines. In acute aerobic exercise studies, 40% revealed a decline in the expression of the receptors, 7% reported no significant difference, 40% showed an increase, and 13% did not evaluate their expression. Fifty-eight percent of studies of chronic aerobic exercise revealed a reduction in expression, 17% did not find a difference, and 25% reported increases; they also suggested that the expression of the receptors might be correlated with that of inflammatory cytokines. In studies on combined exercise, 50% reported a decline in receptors expression and 50% did not find a difference. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the articles (54%) link different types of exercise to a decline in TLR4 and TLR2 expression. However, aerobic exercise may induce inflammations through its influence on these receptor pathways. Higher levels of inflammation were seen in acute sessions (40%) than regular sessions (25%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andréa Malveira Cavalcante
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669/9and., 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Fernandes Gregnani
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Salles Henrique
- Neurology/Neuroscience Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Exercise Neurophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Ornellas
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araújo
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wen RM, Zhang YJ, Ma S, Xu YL, Chen YS, Li HL, Bai J, Zheng JN. Preoperative Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Non-metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3703-8. [PMID: 25987025 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with colorectal, lung, gastric cancer, pancreatic and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We here evaluated whether preoperative NLR is an independent prognostic factor for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 327 patients who underwent curative or palliative nephrectomy were evaluated retrospectively. In preoperative blood routine examination, neutrophils and lymphocytes were obtained. The predictive value of NLR for non-metastatic RCC was analyzed. RESULTS The NLR of 327 patients was 2.72±2.25. NLR <1.7 and NLR ≥1.7 were classified as low and high NLR groups, respectively. Chi-square test showed that the preoperative NLR was significantly correlated with the tumor size (P=0.025), but not with the histological subtype (P=0.095)and the pT stage (P=0.283). Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Effects of NLR on OS (P=0.007) and DFS (P=0.011) were significant. To evaluate the independent prognostic significance of NLR, multivariate COX regression models were applied and identified increased NLR as an independent prognostic factor for OS (P=0.015), and DFS (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Regarding patient survival, an increased NLR represented an independent risk factor, which might reflect a higher risk for severe cardiovascular and other comorbidities. An elevated blood NLR may be a biomarker of poor OS and DFS in patients with non-metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Min Wen
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou, China E-mail : ,
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Validation of the pre-treatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a large European cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:901-7. [PMID: 23385728 PMCID: PMC3590665 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as an indicator of systemic inflammatory response. Several studies suggest a negative impact of increased NLR for patient's survival in different types of cancer. However, previous findings from small-scale studies revealed conflicting results about its prognostic significance with regard to different clinical end points in non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Therefore, the aim of our study was the validation of the prognostic significance of NLR in a large cohort of RCC patients. Methods: Data from 678 consecutive non-metastatic clear cell RCC patients, operated between 2000 and 2010 at a single centre, were evaluated retrospectively. Cancer-specific, metastasis-free, as well as overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. To evaluate the independent prognostic significance of NLR, multivariate Cox regression models were applied for all three different end points. Influence of the NLR on the predictive accuracy of the Leibovich prognosis score was determined by Harrell's concordance index. Results: Multivariate analysis identified increased NLR as an independent prognostic factor for overall (hazard ratio (HR)=1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10–2.31, P=0.014), but not for cancer-specific (HR=1.59, 95% CI=0.84–2.99, P=0.148), nor for metastasis-free survival (HR=1.39, 95% CI=0.85–2.28, P=0.184). The estimated concordance index was 0.79 using the Leibovich risk score and 0.81 when NLR was added. Conclusion: Regarding patients' OS, an increased NLR represented an independent risk factor, which might reflect a higher risk for severe cardiovascular and other comorbidities. Adding the NLR to well-established prognostic models such as the Leibovich prognosis score might improve their predictive ability.
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Bachi ALL, Suguri VM, Ramos LR, Mariano M, Vaisberg M, Lopes JD. Increased production of autoantibodies and specific antibodies in response to influenza virus vaccination in physically active older individuals. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:10-6. [PMID: 24600554 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is associated to aging and among many changes in immune response is reported a reduced response to vaccination and an increase in the number of cases of autoimmunity, caused by autoantibodies known as natural antibodies whose function, according to reports, would be protection against infection and inflammation. Although immunosenescence is an irreversible process, regular moderate exercise can attenuate some aspects of the decline in the immune system. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the humoral immune response in physically active elderly individuals before and 30 days after vaccination against influenza virus. The results showed that the percentage of individuals positive for antinuclear antibodies and serum immunoglobulin M and G levels after vaccination were higher in the group that exercised regularly than in the sedentary group. We were also able to demonstrate a significant correlation between levels of natural autoantibodies and response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L L Bachi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius M Suguri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Ramos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Vaisberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose D Lopes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Petzinger GM, Fisher BE, Akopian G, Holschneider DP, Wood R, Walsh JP, Lund B, Meshul C, Vuckovic M, Jakowec MW. The role of exercise in facilitating basal ganglia function in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011; 1:157-170. [PMID: 23805167 PMCID: PMC3691073 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that exercise is beneficial for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Through research in normal (noninjured) animals, neuroscientists have begun to understand the mechanisms in the brain by which behavioral training and exercise facilitates improvement in motor behavior through modulation of neuronal function and structure, called experience-dependent neuroplasticity. Recent studies are beginning to reveal molecules and downstream signaling pathways that are regulated during exercise and motor learning in animal models of PD and that are important in driving protective and/or adaptive changes in neuronal connections of the basal ganglia and related circuitry. These molecules include the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate (and their respective receptors) as well as neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). In parallel, human exercise studies have been important in revealing 'proof of concept' including examining the types and parameters of exercise that are important for behavioral/functional improvements and brain changes; the feasibility of incorporating and maintaining an exercise program in individuals with motor disability; and, importantly, the translation and investigation of exercise effects observed in animal studies to exercise effects on brain and behavior in individuals with PD. In this article we highlight findings from both animal and human exercise studies that provide insight into brain changes of the basal ganglia and its related circuitry and that support potentially key parameters of exercise that may lead to long-term benefit and disease modification in PD. In addition, we discuss the current and future impact on patient care and point out gaps in our knowledge where continuing research is needed. Elucidation of exercise parameters important in driving neuroplasticity, as well as the accompanying mechanisms that underlie experience-dependent neuroplasticity may also provide insights towards new therapeutic targets, including neurorestorative and/or neuroprotective agents, for individuals with PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Petzinger
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Garnik Akopian
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ruth Wood
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Walsh
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brett Lund
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Charles Meshul
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University/ VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, CA, USA
| | - Marta Vuckovic
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Malinowski K, Shock EJ, Rochelle P, Kearns CF, Guirnalda PD, McKeever KH. Plasma β-endorphin, cortisol and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses. Equine Vet J 2010:267-73. [PMID: 17402430 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Ageing appears to affect immune and neuroendocirne function in horses and response to acute exercise. No studies have examined the combined effects of training and ageing on immune and neuroendocirne function in horses. HYPOTHESIS To ascertain whether training and age would affect the plasma beta-endorphin (BE) and cortisol (C) as well as immune function responses to acute exercise in Standardbred mares. METHODS Graded exercise tests (GXT) and simulated race tests (SRT) were performed before and after 12 weeks training at 60 % HRmax. BE and C were measured at rest and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 min post GXT. Leucocyte cell number, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets, and mitogen stimulated lymphoproliferative response (LPR), were measured in jugular blood before and after the SRTs. RESULTS Cortisol rose by 5 min post GXT in young (Y) and middle-age (MA) mares (P<0.05) and remained elevated until 40 and 60 min post GXT, respectively during both pre- and post training GXT. There was no rise in C in old (0) mares after either GXT (P>0.05). Pretraining BE rose (P<0.05) by 5 min post GXT in all mares. After training, BE was higher in Y and O vs. MA (P<0.05) at 5 min post GXT. Post training BE was higher at 5 min post GXT in Y and O vs. pretraining (P<0.05). After SRT, lymphocyte number rose in all mares (P<0.05); however, lower lymphocyte numbers (P<0.05) were seen in MA vs. Y and O vs. MA (P<0.05). The O had reduced LPR to Con A and PHA stimulation (P<0.05) compared to Y and MA after the SRT after both pre- and post training SRT. LPR to PWM was lower (P<0.05) in O vs. Y and MA after the pretraining SRT. Training caused an increase in resting LPR to PWM in MA only (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Both age and training altered the plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol responses as well as and immune responses to acute exercise. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study provides important information on the effects of ageing and training that will aid in the management and care of an increasing number of active older horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Malinowski
- Equine Science Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, Cooke M, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kalman DS, Kerksick CM, Kleiner SM, Leutholtz B, Lopez H, Lowery LM, Mendel R, Smith A, Spano M, Wildman R, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010. [PMCID: PMC2853497 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
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Sakamoto Y, Ueki S, Kasai T, Takato J, Shimanuki H, Honda H, Ito T, Haga H. Effect of exercise, aging and functional capacity on acute secretory immunoglobulin A response in elderly people over 75 years of age. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2009; 9:81-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kasahara S, Cooper EL. Nervous, endocrine, immune systems as a target for complementary and alternative medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2005; 546:405-23. [PMID: 15584388 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951763, Los Angeles, California 90095-1763, USA.
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12
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Braun WA, Von Duvillard SP. Influence of carbohydrate delivery on the immune response during exercise and recovery from exercise. Nutrition 2005; 20:645-50. [PMID: 15212746 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute, sustained, moderate- to high-intensity exercise has been shown to induce significant alterations in the distribution and function of leukocytes during recovery. In many instances, these changes have been found to reflect a transient impairment of immune function in vitro during recovery from such exercise. Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise has been associated with an attenuation of cortisol production. Because cortisol has been linked to immunosuppression, a growing body of research has examined the influence of carbohydrate supplementation on immune function in response to exercise. New areas along this line of inquiry involve examination of the cytokine response to exercise and the role that carbohydrate may play in regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Inter-relations among the immune response, production of specific cytokines, and cortisol are also examined. The clinical significance of an attenuated immune response when exercising as a result of the administration of supplemental carbohydrate is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Braun
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California 91768, USA.
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Kreider RB, Almada AL, Antonio J, Broeder C, Earnest C, Greenwood M, Incledon T, Kalman DS, Kleiner SM, Leutholtz B, Lowery LM, Mendel R, Stout JR, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN. ISSN Exercise & Sport Nutrition Review: Research & Recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2004. [PMCID: PMC2129137 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-1-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport nutrition is a constantly evolving field with literally thousands of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training through nutrition. More specifically, this article discusses: 1.) how to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 2.) general nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 3.) our current understanding of the available science behind weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement supplements. Our hope is that ISSN members find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
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14
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Shi Y, Devadas S, Greeneltch KM, Yin D, Allan Mufson R, Zhou JN. Stressed to death: implication of lymphocyte apoptosis for psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17 Suppl 1:S18-26. [PMID: 12615182 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological and physical stressors best exemplify the intercommunication of the immune and the nervous systems. It has been shown that stress significantly impacts leukocyte cellularity and immune responses and alters susceptibility to various diseases. While acute stress has been shown to enhance immune responses, chronic stress often leads to immunosuppression. Among many criteria examined upon exposure to chronic stress, the reduction in lymphocyte mitogenic response and lymphocyte cellularity are commonly assessed. We have reported that chronic restraint stress could induce lymphocyte reduction, an effect dependent on endogenous opioids. Interestingly, the effect of endogenous opioids was found to be exerted through increasing the expression of a cell death receptor, Fas, and an increased sensitivity of lymphocytes to apoptosis. Stress-induced lymphocyte reduction was not affected by adrenalectomy. In this review, based on available literature and our recent data, we will discuss the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and endogenous opioids and examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress modulates lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Shi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 661 Hoes Lane, Piscataway 08854, USA.
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