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Zawawi A, Else KJ. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576748. [PMID: 33133094 PMCID: PMC7565266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths infect over one-fourth of the human population resulting in significant morbidity, and in some cases, death in endemic countries. Despite mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children and other control measures, helminth infections are spreading into new areas. Thus, there is a strong rationale for developing anthelminthic vaccines as cost-effective, long-term immunological control strategies, which, unlike MDA, are not haunted by the threat of emerging drug-resistant helminths nor limited by reinfection risk. Advances in vaccinology, immunology, and immunomics include the development of new tools that improve the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of vaccines; and some of these tools have been used in the development of helminth vaccines. The development of anthelminthic vaccines is fraught with difficulty. Multiple lifecycle stages exist each presenting stage-specific antigens. Further, helminth parasites are notorious for their ability to dampen down and regulate host immunity. One of the first significant challenges in developing any vaccine is identifying suitable candidate protective antigens. This review explores our current knowledge in lead antigen identification and reports on recent pre-clinical and clinical trials in the context of the soil-transmitted helminths Trichuris, the hookworms and Ascaris. Ultimately, a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine could become an essential tool for achieving the medium-to long-term goal of controlling, or even eliminating helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ayat Zawawi
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Kathryn J. Else
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El-Ashram S, Yin Q, Barta JR, Khan J, Liu X, Suo X. Immunoproteomic technology offers an extraordinary diagnostic approach for Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:18-30. [PMID: 26415530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunoproteomic technology offers an exceptional tool to fill the blanks that still exist in diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection despite its annotated sequence. The pitfalls of serological assays and current immunoproteomic approaches are accentuated, and new approaches are presented to improve the signal and to eliminate the noise produced by blocking-specific background. This review also highlights examples where immunoproteomic studies have contributed to broaden our understanding of toxoplasmosis diagnosis. Further promising solutions, which immunoproteomic technology can grant for toxoplasmosis diagnosis are part of an intense discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed El-Ashram
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Qing Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Jamal Khan
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
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El-Ashram S, Sun X, Yin Q, Liu X, Suo X. Exploring early and late Toxoplasma gondii strain RH infection by two-dimensional immunoblots of chicken immunoglobulin G and M profiles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121647. [PMID: 25803039 PMCID: PMC4372353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite infecting warm-blooded vertebrate hosts, with only early infection stage being contained with drugs. But diagnosis differencing early and late infection was not available. In the present investigation, 2-dimensional immunobloting was used to explore early and late infections in chickens. The protein expression of T. gondii was determined by image analysis of the tachyzoites proteome separated by standard-one and conventional two-dimentional gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2D- PAGE). Pooled gels were prepared from tachyzoites of T. gondii. A representative gel spanning a pH range of 3-10 of the tachyzoite proteome consisted of 1306 distinct polypeptide spots. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with 2-DE immunoblotting was used to resolve and compare immunoglobulins (Igs) M & G patterns against Toxoplasma gondii strain RH (mouse virulent strain). Total tachyzoite proteins of T. gondii were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by Western blotting for their reactivity with the 7 and 56 days post-infection (dpi) SPF chicken antisera. Different antigenic determinant patterns were detected during analysis with M and G immunoglobulins. Of the total number of polypeptide spots analyzed (1306 differentially expressed protein spots), 6.97% were identified as having shared antigenic polypeptide spots on immunoblot profiles with IgG and IgM antibodies regardless the time after infection. Furthermore, some of the immunoreactive polypeptide spots seemed to be related to the stage of infection. Interestingly, we found natural antibodies to toxoplasmic antigens, in addition to the highly conserved antigenic determinants that reacted with non-specific secondary antibody; goat anti-chicken IgG antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. In conclusion, unique reactive polypeptide spots are promising candidates for designation of molecular markers to discriminate early and late chicken infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed El-Ashram
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ximeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Immunosuppressive PAS-1 is an excretory/secretory protein released by larval and adult worms of the ascarid nematodeAscaris suum. J Helminthol 2014; 89:367-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHelminths use several strategies to evade and/or modify the host immune response, including suppression or inactivation of the host antigen-specific response. Several helminth immunomodulatory molecules have been identified. Our studies have focused on immunosuppression induced by the roundwormAscaris suumand anA. suum-derived protein named protein 1 fromA. suum(PAS-1). Here we assessed whether PAS-1 is an excretory/secretory (E/S) protein and whether it can suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Larvae from infective eggs were cultured in unsupplemented Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) for 2 weeks. PAS-1 was then measured in the culture supernatants and in adultA. suumbody fluid at different time points by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the monoclonal antibody MAIP-1. Secreted PAS-1 was detected in both larval culture supernatant and adult body fluid. It suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced leucocyte migration and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and stimulated interleukin (IL)-10 secretion, indicating that larval and adult secreted PAS-1 suppresses inflammation in this model. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of PAS-1 was abolished by treatment with MAIP-1, a PAS-1-specific monoclonal antibody, confirming the crucial role of PAS-1 in suppressing LPS-induced inflammation. These findings demonstrate that PAS-1 is an E/S protein with anti-inflammatory properties likely to be attributable to IL-10 production.
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Zhan B, Beaumier CM, Briggs N, Jones KM, Keegan BP, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ. Advancing a multivalent 'Pan-anthelmintic' vaccine against soil-transmitted nematode infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:321-31. [PMID: 24392641 PMCID: PMC3934375 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.872035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides The Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership is developing a Pan-anthelmintic vaccine that simultaneously targets the major soil-transmitted nematode infections, in other words, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection. The approach builds off the current bivalent Human Hookworm Vaccine now in clinical development and would ultimately add both a larval Ascaris lumbricoides antigen and an adult-stage Trichuris trichiura antigen from the parasite stichosome. Each selected antigen would partially reproduce the protective immunity afforded by UV-attenuated Ascaris eggs and Trichuris stichosome extracts, respectively. Final antigen selection will apply a ranking system that includes the evaluation of expression yields and solubility, feasibility of process development and the absence of circulating antigen-specific IgE among populations living in helminth-endemic regions. Here we describe a five year roadmap for the antigen discovery, feasibility and antigen selection, which will ultimately lead to the scale-up expression, process development, manufacture, good laboratory practices toxicology and preclinical evaluation, ultimately leading to Phase 1 clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
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ZHOU L, XU Q, ZHANG Y, ZHOU Z, GUAN W, LI Y. Purification, Characterization and in vitro Anthelmintic Activity of a Neutral Metalloprotease from Laccocephalum mylittae. Chin J Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kumari S, Kumar A, Samant M, Sundar S, Singh N, Dube A. Proteomic approaches for discovery of new targets for vaccine and therapeutics against visceral leishmaniasis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:372-86. [PMID: 21136840 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most devastating type caused by Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania chagasi. The therapeutic mainstay is still based on the antiquated pentavalent antimonial against which resistance is now increasing. Unfortunately, due to the digenetic life cycle of parasite, there is significant antigenic diversity. There is an urgent need to develop novel drug/vaccine targets against VL for which the primary goal should be to identify and characterize the structural and functional proteins. Proteomics, being widely employed in the study of Leishmania seems to be a suitable strategy as the availability of annotated sequenced genome of Leishmania major has opened the door for dissection of both protein expression/regulation and function. Advances in clinical proteomic technologies have enable to enhance our mechanistic understanding of virulence/pathogenicity/host-pathogen interactions, drug resistance thereby defining novel therapeutic/vaccine targets. Expression proteomics exploits the differential expression of leishmanial proteins as biomarkers for application towards early diagnosis. Further using immunoproteomics efforts were also focused on evaluating responses to define parasite T-cell epitopes as vaccine/diagnostic targets. This review has highlighted some of the relevant developments in the rapidly emerging field of leishmanial proteomics and focus on its future applications in drug and vaccine discovery against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Kumari
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gupta SK, Sisodia BS, Sinha S, Hajela K, Naik S, Shasany AK, Dube A. Proteomic approach for identification and characterization of novel immunostimulatory proteins from soluble antigens of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Proteomics 2007; 7:816-23. [PMID: 17295358 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani is a major parasitic disease prevalent in endemic regions of Bihar in India. In the absence of good chemotherapeutic options, there is a need to develop an effective vaccine against VL which should be dependent on the generation of a T helper type 1 (Th1) immune response. We have shown that soluble proteins from promastigote of a new clinical isolate of L. donovani (2001) ranging from 68 to 97.4 kDa (F2 fraction), induce Th1 responses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cured Leishmania patients and hamsters and also showed significant prophylactic potential. To understand the nature of F2 proteins, it was further characterized using 2-DE, MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. In all, 63 spots were cut from a CBB stained gel for analysis and data was retrieved for 52 spots. A total of 33 proteins were identified including six hypothetical/unknown proteins. Major immunostimulatory proteins were identified as elongation factor-2, p45, heat shock protein (HSP)70, HSP83, aldolase, enolase, triosephosphate isomerase, protein disulfideisomerase and calreticulin. This study substantiates the usefulness of proteomics in characterizing a complex protein fraction (F2) map of soluble L. donovani promastigote antigen identified as Th1 stimulatory for its potential as vaccine targets against VL.
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Tsuji N, Kasuga-Aoki H, Isobe T, Arakawa T, Matsumoto Y. Cloning and characterisation of a highly immunoreactive 37 kDa antigen with multi-immunoglobulin domains from the swine roundworm Ascaris suum. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1739-46. [PMID: 12464420 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antigens from larval stages of Ascaris suum have been shown to induce protection against challenge infection with infective A. suum eggs. We previously identified several antigens that reacted strongly with serum from pigs inoculated with infective eggs containing L3. In this study, we isolated an antigen with a molecular mass of 37 kDa and a pI of 4.8 (As37) from A. suum infective eggs using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and obtained a full-length cDNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers designed based on the internal amino acid sequence of As37. The cDNA sequence consisted of 1,540 bp coding for a protein of 321 amino acids with a complex domain organisation. Simple modular architecture research tool (SMART) analysis indicated that As37 contains three immunoglobulin domains, indicating that it is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). A homology search of GenBank showed that As37 has significant similarity to Caenorhabditis elegans DIM-1 protein and has low similarity to part of the multi-repeat Ig domain from nematode twitchin and mammalian skeleton muscle titin, and to members of the IgSF at the amino acid sequence level. Localisation analysis revealed that antibodies to Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant As37 (rAs37) bound to muscle cells and the hypodermis. The antibodies identified a 37 kDa native antigen in human and dog roundworms, suggesting that there are As37 homologues in ascarid nematodes. Sera from mice, rabbits and pigs immunised with A. suum infective eggs reacted with rAs37 in immunoblot analyses. The potential use of rAs37 for protection against A. suum infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Tsuji
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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Wossene A, Tsuji N, Kasuga-Aoki H, Miyoshi T, Isobe T, Arakawa T, Matsumoto Y, Yoshihara S. Lung-stage protein profile and antigenic relationship between Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum. J Parasitol 2002; 88:826-8. [PMID: 12197147 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0826:lsppaa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein profile and antigenic properties of lung-stage larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum were studied using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis, respectively. The protein profiles of the 2 parasites were identical except for the presence of only 1 major protein spot specific for each. There was a complete cross-reactivity between the 2 parasites at the immunological level, and no specific antigen was recognized using specific antibody raised against the 2 parasites in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Wossene
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Chen X, Wu H, Mao C, Whitesides GM. A prototype two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Anal Chem 2002; 74:1772-8. [PMID: 11985307 DOI: 10.1021/ac0109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for carrying out 2D gel electrophoresis in a capillary format is presented. In this method, separation in the first dimension is carried out in a 1D capillary, with this system physically isolated from the capillaries that provide the separation in the second dimension. After completion of the first separation, the 1D channel is physically connected to the 2D capillaries, and a second separation is carried out in an orthogonal set of parallel capillaries. The ability of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to support the fabrication of 3D microfluidic systems makes it possible to produce membranes that both enclose the gel used in the first separation in a capillary and provide passages for the proteins to migrate into the array of orthogonal capillaries. The elastomeric nature of PDMS makes it possible to make reversible connections between pieces of PDMS. The feasibility of this system is demonstrated using a protein mixture containing fluorescein-conjugated carbonic anhydrase, fluorescein-conjugated BSA, and Texas Red-conjugated ovalbumin. This work suggests one type of design that might form the basis for a microfabricated device for 2D capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Kasuga-Aoki H, Tsuji N, Suzuki K, Matsumoto Y, Arakawa T, Isobe T. Molecular characterization of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the swine roundworm Ascaris suum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 119:135-9. [PMID: 11755196 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harue Kasuga-Aoki
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kasug-Aoki H, Tsuji N, Suzuki K, Arakawa T, Matsumoto Y, Isobe T. Identification of larval-stage antigens of ascaris suum recognized with immune sera from pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:683-5. [PMID: 11459018 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigens were identified from the third-stage larvae (L3) and lung-stage larvae of Ascaris suum by two-dimensional immunoblot method with antisera obtained from pigs that received chemically abbreviated Ascaris suum larval infections. Forty-seven and 13 spots were recognized as antigens from the L3 and lung-stage larvae, respectively. Their apparent molecular weight ranged from 20 to 101 kDa and their isoelectric point from 3.6 to 8.0. The present study provides a framework for further molecular cloning of those antigens and consequently leads to the development of recombinant peptide vaccines against A. suum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kasug-Aoki
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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