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Chang YC, Lin TS, Huang WW, Lee HY, Shih CH, Wu YC, Huang CC, Chen TH. Reevaluation of Hemoparasites in the Black Spiny-Tailed Iguana ( Ctenosaura similis) with the First Pathological and Molecular Characterizations of Lankesterella desseri n. sp. and Redescription of Hepatozoon gamezi. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2374. [PMID: 37894032 PMCID: PMC10609578 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoprotozoa are microorganisms that parasitize the blood and possess intricate life cycles. Despite the complexity of their nature, little is known about the biology of hemoprotozoa in reptilian hosts. In this study, we conducted disease surveillance on blood samples collected from six black spiny-tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) exhibiting clinical signs. We found two different types of hemoparasites in the blood films and further confirmed they belong to the genera Lakesterella and Hepatozoon through molecular methods. In the tissue section from a dead iguana infected only with Lakesterella sp., parasites were also found in melanomacrophages of the liver and kidney. Since Lakesterella sp. infection has not been reported in C. similis, we propose this hemococcidian as a new species, Lankesterella desseri n. sp. The Hepatozoon parasites discovered in this study were classified as Hepatozoon gamezi based on their morphological characteristics, particularly the notable deformation of all infected erythrocytes, and this classification was further corroborated through molecular biological and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first hemoprotozoa investigation in C. similis with pathological and molecular characterization of these pathogens. We suggest that more studies are needed to understand the epidemiology, transmission, and impact of these parasites on their hosts and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Tai-Shen Lin
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan (W.-W.H.)
| | - Wei-Wen Huang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan (W.-W.H.)
| | - Hung-Yi Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hsin Shih
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Chen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Chiu-Chen Huang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan (W.-W.H.)
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.W.)
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Picelli AM, Ramires AC, Masseli GS, Pessoa FAC, Viana LA, Kaefer IL. Under the light: high prevalence of haemoparasites in lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from Central Amazonia revealed by microscopy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20200428. [PMID: 32696845 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood samples from 330 lizards of 19 species were collected to investigate the occurrence of haemoparasites. Samplings were performed in areas of upland (terra-firme) forest adjacent to Manaus municipality, Amazonas, Brazil. Blood parasites were detected in 220 (66%) lizards of 12 species and comprised four major groups: Apicomplexa (including haemogregarines, piroplasms, and haemosporidians), trypanosomatids, microfilarid nematodes and viral or bacterial organisms. Order Haemosporida had the highest prevalence, with 118 (35%) animals from 11 species. For lizard species, Uranoscodon superciliosus was the most parasitised host, with 103 (87%; n = 118) positive individuals. This species also presented the highest parasite diversity, with the occurrence of six taxa. Despite the difficulties attributed by many authors regarding the use of morphological characters for taxonomic resolution of haemoparasites, our low-cost approach using light microscopy recorded a high prevalence and diversity of blood parasite taxa in a relatively small number of host species. This report is the first survey of haemoparasites in lizards in the study region. It revealed a high diversity of lizard haemoparasites and highlights the need to understand their impacts on hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Picelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adriane C Ramires
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Masseli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Felipe A C Pessoa
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia (EDTA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Lucio A Viana
- Laboratório de Estudos Morfofisiológicos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Igor L Kaefer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Quillfeldt P, Romeike T, Masello JF, Reiner G, Willems H, Bedolla-Guzmán Y. Molecular survey of coccidian infections of the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana on San Benito Oeste Island, Mexico. Parasite 2018; 25:43. [PMID: 30109981 PMCID: PMC6092949 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood parasites are found in many vertebrates, but the research on blood parasites of lizards is still at its onset. We analyzed blood samples from side-blotched lizards Uta stansburiana from San Benito Oeste Island, Mexico, to test for the presence of hemoparasites. We found a high prevalence (23 out of 27 samples) of a blood parasite of the genus Lankesterella (Coccidia, Eimeriorina, Lankesterellidae) according to phylogenetic analyses of the parasite 18S rRNA gene. Similar parasites (97-99% similarity) have recently been described for Uta stansburiana from California. The parasite 18S rRNA gene showed high variability, both within San Benito and compared to California. The next closest matches of the parasite DNA with 97-98% similarity included a range of different genera (Lankesterella, Schellackia, Eimeria, Isospora and Caryospora). A high uncertainty in the deeper branches of the phylogenetic trees, and many missing links in genetic network analysis, were in line with previous suggestions that the coccidians are an understudied group with large knowledge gaps in terms of their diversity and taxonomy. Further studies are needed to resolve the evolutionary relationships within the Eimeriorina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Quillfeldt
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Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35392
Giessen Germany
| | - Tanja Romeike
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Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35392
Giessen Germany
| | - Juan F. Masello
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Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35392
Giessen Germany
| | - Gerald Reiner
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen Frankfurter Str. 112 35392
Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann Willems
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Justus Liebig University Giessen Frankfurter Str. 112 35392
Giessen Germany
| | - Yuliana Bedolla-Guzmán
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Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 35392
Giessen Germany
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Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A.C. Moctezuma 836, Zona Centro 22800 Ensenada Baja California Mexico
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Kočíková B, Majláth I, Majláthová V. The Occurrence of Protozoan Parasites (Schellackia sp. Reichenow, 1919, Tritrichomonas sp. Kofoid, 1920, and Proteromonas sp. Kunstler, 1883) in Lacertid Lizards from Selected Localities in Europe. COMP PARASITOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1654/1525-2647-85.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Božena Kočíková
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, Košice, Slovakia and
| | - Igor Majláth
- P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Moyzesova 11, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Majláthová
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, Košice, Slovakia and
- P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Moyzesova 11, Košice, Slovakia
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Megía-Palma R, Martínez J, Paranjpe D, D’Amico V, Aguilar R, Palacios MG, Cooper R, Ferri-Yáñez F, Sinervo B, Merino S. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Schellackia parasites (Apicomplexa) detected in American lizards are closely related to the genus Lankesterella: is the range of Schellackia restricted to the Old World? Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:470. [PMID: 29017602 PMCID: PMC5633878 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of Schellackia Reichenow, 1919 have been described from the blood of reptiles distributed worldwide. Recently, Schellackia spp. detected in European and Asian lizards have been molecularly characterised. However, parasites detected in American lizard hosts remain uncharacterised. Thus, phylogenetic affinities between the Old and New World parasite species are unknown. METHODS In the present study, we characterised morphologically and molecularly the hemococcidian parasites (sporozoites) that infect three lizard hosts from North America and two from South America. RESULTS In total, we generated 12 new 18S rRNA gene sequences of hemococcidian parasites infecting New World lizard hosts. By the microscopic examination of the smears we identified Schellackia golvani Rogier & Landau, 1975 (ex Anolis carolinensis Voigt) and Schellackia occidentalis Bonorris & Ball, 1955 (ex Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard and Sceloporus occidentalis Baird & Girard) in some samples, but the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all 18S rDNA sequences are distant from Schellackia species found in Old World lizards. In fact, the hemococcidian parasites detected in the New World lizards (including S. occidentalis and S. golvani) were closely related to the genus Lankesterella Labbé, 1899. Consequently, we suggest these two species to be included within the genus Lankesterella. CONCLUSIONS Life history traits of hemococcidian parasites such as the type of host blood cells infected, host species or number of refractile bodies are not valid diagnostic characteristics to differentiate the parasites between the genera Schellackia and Lankesterella. Indeed, lankesterellid parasites with a different number of refractile bodies had a close phylogenetic origin. Based on the phylogenetic results we provide a systematic revision of the North American hemococcidians. Our recommendation is to include the species formerly described in the genus Schellackia that infect American lizards into Lankesterella (Lankesterellidae) as Lankesterella golvani (Rogier & Landau, 1975) n. comb and L. occidentalis (Bonorris & Ball, 1955) n. comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Área de Parasitología, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Dhanashree Paranjpe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
- Department of Biodiversity, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, India
| | - Verónica D’Amico
- Grupo de Ecofisiología Aplicada al Manejo y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Argentina
| | - Rocío Aguilar
- Instituto Argentino de Zonas Áridas, Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad CONICET MENDOZA, Mendoza, Argentina
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - María Gabriela Palacios
- Grupo de Ecofisiología Aplicada al Manejo y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Argentina
| | - Robert Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
| | - Francisco Ferri-Yáñez
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
| | - Santiago Merino
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of Schellackia parasites (Apicomplexa: Lankesterellidae) reveals their close relationship to the genus Eimeria. Parasitology 2013; 140:1149-57. [PMID: 23731491 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we detected Schellackia haemoparasites infecting the blood cells of Lacerta schreiberi and Podarcis hispanica, two species of lacertid lizards from central Spain. The parasite morphometry, the presence of a refractile body, the type of infected blood cells, the kind of host species, and the lack of oocysts in the fecal samples clearly indicated these blood parasites belong to the genus Schellackia. Until now, the species of this genus have never been genetically characterized and its taxonomic position under the Lankesterellidae family is based on the lack of the exogenous oocyst stage. However, the phylogenetic analysis performed on the basis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence revealed that species of the genus Schellackia are clustered with Eimeria species isolated from a snake and an amphibian species but not with Lankesterella species. The phylogenetic analysis rejects that both genera share a recent common ancestor. Based on these results we suggest a revision of the taxonomic status of the family Lankesterellidae.
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Davies AJ, Johnston MR. The biology of some intraerythrocytic parasites of fishes, amphibia and reptiles. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2000; 45:1-107. [PMID: 10751939 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(00)45003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fishes, amphibia and reptiles, the ectothermic vertebrates, are hosts for a variety of intraerythrocytic parasites including protists, prokaryotes, viruses and structures of uncertain status. These parasites may experience host temperature fluctuations, host reproductive strategies, population genetics, host habitat and migratory behaviour quite unlike those of endothermic hosts. Few blood infections of fishes, amphibia and reptiles have proven pathogenicity, in contrast to the many intraerythrocytic parasites of mammals and some birds which harm their hosts. Although not given the attention afforded to intraerythrocytic parasites of endotherms, those of ectotherms have been studied for more than a century. This review reports on the diversity, general biology and phylogeny of intraerythrocytic parasites of ectotherms. The existence of taxonomic confusion is emphasized and the main taxonomic features of most of the 23 better characterized genera, particularly the kinetoplastid and apicomplexan protists, are summarized. Transmission of protistan infections of aquatic ectotherms is also discussed. Leeches can transfer sporozoties or merozoites to the vertebrate host during feeding. Dormant sporozoites of Lankesterella may permit transmission of species of this genus between vertebrates by predation. The fish haemogregarine, Haemogregarina bigemina, probably has gnathiid isopods, rather than leeches, as its definitive hosts. Hepatozoon spp. in aquatic hosts, and Progarnia of caiman, may also use invertebrate hosts other than leeches. Protistan infections of terrestrial or semi-terrestrial hosts are transmitted by a variety of arthropods, or, in some cases, leeches, contaminated paratenic hosts, or sporocysts free in water. Transfer of protists between vertebrates by predation and congenitally may also occur. The biology of the host cells of these infections, the red blood cells of ectotherm vertebrates, is summarized and compared with that of mammalian erythrocytes. Erythropoiesis, the nature of the surface molecules (especially the possible existence of a major histocompatibility complex), the haemoglobins, and the shape and size of erythrocytes are discussed. The exoerythrocytic sites in which protists, prokaryotes, viruses and structures of uncertain status exist before erythrocyte entry are described. Tissue merogony, tissue cysts and invasion of the white cell series occur in a variety of protistan infections. Intraerythrocytic stages of protistan infections are also discussed, including modes of entry to erythrocytes, survival mechanisms, and multiplication. The impact of infection on host populations is difficult to assess, in part because there is no agreement in the literature on the criteria used to evaluate parasite-induced cost to the host. Almost all studies have been on haemogregarine and Plasmodium infections in, mainly, lizards, but also fishes and snakes. Some infections may be responsible for mortality in their hosts, but hosts themselves may be short-lived, or have a limited ability to recover from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Davies
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK
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DESSER SHERWINS. Blood Parasites of the Iguanid Lizard, Ctenosaura similis from Costa Rica, with a Description of Hepatozoon gamezi N. Sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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A species of Schellackia (Apicomplexa: Lankesterellidae) parasitising east and southeast Asian lizards. Syst Parasitol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00009980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Paperna I. Electron microscopic study of Schellackia cf. agamae sporozoite infection in mosquitoes. Int J Parasitol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(93)90140-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Klein T, Akin D, Young D. Ultrastructure of sporozoites of Schellackia golvani (Eimeriorina: Lankesterellidae) in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis. Int J Parasitol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(92)90126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Paperna I. Ultrastructural studies on oocysts, sporulation and sporozoites of Schellackia cf. agamae from the intestine of the starred lizard Agama stellio. Int J Parasitol 1992; 22:361-8. [PMID: 1639572 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(05)80014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Young intracellular oocysts of Schellackia cf. agamae in the gut epithelium of agama stellio were bound by several fine membranes. Later-stage oocysts and sporoblasts in the lamina propria were intercellular and were bound by a thin but firm tri-layered wall. Oocysts had a large central refractile body which, during sporulation, sent extensions into the developing sporozoites. Sporozoites escaped into the gut tissue, leaving a large oocyst residuum with the remains of a refractile body. These sporozoites invaded a variety of connective tissue cells, endothelial cells and circulatory leucocytes in the lamina propria. Sporozoites caused lysis of the host cell cytoplasm at their perimeter and multiple sporozoite infections led to complete degradation of the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paperna
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal Sciences of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Bristovetzky M, Paperna I. Life cycle and transmission of Schellackia cf. agamae, a parasite of the starred lizard Agama stellio. Int J Parasitol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(90)90026-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Telford SR. Discovery of the pre-erythrocytic stages of a saurian malaria parasite, hypnozoites, and a possible mechanism for the maintenance of chronic infections throughout the life of the host. Int J Parasitol 1989; 19:597-616. [PMID: 2807716 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Re-examination of tissue sections from four Takydromus tachydromoides (Sauria: Lacertidae) naturally infected with Plasmodium sasai found liver parenchymal cells, containing uninucleate parasites which may correspond to the hypnozoite stage of primate malaria parasites, schizonts and segmenters in parenchymal cells, and hepatic macrophages which contained numerous schizonts. Following destaining of the original H&E and prolonged restaining with warm Giemsa stain, encysted schizonts, protected by a hyaline wall, were discovered in the connective tissue or capillary endothelium of lung, liver, brain, heart, pancreas, kidney, intestine wall, testis, and both intra- and intermuscularly in the femoral muscles. Unencysted schizonts in the pulmonary endothelium apparently represent the phanerozoic stages, which, following encystment in the various tissues, are recognized as a new stage in the life cycle of reptilian malarial parasites, the chronozoic schizonts. A hypothesis is presented to describe the life cycle of P. sasai, which may be characteristic of other saurian malaria parasites. It interprets the sequence of pre-erythrocytic stages found as follows: sporozoites enter hepatic parenchymal cells where some may become dormant as hypnozoites, and others form cryptozoic schizonts. The cryptozoites parasitize hepatic macrophages and form metacryptozoic schizonts. Metacryptozoites produce phanerozoic schizonts in the capillary endothelium and connective tissue of the lung and other organs. Phanerozoites and possibly metacryptozoites then invade the erythrocytes to begin the erythrocytic cycle. Some of the phanerozoites in endothelium, connective tissue and skeletal muscle become encysted as chronozoic schizonts, and their progeny, chronozoites, renew the erythrocytic cycle throughout the life of the host and produce seasonal relapses of gametocytemia, in spring, at the end of hibernation by the lizard.
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Ultrastructural studies on sporozoite stages of Schellackia cf. agamae from liver and blood of the starred lizard agama stellio. Int J Parasitol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(89)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Development and experimental transmission of Schellackia golvani and Schellackia occidentalis by ingestion of infected blood-feeding arthropods. Int J Parasitol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(88)90066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Ostrovska K, Paperna I. Fine structure of gamont stages of Schellackia cf. agamae (Lankesterellidae, Eucoccidia) from the starred lizard Agama stellio. Parasitol Res 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Telford SR. The saurian malarias of Venezuela: Plasmodium species from iguanid and teiid hosts. Int J Parasitol 1980; 10:365-74. [PMID: 7203781 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(80)90037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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