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Megía-Palma R, Paranjpe D, Cooper RD, Blaimont P, Sinervo B. Natural parasites in conjunction with behavioral and color traits explain male agonistic behaviors in a lizard. Curr Zool 2024; 70:59-69. [PMID: 38476133 PMCID: PMC10926264 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Male competition conforms to a cost-benefit model, because while aggression may increase reproductive prospects, it can also increase the risk of injury. We hypothesize that an additional cost in aggressive males would be an increase in parasite load associated with a high energy investment into sexual competition. Some of these infections, in turn, may downmodulate the level of host aggression via energetic trade-offs. We staged dyadic male contests in the lab to investigate the relationships of multiple parasites with the agonistic behavior of lizard hosts, Sceloporus occidentalis. We also included both color and behavioral traits from opponents in the analyses because (1) color patches of lizards may serve as intraspecific signals used by conspecifics to assess the quality of opponents, and (2) contests between male lizards fit classical models of escalated aggression, where lizards increase aggression displays in response to an opponent's behavior. The results conform to our hypothesis because male lizards displayed more pushups when they had more ticks. Moreover, some parasites may modulate the levels of aggression because lizards infected by hematic coccidians performed fewer pushups. Interestingly, lizards also displayed fewer pushups when both the chroma and size of the opponent's blue patch were greater. The results thus also supported the role of the blue patch of S. occidentalis as a sexual armament, because it contributed to the deterrence of aggression from opponent lizards. We revealed that natural parasitic infections in lizard hosts can contribute to their agonistic behavior. We encourage future studies to account for parasites in behavioral tests with lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Parasitology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), E-28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dhanashree Paranjpe
- Rupa Rahul Bajaj Center for Environment and Art, Empress Botanical Gardens, Kavade Mala, Pune, India
| | - Robert D Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pauline Blaimont
- Department of Biology, University of Houston Downtown, 1 Main St., Houston, TX 77002, USA
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Dange P, Mhaisalkar P, Paranjpe D. To group or not to group: group size dynamics and intestinal parasites in Indian peafowl populations. Acta Ethol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Paranjpe D, Dange P. A Tale of Two Species: Human and Peafowl Interactions in Human-Dominated Landscapes Influence Each Other’s Behaviour. CURR SCI INDIA 2020. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v119/i4/670-679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Megía-Palma R, Paranjpe D, Reguera S, Martínez J, Cooper RD, Blaimont P, Merino S, Sinervo B. Multiple color patches and parasites in Sceloporus occidentalis: differential relationships by sex and infection. Curr Zool 2018; 64:703-711. [PMID: 30538729 PMCID: PMC6280098 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites generally have a negative influence on the color expression of their hosts. Sexual selection theory predicts resistant high-quality individuals should show intense coloration, whereas susceptible low-quality individuals would show poor coloration. However, intensely colored males of different species of Old and New World lizards were more often infected by hemoparasites. These results suggest that high-quality males, with intense coloration, would suffer higher susceptibility to hemoparasites. This hypothesis remains poorly understood and contradicts general theories on sexual selection. We surveyed a population of Sceloporus occidentalis for parasites and found infections by the parasite genera Lankesterella and Acroeimeria. In this population, both males and females express ventral blue and yellow color patches. Lankesterella was almost exclusively infecting males. The body size of the males significantly predicted the coloration of both blue and yellow patches. Larger males showed darker (lower lightness) blue ventral patches and more saturated yellow patches that were also orange-skewed. Moreover, these males were more often infected by Lankesterella than smaller males. The intestinal parasite Acroeimeria infected both males and females. The infection by intestinal parasites of the genus Acroeimeria was the best predictor for the chroma in the blue patch of the males and for hue in the yellow patch of the females. Those males infected by Acroeimeria expressed blue patches with significantly lower chroma than the uninfected males. However, the hue of the yellow patch was not significantly different between infected and uninfected females. These results suggest a different effect of Lankesterella and Acroeimeria on the lizards. On the one hand, the intense coloration of male lizards infected by Lankesterella suggested high-quality male lizards may tolerate it. On the other hand, the low chroma of the blue coloration of the infected males suggested that this coloration could honestly express the infection by Acroeimeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- Department of Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2., Madrid, Spain
| | - Dhanashree Paranjpe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Senda Reguera
- Department of Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Area Parasitología, Department of Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Área de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert D Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Blaimont
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Santiago Merino
- Department of Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2., Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Megía-Palma R, Martínez J, Paranjpe D, D’Amico V, Aguilar R, Palacios MG, Cooper R, Ferri-Yáñez F, Sinervo B, Merino S. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Schellackia parasites (Apicomplexa) detected in American lizards are closely related to the genus Lankesterella: is the range of Schellackia restricted to the Old World? Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:470. [PMID: 29017602 PMCID: PMC5633878 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of Schellackia Reichenow, 1919 have been described from the blood of reptiles distributed worldwide. Recently, Schellackia spp. detected in European and Asian lizards have been molecularly characterised. However, parasites detected in American lizard hosts remain uncharacterised. Thus, phylogenetic affinities between the Old and New World parasite species are unknown. METHODS In the present study, we characterised morphologically and molecularly the hemococcidian parasites (sporozoites) that infect three lizard hosts from North America and two from South America. RESULTS In total, we generated 12 new 18S rRNA gene sequences of hemococcidian parasites infecting New World lizard hosts. By the microscopic examination of the smears we identified Schellackia golvani Rogier & Landau, 1975 (ex Anolis carolinensis Voigt) and Schellackia occidentalis Bonorris & Ball, 1955 (ex Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard and Sceloporus occidentalis Baird & Girard) in some samples, but the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all 18S rDNA sequences are distant from Schellackia species found in Old World lizards. In fact, the hemococcidian parasites detected in the New World lizards (including S. occidentalis and S. golvani) were closely related to the genus Lankesterella Labbé, 1899. Consequently, we suggest these two species to be included within the genus Lankesterella. CONCLUSIONS Life history traits of hemococcidian parasites such as the type of host blood cells infected, host species or number of refractile bodies are not valid diagnostic characteristics to differentiate the parasites between the genera Schellackia and Lankesterella. Indeed, lankesterellid parasites with a different number of refractile bodies had a close phylogenetic origin. Based on the phylogenetic results we provide a systematic revision of the North American hemococcidians. Our recommendation is to include the species formerly described in the genus Schellackia that infect American lizards into Lankesterella (Lankesterellidae) as Lankesterella golvani (Rogier & Landau, 1975) n. comb and L. occidentalis (Bonorris & Ball, 1955) n. comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Área de Parasitología, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Dhanashree Paranjpe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
- Department of Biodiversity, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, India
| | - Verónica D’Amico
- Grupo de Ecofisiología Aplicada al Manejo y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Argentina
| | - Rocío Aguilar
- Instituto Argentino de Zonas Áridas, Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad CONICET MENDOZA, Mendoza, Argentina
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - María Gabriela Palacios
- Grupo de Ecofisiología Aplicada al Manejo y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Argentina
| | - Robert Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
| | - Francisco Ferri-Yáñez
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
| | - Santiago Merino
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Environmental stochasticity and climate affect outcomes in evolutionary games, which can thereby affect biological diversity. Our maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of replicator dynamics for morph frequency data from control (25 years) and three experimentally perturbed populations (14 years) of side-blotched lizards yield a 3 × 3 payoff matrix in the generalized Rock-Paper-Scissors family; it has intransitive best replies, and each strategy is its own worst reply. ML estimates indicate significant interactive effects of density and temperature on morph frequency. Implied dynamics feature a powerful interior attractor and recover (for the first time) observed 4-5 year oscillations. Our evolutionary experiment on morph frequency confirms that oscillations are driven by frequency dependent selection, but climate entrains the cycles across the perturbed and control populations within 10 generations. Applying the model across the species range, we find that climate also accounts for morph fixation and mating system diversity, suggesting climate may similarly impact ecosystem diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Friedman
- Economics Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacopo Magnani
- Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dhanashree Paranjpe
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dept, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dept, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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Haisten DC, Paranjpe D, Loveridge S, Sinervo B. The Cellular Basis of Polymorphic Coloration in Common Side-Blotched Lizards,Uta stansburiana. HERPETOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-13-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Although lithium is one of the most commonly used drugs in the prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorder, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic action are still unclear. Together with its mood-stabilizing effects, lithium is also known to influence the circadian clocks of several organisms including man. Circadian rhythms are altered in patients with bipolar disorder, and it is believed that these rhythms may play an important role in disease mechanisms. It is therefore possible that some of the therapeutic actions of lithium may be related to its effect on circadian clocks. Identifying the targets for lithium's action on circadian clocks would therefore be important both for understanding the mechanisms of its therapeutic effect and also in further understanding disease mechanisms in bipolar disorders. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we show that long-term administration of lithium results in lengthening of the free-running period (tau) of circadian locomotor activity rhythm of flies in constant darkness (DD). This effect occurs at concentrations similar to the plasma levels of lithium used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. The lithium-treated flies also show reduced activity of one of the previously reported targets of lithium action, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3beta (GSK 3beta). GSK 3beta has been shown to be involved in the regulation of circadian clocks as the down regulation of this protein results in an elongation of tau. The tau elongation resembles the effect seen with lithium administration in a number of organisms including man, and taken together with the earlier observations our results suggest that lithium inhibits the activity of GSK 3beta to produce its effect on circadian clocks.
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Pilmore H, Walker R, McMillan B, Paranjpe D, Berkeley B. Acute bone pain following renal transplantation: differentiation between benign bone edema and avascular necrosis. Am J Nephrol 2000; 18:57-60. [PMID: 9481440 DOI: 10.1159/000013305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two patients are reported who presented within the first 3 months posttransplantation with acute bone pain where serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed differentiation between bone edema, which resolved spontaneously, and avascular necrosis (AVN) requiring core decompression. Case 1 had ill-defined images consistent with bone edema that resolved, whereas case 2 developed well-demarcated lesions in the femoral condyles and tibial epiphyses which were confirmed as AVN at surgery. Alternative explanations for bone edema were not evident. We would suggest that in any transplant recipient who develops acute bone pain, MRI is the initial diagnostic modality of choice. Evidence of development of well-demarcated lesions on serial MR scans indicate early AVN. However, on current evidence it is difficult to predict which lesions will progress and until greater experience becomes available, we would recommend intraosseous plethysmography and venography so that incipient or early AVN can be treated by core decompression of the affected bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pilmore
- Department of Nephrology, Dunedin Hospital, New Zealand
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