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Qu Z, Li Y, Li W, Zhang N, Olajide JS, Mi X, Fu B. Global profiling of protein S-palmitoylation in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:190. [PMID: 38647704 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Eimeria tenella is responsible for avian coccidiosis which is characterized by host intestinal damage. During developmental cycle, E. tenella undergoes versatile transitional stages such as oocyst, sporozoites, merozoites, and gametocytes. These developmental transitions involve changes in cell shape and cell size requiring cytoskeletal remodeling and changes in membrane proteins, which may require transcriptional and translational regulations as well as post-translational modification of proteins. Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) of protein that orchestrates protein targeting, folding, stability, regulated enzymatic activity and even epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Previous research revealed that protein palmitoylation play essential role in Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trichomonas vaginalis, and several Plasmodium parasites. Until now, there is little information on the enzymes related to palmitoylation and role of protein acylation or palmitoylation in E. tenella. Therefore, palmitome of the second-generation merozoite of E. tenella was investigated. We identified a total of 2569 palmitoyl-sites that were assigned to 2145 palmitoyl-peptides belonging to 1561 protein-groups that participated in biological processes including parasite morphology, motility and host cell invasion. In addition, RNA biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, folding, proteasome-ubiquitin degradation, and enzymes involved in PTMs, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as vesicle trafficking were identified. The study allowed us to decipher the broad influence of palmitoylation in E. tenella biology, and its potential roles in the pathobiology of E. tenella infection. Raw data are publicly available at iProX with the dataset identifier PXD045061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Li
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Mi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Laverty L, Beer LC, Martin K, Hernandez-Velasco X, Juarez-Estrada MA, Arango-Cardona M, Forga AJ, Coles ME, Vuong CN, Latorre JD, Señas-Cuesta R, Loeza I, Gray LS, Barta JR, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G, Graham BD. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine salts as potential alternatives to potassium dichromate for Eimeria maxima M6 oocyst preservation. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1226298. [PMID: 37496751 PMCID: PMC10367094 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1226298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coccidiosis caused by the Eimeria spp., an Apicomplexan protozoon, is a major intestinal disease that affects the poultry industry. Although most cases of coccidiosis are subclinical, Eimeria infections impair bird health and decrease overall performance, which can result in compromised welfare and major economic losses. Viable sporulated Eimeria oocysts are required for challenge studies and live coccidiosis vaccines. Potassium dichromate (PDC) is typically used as a preservative for these stocks during storage. Although effective and inexpensive, PDC is also toxic and carcinogenic. Chlorhexidine (CHX) salts may be a possible alternative, as this is a widely used disinfectant with less toxicity and no known carcinogenic associations. Methods In vitro testing of CHX gluconate and CHX digluconate exhibited comparable oocyst integrity and viability maintenance with equivalent bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity to PDC. Subsequent use of CHX gluconate or digluconate-preserved Eimeria oocysts, cold-stored at 4°C for 5 months, as the inoculum also resulted in similar oocyst shedding and recovery rates when compared to PDC-preserved oocysts. Results and discussion These data show that using 0.20% CHX gluconate could be a suitable replacement for PDC. Additionally, autofluorescence was used as a method to evaluate oocyst viability. Administration of artificially aged oocysts exhibiting >99% autofluorescence from each preserved treatment resulted in no oocyst output for CHX salt groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Laverty
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lesleigh C. Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristen Martin
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Juarez-Estrada
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Aaron J. Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Makenly E. Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Roberto Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ileana Loeza
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Latasha S. Gray
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - John R. Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Brittany D. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Lyu C, Yang X, Yang J, Hou L, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Shen B. Role of amylopectin synthesis in Toxoplasma gondii and its implication in vaccine development against toxoplasmosis. Open Biol 2021; 11:200384. [PMID: 34129780 PMCID: PMC8205521 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous pathogen infecting one-third of the global population. A significant fraction of toxoplasmosis cases is caused by reactivation of existing chronic infections. The encysted bradyzoites during chronic infection accumulate high levels of amylopectin that is barely present in fast-replicating tachyzoites. However, the physiological significance of amylopectin is not fully understood. Here, we identified a starch synthase (SS) that is required for amylopectin synthesis in T. gondii. Genetic ablation of SS abolished amylopectin production, reduced tachyzoite proliferation, and impaired the recrudescence of bradyzoites to tachyzoites. Disruption of the parasite Ca2+-dependent protein kinase 2 (CDPK2) was previously shown to cause massive amylopectin accumulation and bradyzoite death. Therefore, the Δcdpk2 mutant is thought to be a vaccine candidate. Notably, deleting SS in a Δcdpk2 mutant completely abolished starch accrual and restored cyst formation as well as virulence in mice. Together these results suggest that regulated amylopectin production is critical for the optimal growth, development and virulence of Toxoplasma. Not least, our data underscore a potential drawback of the Δcdpk2 mutant as a vaccine candidate as it may regain full virulence by mutating amylopectin synthesis genes like SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Beer LC, Bielke LR, Barta JR, Faulkner OB, Latorre JD, Briggs WN, Wilson KM, Baxter MFA, Tellez G, Hargis BM. Evaluation of autofluorescent Eimeria maxima oocysts as a potential indicator of non-viability when enumerating oocysts. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2684-2689. [PMID: 29669018 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging, poor oxygenation, or improper storage temperature can lead to variable Eimeria oocyst viability, which is not readily assessed microscopically. Under fluorescent microscopy, some aged Eimeria maxima (EM) oocysts were strongly autofluorescent (AF) within the oocystoplasm and sporocysts, whereas others were distinctly non-fluorescent, leading to the hypothesis that non-viable oocysts may be detectible using this simple approach. Using accelerated aging conditions at 45°C, two experiments were conducted to evaluate variable percentages of autofluorescent EM oocysts on body weight gain (BWG), lesion scores (LS), and total oocyst shedding (OS) per bird. Through oral gavage, EM oocysts were administered on d10, whereas LS and BWG were determined d5 post-inoculation. Experiment 1 groups consisted of non-challenged controls (n = 15), or 25,000 EM exhibiting 12.8% (n = 14), 61.1% (n = 10), or 93.3% (n = 10) autofluorescence. BWG in 12.8% AF group was lower (P = 0.054) than non-challenged control. LS were higher (P < 0.05) in 61.1% and 12.8% AF groups as compared to non-challenged control and 93.3% AF groups. Experiment 2 groups consisted of non-challenged controls (LS n = 20/BWG n = 40), or 22,500 EM exhibiting 7% AF (LS n = 20/BWG n = 40), 80.6% AF (LS n = 19/BWG n = 39), or 99% AF (LS n = 19/BWG n = 39). BWG in 7% AF group was lower (P < 0.05) than non-challenged control and 99% AF groups. LS were higher (P < 0.05) in 80.6% and 7% AF groups as compared to non-challenged control and 99% AF groups. OS from d5-8 post-inoculation was determined for each of five replicates per group (n = 20/group; n = 4/replicate), with higher (P < 0.05) OS in 80.6% and 7% AF groups than in non-challenged control or 99% AF groups. Taken together, data indicate lower LS, higher BWG, and reduced OS with higher %AF oocysts, consistent with the hypothesis of lowered viable challenge with this EM isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Beer
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - L R Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - J R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - O B Faulkner
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - J D Latorre
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - W N Briggs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - K M Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - M F A Baxter
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - G Tellez
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - B M Hargis
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
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5
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Cha JO, Zhao J, Yang MS, Kim WI, Cho HS, Lim CW, Kim B. Oocyst-Shedding Patterns of Three Eimeria Species in Chickens and Shedding Pattern Variation Depending on the Storage Period of Eimeria tenella Oocysts. J Parasitol 2017; 104:18-22. [PMID: 28967300 DOI: 10.1645/16-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of Eimeria have different prepatent times and predilection sites, but their life cycles in infected poultry are similar. Practically speaking, chickens can be continuously exposed to various Eimeria species through environmental contamination. Furthermore, storage condition of the oocysts influences subsequent challenge infectivity, since coccidian oocysts contain a polysaccharide energy source known as amylopectin that is required for sporulation of oocysts and survival of the sporozoites. Here analysis of the oocyst-shedding patterns of 3 Eimeria species ( Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella) and the effects of different oocyst storage time (64, 143, 225, and 332 days) on subsequent propagation patterns were evaluated. Based on the analysis of oocyst-shedding patterns and infectious lesions evaluated by oocyst counts and histopathology, respectively, the peak points of oocyst production and infectious lesion generation in animals infected with E. acervulina were observed to occur earlier in comparison to E. maxima- and E. tenella-infected animals. Prolonged storage of E. tenella oocysts decreased oocyst excretion (measured as oocysts per gram of feces [OPG]) and lengthened the peak period. Chickens infected with the freshest oocysts (Group A) had the highest fecal oocyst output, and animals in this group reached their peak at 7 days post-infection (dpi), which is similar to the normal pattern of oocyst output in fresh isolates. Infection with oocysts stored for longer periods showed a 1-day delay in the fecal oocyst peak count (8 dpi), and these infections also resulted in fewer OPG compared to Group A. Therefore, these results indicate that the storage period is important in affecting the peak point and pattern of oocyst shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang O Cha
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhao
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeon S Yang
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Won I Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho S Cho
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae W Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Clopton RE, Steele SM, Clopton DT. Environmental Persistence and Infectivity of Oocysts of Two Species of Gregarines,Blabericola migratorandBlabericola cubensis(Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae), Parasitizing Blaberid Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae). J Parasitol 2016; 102:169-73. [DOI: 10.1645/15-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Guérardel Y, Leleu D, Coppin A, Liénard L, Slomianny C, Strecker G, Ball S, Tomavo S. Amylopectin biogenesis and characterization in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the intracellular development of which is restricted in the HepG2 cell line. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:41-8. [PMID: 15716062 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, which is composed of numerous parasites causing major diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis and coccidiosis. The life cycle of T. gondii involves developmental processes from one stage to another with both asexual and sexual parasitic forms. Throughout their life cycle, some apicomplexan parasites accumulate a crystalline storage polysaccharide analogous to amylopectin within the cytoplasm. In T. gondii, both the slowly dividing encysted bradyzoites and the sporozoites of the sexual stage contain a high number of amylopectin granules (AG), while the rapidly replicating tachyzoites are devoid of amylopectin. It is thought that this storage polysaccharide may represent an energy reserve that could fuel the transition from one developmental stage to another one. At present, by comparison to glycogen and plant starch, little is known about the biosynthesis, structure and biological functions of amylopectin in T. gondii. Here, we describe an in vitro system allowing the production and purification of a large amount of amylopectin, which has been subjected to detailed biochemical and structural analyses. Our data indicate that T. gondii synthesizes a genuine amylopectin following changes in the environmental conditions and that this storage polysaccharide differs from glycogen and starch in terms of glucan chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guérardel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, UGSF, CNRS UMR 8576, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
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8
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Harris JR, Adrian M, Petry F. Amylopectin: a major component of the residual body in Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Parasitology 2004; 128:269-82. [PMID: 15074876 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200300458x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Amylopectin is used for carbohydrate storage in different life-stages of a number of apicomplexan parasites. We have performed an ultrastructural analysis of amylopectin granules from the oocyst residual body and sporozoites of Cryptosporidium parvum. Amylopectin granules were studied in situ and after isolation from 'French' press disrupted parasites, by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of sectioned oocysts and various negative staining and cryoelectron microscopy techniques. Within the membrane-enclosed oocyst residuum large amylopectin granules (0.1-0.3 microm) can be found besides a characteristic large lipid body and a crystalline protein inclusion. Smaller granules were detected in sectioned sporozoites. Negative staining of isolated amylopectin granules revealed some ultrastructural features not readily visible in sectioned material. The large amylopectin granules had a smooth surface with a 'ball of string'-like inner structure. Granules isolated from sporozoites were more irregularly shaped and showed a rod-like particulate composition. With the exception of alpha-amylase, which led to some degree of damage of the surface of the particles, treatment of amylopectin granules with other glycohydrolases had little effect on the overall structure. However, granules adhered to one another. Only when the granules were boiled did the 'ball of string' structure gradually dissolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Harris
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Coombs GH, Denton H, Brown SM, Thong KW. Biochemistry of the coccidia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1997; 39:141-226. [PMID: 9241816 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Coombs
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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10
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Karkhanis YD, Allocco JJ, Schmatz DM. Amylopectin synthase of Eimeria tenella: identification and kinetic characterization. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1993; 40:594-8. [PMID: 8401473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A soluble enzyme amylopectin synthase (UDP-glucose-alpha 1,4-glucan alpha-4-glucosyltransferase) which transfers glucose from uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) to a primer to form alpha-1,4-glucosyl linkages has been identified in the extracts of unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. UDP-glucose and not ADP-glucose was the most active glucosyl donor. Corn amylopectin, rabbit liver glycogen, oyster glycogen and corn starch served as primers; the latter two were less efficient. The enzyme has an apparent pH optimum of 7.5 and exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with dependence on both the primer and substrate concentrations. The Michaelis constants (Km), with respect to UDP-glucose, was 0.5 mM; and 0.25 mg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml with respect to amylopectin and rabbit liver glycogen. The product formed by the reaction was predominantly a glucan containing alpha-1,4 linkages. The specificity of the enzyme suggests that this enzyme is similar to glycogen synthase in eukaryotes and has been designated as amylopectin synthase (UDP-glucose-alpha-1,4-glucosetransferase EC 2.4.1.11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Karkhanis
- Department of Biochemical Parasitology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900
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