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Djuardi Y, Jannah IF, Supali T. IgG4 antibodies against Bm14 as an evaluation tool of mass drug administration in a co-endemic area of Brugia timori and Wuchereria bancrofti. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106278. [PMID: 34919952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the success of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis, WHO has recommended two rapid tests, Brugia Rapid (BR) to detect the presence of IgG4 antibodies against Brugia sp and Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) to detect antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti. As a country co-endemic for Brugia sp. and W. bancrofti, Indonesia needs a single diagnostic tool that can detect the exposure to both species. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mass drug administration by measuring Bm14-specific IgG4 levels in blood samples of the population living in a co-endemic area of B. timori and W. bancrofti in Southwest Sumba Regency. A total of 132 plasma samples obtained before and one year after DEC-albendazole administration, which have been previously tested with BR and FTS, were examined for IgG4 against Bm14 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that before treatment all 32 individuals (100%) with BR+/ FTS+ were also positive for Bm14-specific IgG4, while in BR+ or FTS+ group there were >90% samples detected positive. At one year after treatment, positive results for Bm14-specific IgG4 were still detected in 96.9% samples with BR+/ FTS+, 78.8% samples with BR+/ FTS- and 82.9% samples with BR-/ FTS+. On the other hand, the BR-/ FTS- group also had high rate of Bm14-specific IgG4 positivity either before treatment (62,5%) and at one year after treatment (43.8%). The lowest decrease of Bm14-specific IgG4 positivity at one year after treatment was shown in the double positive group (3.1%), while the highest was in the double negative group (18.7%). The measurement of IgG4 against Bm14 has the potential as a sensitive diagnostic tool to evaluate the success of MDA in the areas co-endemic for B. timori and W. bancrofti.
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Erkenswick GA, Watsa M, Gozalo AS, Dmytryk N, Parker PG. Temporal and demographic blood parasite dynamics in two free-ranging neotropical primates. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2017; 6:59-68. [PMID: 28393014 PMCID: PMC5377436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parasite-host relationships are influenced by several factors intrinsic to hosts, such as social standing, group membership, sex, and age. However, in wild populations, temporal variation in parasite distributions and concomitant infections can alter these patterns. We used microscropy and molecular methods to screen for naturally occurring haemoparasitic infections in two Neotropical primate host populations, the saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarin, in the lowland tropical rainforests of southeastern Peru. Repeat sampling was conducted from known individuals over a three-year period to test for parasite-host and parasite-parasite associations. Three parasites were detected in L. weddelli including Trypanosoma minasense, Mansonella mariae, and Dipetalonema spp., while S. imperator only hosted the latter two. Temporal variation in prevalence was observed in T. minasense and Dipetalonema spp., confirming the necessity of a multi-year study to evaluate parasite-host relationships in this system. Although callitrichids display a distinct reproductive dominance hierarchy, characterized by single breeding females that typically mate polyandrously and can suppress the reproduction of subdominant females, logistic models did not identify sex or breeding status as determining factors in the presence of these parasites. However, age class had a positive effect on infection with M. mariae and T. minasense, and adults demonstrated higher parasite species richness than juveniles or sub-adults across both species. Body weight had a positive effect on the presence of Dipetalonema spp. The inclusion of co-infection variables in statistical models of parasite presence/absence data improved model fit for two of three parasites. This study verifies the importance and need for broad spectrum and long-term screening of parasite assemblages of natural host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Erkenswick
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Field Projects International, 7331 Murdoch Ave, Saint Louis, MO 63119, USA
| | - Mrinalini Watsa
- Field Projects International, 7331 Murdoch Ave, Saint Louis, MO 63119, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alfonso S. Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Dmytryk
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Patricia G. Parker
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
- WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Dr., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Mombo-Ngoma G, Mackanga JR, Basra A, Capan M, Manego RZ, Adegnika AA, Lötsch F, Yazdanbakhsh M, González R, Menendez C, Mabika B, Matsiegui PB, Kremsner PG, Ramharter M. Loa loa Infection in Pregnant Women, Gabon. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:899-901. [PMID: 25897819 PMCID: PMC4412224 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Albers A, Sartono E, Wahyuni S, Yazdanbakhsh M, Maizels RM, Klarmann-Schulz U, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A. Real-time PCR detection of the HhaI tandem DNA repeat in pre- and post-patent Brugia malayi Infections: a study in Indonesian transmigrants. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:146. [PMID: 24685183 PMCID: PMC4021971 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia spp. is a public health problem in developing countries. To monitor bancroftian filariasis infections, Circulating Filarial Antigen (CFA) test is commonly used, but for brugian infections only microfilariae (Mf) microscopy and indirect IgG4 antibody analyses are available. Improved diagnostics for detecting latent infections are required. METHODS An optimized real-time PCR targeting the brugian HhaI repeat was validated with plasma from microfilariae negative Mongolian gerbils (jirds) infected with B. malayi. Plasma samples from microfilaremic patients infected with B. malayi or W. bancrofti were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. PCR results of plasma samples from a transmigrant population in a B. malayi endemic area were compared to those of life-long residents in the same endemic area; and to IgG4 serology results from the same population. To discriminate between active infections and larval exposure a threshold was determined by correlation and Receiver-Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS The PCR detected HhaI in pre-patent (56 dpi) B. malayi infected jirds and B. malayi Mf-positive patients from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. HhaI was also detected in 9/9 elephantiasis patients. In South Sulawesi 87.4% of the transmigrants and life-long residents (94% Mf-negative) were HhaI PCR positive. Based on ROC-curve analysis a threshold for active infections was set to >53 HhaI copies/μl (AUC: 0.854). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the HhaI PCR detects brugian infections with greater sensitivity than the IgG4 test, most notably in Mf-negative patients (i.e. pre-patent or latent infections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albers
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sitti Wahyuni
- Parasitology Department, Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan 10 Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute for Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics, and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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Zhou XN, Lv S, Yang GJ, Kristensen TK, Bergquist NR, Utzinger J, Malone JB. Spatial epidemiology in zoonotic parasitic diseases: insights gained at the 1st International Symposium on Geospatial Health in Lijiang, China, 2007. Parasit Vectors 2009; 2:10. [PMID: 19193214 PMCID: PMC2663554 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1st International Symposium on Geospatial Health was convened in Lijiang, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China from 8 to 9 September, 2007. The objective was to review progress made with the application of spatial techniques on zoonotic parasitic diseases, particularly in Southeast Asia. The symposium featured 71 presentations covering soil-transmitted and water-borne helminth infections, as well as arthropod-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria and lymphatic filariasis. The work made public at this occasion is briefly summarized here to highlight the advances made and to put forth research priorities in this area. Approaches such as geographical information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS) and remote sensing (RS), including spatial statistics, web-based GIS and map visualization of field investigations, figured prominently in the presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, PR China.
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Does resistance to filarial reinfections become leaky over time? Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:350-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Noordin R, Wahyuni S, Mangali A, Huat LB, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E. Comparison of IgG4 assays using whole parasite extract and BmR1 recombinant antigen in determining antibody prevalence in brugian filariasis. FILARIA JOURNAL 2004; 3:8. [PMID: 15307892 PMCID: PMC517507 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Brugia malayi is endemic in several Asian countries with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. Determination of prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by serology has been performed by various investigators using different kinds of antigen (either soluble worm antigen preparations or recombinant antigens). This investigation compared the data obtained from IgG4 assays using two different kinds of antigen in a study on prevalence of antibodies to B. malayi. Methods Serum samples from a transmigrant population and life long residents previously tested with IgG4 assay using soluble worm antigen (SWA-ELISA), were retested with an IgG4 assay that employs BmR1 recombinant antigen (BmR1 dipstick [Brugia Rapid™]). The results obtained with the two antigens were compared, using Pearson chi-square and McNemar test. Results There were similarities and differences in the results obtained using the two kinds of antigen (SWA and BmR1). Similarities included the observation that assays using both antigens demonstrated an increasing prevalence of IgG4 antibodies in the transmigrant population with increasing exposure to the infection, and by six years living in the area, antibody prevalence was similar to that of life-long residents. With regards to differences, of significance is the demonstration of similar antibody prevalence in adults and children by BmR1 dipstick whereas by SWA-ELISA the antibody prevalence in adults was higher than in children. Conclusions Results and conclusions made from investigations of prevalence of anti-filarial IgG4 antibody in a population would be affected by the assay employed in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sitti Wahyuni
- Dept. of Parasitology, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10 Tamalanrea 90245, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andarias Mangali
- Dept. of Parasitology, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10 Tamalanrea 90245, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Lim Boon Huat
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Duerr HP, Dietz K, Schulz-Key H, Büttner DW, Eichner M. Density-dependent parasite establishment suggests infection-associated immunosuppression as an important mechanism for parasite density regulation in onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003; 97:242-50. [PMID: 14584385 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of human immune response by filarial parasites has yielded contradictory experimental findings and attracted much controversy. We address the unresolved question of acquisition, establishment and accumulation of Onchocerca volvulus by using a modelling approach that relates computer simulations to cross-sectional data concerning parasite burdens in 913 West African onchocerciasis patients. It is shown that the acquisition of O. volvulus is not constant with host age; instead, the analysis of age profiles of parasite burdens strongly indicate the operation of immunosuppressive processes within the human host, associated with the presence of adult parasites or microfilariae. It is suggested that these processes suppress immunity against incoming infective larvae (L3), which themselves act as an immune modulating component once they have successfully overcome the barrier of concomitant immunity. Suppression of parasite-specific immunity leads to parasite establishment rates which increase along with the parasite burden, but which hardly depend on hyperendemic annual transmission potentials. Children, still immunocompetent due to low parasite burdens, acquire 0.1-0.5 adult female parasites per year, whereas older people, immunosuppressed due to high burdens, acquire 2-4 adult female parasites per year. Differences in parasite establishment between the forest and the savannah strains of O. volvulus are quantified and dynamic aspects of density-dependent parasite establishment discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Duerr
- Department of Medical Biometry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Westbahnhofstr. 55, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
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