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Li H, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Feng Y, Qian Y, Ye X, Xu J, Yang H, Yu J, Chen J, Chen K. Exploring the immune interactions between Oncomelania hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum, with a cross-comparison of immunological research progress in other intermediate host snails. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:453. [PMID: 38093363 PMCID: PMC10717515 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, the second largest parasitic disease in the world after malaria, poses a significant threat to human health and causes public health issues. The disease primarily affects populations in economically underdeveloped tropical regions, earning it the title of "neglected tropical disease". Schistosomiasis is difficult to eradicate globally if medication alone is used. One of the essential elements of thorough schistosomiasis prevention and control is the management and disruption of the life cycle of intermediate host snails. The key approach to controlling the transmission of schistosomiasis is to control the intermediate hosts of the schistosome to disrupt its life cycle. We believe that approaching it from the perspective of the intermediate host's immunity could be an environmentally friendly and potentially effective method. Currently, globally significant intermediate host snails for schistosomes include Oncomelania hupensis, Biomphalaria glabrata, and Bulinus truncatus. The immune interaction research between B. glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni has a history of several decades, and the complete genome sequencing of both B. glabrata and B. truncatus has been accomplished. We have summarized the immune-related factors and research progress primarily studied in B. glabrata and B. truncatus and compared them with several humoral immune factors that O. hupensis research focuses on: macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and thioredoxin (Trx). We believe that continued exploration of the immune interactions between O. hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum is valuable. This comparative analysis can provide some direction and clues for further in-depth research. Comparative immunological studies between them not only expand our understanding of the immune defense responses of snails that act as intermediaries for schistosomes but also facilitate the development of more comprehensive and integrated strategies for schistosomiasis prevention and control. Furthermore, it offers an excellent opportunity to study the immune system of gastropods and their co-evolution with pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China.
- Ocean College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China.
| | - Yihan Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunhuan Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilu Feng
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuncheng Qian
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ye
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiatong Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China.
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Human serum activates the tegument of female schistosomes and supports recovery from Praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:209-221. [PMID: 33263166 PMCID: PMC7846515 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating parasitic disease in the world. Schistosoma spp. survive for decades within the vasculature of their human hosts. They have evolved a vast array of mechanisms to avoid the immune reaction of the host. Due to their sexual dimorphism, with the female worm lying within the gynecophoric canal of the male worm, it is the male that is exposed to the immediate environment and the soluble parts of the host’s immune response. To understand how the worms are so successful in fending off the immune attacks of the host, comparative analyses of both worm sexes in human serum (with or without Praziquantel) were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Further, gene expression analyses of tegument-specific genes were performed. Following the incubation in human serum, males and females out of pairs show morphological changes such as an altered structure of the pits below the surface and an increased number of pits per area. In addition, female schistosomes presented a marked tuft-like repulsion of their opsonized surface. The observed resistance of females to Praziquantel seemed to depend on active proteins in the human serum. Moreover, different expression profiles of tegument-specific genes indicate different functions of female_single and male_single teguments in response to human serum. Our results indicate that female schistosomes developed different evasion strategies toward the host’s immune system in comparison to males that might lead to more robustness and has to be taken into account for the development of new anti-schistosomal drugs.
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Castillo MG, Humphries JE, Mourão MM, Marquez J, Gonzalez A, Montelongo CE. Biomphalaria glabrata immunity: Post-genome advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103557. [PMID: 31759924 PMCID: PMC8995041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. Current treatment and prevention strategies have not led to a significant decrease in disease transmission. However, the genome of B. glabrata was recently sequenced to provide additional resources to further our understanding of snail biology. This review presents an overview of recently published, post-genome studies related to the topic of snail immunity. Many of these reports expand on findings originated from the genome characterization. These novel studies include a complementary gene linkage map, analysis of the genome of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies looking at snail-parasite interactions and innate immune memory responses towards schistosomes. Also included are biochemical investigations on snail pheromones, neuropeptides, and attractants, as well as studies investigating the frontiers of molluscan epigenetics and cell signaling were also included. Findings support the current hypotheses on snail-parasite strain compatibility, and that snail host resistance to schistosome infection is dependent not only on genetics and expression, but on the ability to form multimeric molecular complexes in a timely and tissue-specific manner. The relevance of cell immunity is reinforced, while the importance of humoral factors, especially for secondary infections, is supported. Overall, these studies reflect an improved understanding on the diversity, specificity, and complexity of molluscan immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castillo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | | | - Marina M Mourão
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Brazil
| | - Joshua Marquez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Adrian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Cesar E Montelongo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Comparative study of excretory-secretory proteins released by Schistosoma mansoni-resistant, susceptible and naïve Biomphalaria glabrata. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:452. [PMID: 31521183 PMCID: PMC6744689 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a harmful neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Schistosoma spp., such as Schistosoma mansoni. Schistosoma must transition within a molluscan host to survive. Chemical analyses of schistosome-molluscan interactions indicate that host identification involves chemosensation, including naïve host preference. Proteomic technique advances enable sophisticated comparative analyses between infected and naïve snail host proteins. This study aimed to compare resistant, susceptible and naïve Biomphalaria glabrata snail-conditioned water (SCW) to identify potential attractants and deterrents. METHODS Behavioural bioassays were performed on S. mansoni miracidia to compare the effects of susceptible, F1 resistant and naïve B. glabrata SCW. The F1 resistant and susceptible B. glabrata SCW excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs) were fractionated using SDS-PAGE, identified with LC-MS/MS and compared to naïve snail ESPs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses based on published studies (including experiments, co-expression, text-mining and gene fusion) identified S. mansoni and B. glabrata protein interaction. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015129. RESULTS A total of 291, 410 and 597 ESPs were detected in the susceptible, F1 resistant and naïve SCW, respectively. Less overlap in ESPs was identified between susceptible and naïve snails than F1 resistant and naïve snails. F1 resistant B. glabrata ESPs were predominately associated with anti-pathogen activity and detoxification, such as leukocyte elastase and peroxiredoxin. Susceptible B. glabrata several proteins correlated with immunity and anti-inflammation, such as glutathione S-transferase and zinc metalloproteinase, and S. mansoni sporocyst presence. PPI analyses found that uncharacterised S. mansoni protein Smp_142140.1 potentially interacts with numerous B. glabrata proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study identified ESPs released by F1 resistant, susceptible and naïve B. glabrata to explain S. mansoni miracidia interplay. Susceptible B. glabrata ESPs shed light on potential S. mansoni miracidia deterrents. Further targeted research on specific ESPs identified in this study could help inhibit B. glabrata and S. mansoni interactions and stop human schistosomiasis.
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Mossalem HS, Habib MR, Ghareeb MA. Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.026.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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da Silva MB, Urrego A JR, Oviedo Y, Cooper PJ, Pacheco LGC, Pinheiro CS, Ferreira F, Briza P, Alcantara-Neves NM. The somatic proteins of Toxocara canis larvae and excretory-secretory products revealed by proteomics. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:25-34. [PMID: 30056980 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a widespread helminth infection of dogs and cats, caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati larvae, respectively. Toxocara spp. can cause zoonotic infections in humans by invading tissues and organs causing pathology. Toxocara spp. larvae release excretory-secretory molecules (TES) into the body of their host that are fundamental to the host-parasite interaction and could be used as targets for novel diagnostics and vaccines. In the present study, we identified 646 T. canis proteins from TES and larval extract using 1D-SDS PAGE followed by mass spectrometry. A wide range of proteins was identified that may play a role both in the induction of the host immune response and host pathology, and in parasite metabolism and survival. Among these proteins there are potential candidates for novel diagnostics and vaccines for dogs and cats toxocariases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia B da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Juan R Urrego A
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
| | - Yisela Oviedo
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Insitute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Wright BJ, Bickham-Wright U, Yoshino TP, Jackson MB. H+ channels in embryonic Biomphalaria glabrata cell membranes: Putative roles in snail host-schistosome interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005467. [PMID: 28319196 PMCID: PMC5373640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis, a widespread neglected tropical disease. Infection of freshwater snails Biomphalaria spp. is an essential step in the transmission of S. mansoni to humans, although the physiological interactions between the parasite and its obligate snail host that determine success or failure are still poorly understood. In the present study, the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, a widely used in vitro model for hemocyte-like activity, was used to investigate membrane properties, and assess the impact of larval transformation proteins (LTP) on identified ion channels. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from Bge cells demonstrated that a Zn2+-sensitive H+ channel serves as the dominant plasma membrane conductance. Moreover, treatment of Bge cells with Zn2+ significantly inhibited an otherwise robust production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus implicating H+ channels in the regulation of this immune function. A heat-sensitive component of LTP appears to target H+ channels, enhancing Bge cell H+ current over 2-fold. Both Bge cells and B. glabrata hemocytes express mRNA encoding a hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 (HVCN1)-like protein, although its function in hemocytes remains to be determined. This study is the first to identify and characterize an H+ channel in non-neuronal cells of freshwater molluscs. Importantly, the involvement of these channels in ROS production and their modulation by LTP suggest that these channels may function in immune defense responses against larval S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Utibe Bickham-Wright
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Meyer B. Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Mitta G, Gourbal B, Grunau C, Knight M, Bridger J, Théron A. The Compatibility Between Biomphalaria glabrata Snails and Schistosoma mansoni: An Increasingly Complex Puzzle. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 97:111-145. [PMID: 28325369 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review reexamines the results obtained in recent decades regarding the compatibility polymorphism between the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, and the pathogen, Schistosoma mansoni, which is one of the agents responsible for human schistosomiasis. Some results point to the snail's resistance as explaining the incompatibility, while others support a "matching hypothesis" between the snail's immune receptors and the schistosome's antigens. We propose here that the two hypotheses are not exclusive, and that the compatible/incompatible status of a particular host/parasite couple probably reflects the balance of multiple molecular determinants that support one hypothesis or the other. Because these genes are involved in a coevolutionary arms race, we also propose that the underlying mechanisms can vary. Finally, some recent results show that environmental factors could influence compatibility. Together, these results make the compatibility between B. glabrata and S. mansoni an increasingly complex puzzle. We need to develop more integrative approaches in order to find targets that could potentially be manipulated to control the transmission of schistosomiasis.
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Zhang NZ, Liu JY, Li WH, Li L, Qu ZG, Li TT, Cui JM, Yang Y, Jia WZ, Fu BQ. Cloning and characterization of thioredoxin peroxidases from Trichinella spiralis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:53-58. [PMID: 27283449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis, can initiate a high level of oxidative stress, especially during rapid growth and generative propagation phases. Thioredoxin peroxidases (TPXs) protect helminths against oxidative stress, but none has been identified in T. spiralis. Here, 3 members of the TPX family were cloned from T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML). The lengths of TsTPX ORFs were 747bp, 588bp and 594bp, respectively, and the deduced proteins predicted to contain AhpC-TSA and 1-cys Prx_C domains. Interestingly, qRT-PCR data showed that TsTPX genes were expressed in all three developmental stages of T. spiralis. The TsTPX2 and TsTPX3 genes were up-regulated in day 3 adults (Ad3) compared with newborn larvae (NBL) and ML (P<0.05); expression levels of the TsTPX1 gene in ML were higher compared with Ad3 and NBL amounts (P<0.05). After prokaryotic expression, the reactivity of rTsTPX proteins was assessed by Western-blotting: only rTsTPX1 was specifically recognized by T. spiralis infection sera from pigs. Enzyme catalytic experiments showed that rTsTPX proteins could deoxidize H2O2 in the presence of DTT, with the catalytic ability increasing with protein concentration and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - J Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - W H Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - L Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Z G Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - T T Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - J M Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - W Z Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - B Q Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Coustau C, Gourbal B, Duval D, Yoshino TP, Adema CM, Mitta G. Advances in gastropod immunity from the study of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its parasites: A review of research progress over the last decade. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:5-16. [PMID: 25662712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the research progress made over the past decade in the field of gastropod immunity resulting from investigations of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its trematode parasites. A combination of integrated approaches, including cellular, genetic and comparative molecular and proteomic approaches have revealed novel molecular components involved in mediating Biomphalaria immune responses that provide insights into the nature of host-parasite compatibility and the mechanisms involved in parasite recognition and killing. The current overview emphasizes that the interaction between B. glabrata and its trematode parasites involves a complex molecular crosstalk between numerous antigens, immune receptors, effectors and anti-effector systems that are highly diverse structurally and extremely variable in expression between and within host and parasite populations. Ultimately, integration of these molecular signals will determine the outcome of a specific interaction between a B. glabrata individual and its interacting trematodes. Understanding these complex molecular interactions and identifying key factors that may be targeted to impairment of schistosome development in the snail host is crucial to generating new alternative schistosomiasis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coustau
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRA-CNRS-UNS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - B Gourbal
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - D Duval
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - T P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - C M Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - G Mitta
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, IHPE UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Yoshino TP, Wu XJ, Gonzalez LA, Hokke CH. Circulating Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte subpopulations possess shared schistosome glycans and receptors capable of binding larval glycoconjugates. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:28-36. [PMID: 23085445 PMCID: PMC3647354 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Host lectin-like recognition molecules may play an important role in innate resistance in Biomphalaria glabrata snails to larval schistosome infection, thus implicating parasite-expressed glycans as putative ligands for these lectin receptors. While host lectins may utilize specific glycan structures for parasite recognition, it also has been hypothesized that the parasite may use this system to evade immune detection by mimicking naturally-expressed host glycans, resulting in reduced immunorecognition capacity. By employing immunocytochemical (ICC) and Western blot assays using schistosome glycan-specific monoclonal antibodies (mABs) we sought to identify specific glycan epitopes (glycotopes) shared in common between larval Schistosoma mansoni and B. glabrata hemocytes, the primary immune effector cells in snails. Results confirmed the presence of selected larval glycotopes on subpopulations of hemocytes by ICC and association with numerous hemocyte proteins by Western blot analyses, including a trimannosyl core N-glycan (TriMan), and two fucosylated lacdiNAc (LDN) variants, F-LDN and F-LDN-F. Snail strain differences were seen in the prevalence of constitutively expressed F-LDN on hemocytes, and in the patterns of protein immunoreactivity with these mABs. In contrast, there was little to no hemocyte reactivity with mABs for Lewis X (LeX), LDN, LDN-F or LDN-DF. When intact hemocytes were exposed to larval transformation products (LTPs), distinct cell subpopulations displayed weak (LeX, LDN-DF) to moderate (LDN, LDN-F) glycotope reactivity by ICC, including snail strain differences in the prevalence of LDN-reactive cellular subsets. Far-Western blot analyses of the hemocytes following exposure to larval transformation proteins (LTPs) also revealed multiple mAB-reactive hemocyte protein bands for LeX, LDN, LDN-F, and LDN-DF. These results demonstrate the existence of complex patterns of shared larval glycan constitutively expressed on hemocytes and their proteins, as well as the ability of hemocytes to acquire shared glycans by the selective binding of parasite-released LTP. Unraveling the functional significance of these naturally expressed and acquired shared glycans on specific hemocyte populations represents an important challenge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Gretes MC, Poole LB, Karplus PA. Peroxiredoxins in parasites. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:608-33. [PMID: 22098136 PMCID: PMC3373223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parasite survival and virulence relies on effective defenses against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune system. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous enzymes now thought to be central to such defenses and, as such, have potential value as drug targets and vaccine antigens. RECENT ADVANCES Plasmodial and kinetoplastid Prx systems are the most extensively studied, yet remain inadequately understood. For many other parasites our knowledge is even less well developed. Through parasite genome sequencing efforts, however, the key players are being discovered and characterized. Here we describe what is known about the biochemistry, regulation, and cell biology of Prxs in parasitic protozoa, helminths, and fungi. At least one Prx is found in each parasite with a sequenced genome, and a notable theme is the common patterns of expression, localization, and functionality among sequence-similar Prxs in related species. CRITICAL ISSUES The nomenclature of Prxs from parasites is in a state of disarray, causing confusion and making comparative inferences difficult. Here we introduce a systematic Prx naming convention that is consistent between organisms and informative about structural and evolutionary relationships. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The new nomenclature should stimulate the crossfertilization of ideas among parasitologists and with the broader redox research community. The diverse parasite developmental stages and host environments present complex systems in which to explore the variety of roles played by Prxs, with a view toward parlaying what is learned into novel therapies and vaccines that are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Gretes
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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13
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Moné Y, Ribou AC, Cosseau C, Duval D, Théron A, Mitta G, Gourbal B. An example of molecular co-evolution: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS scavenger levels in Schistosoma mansoni/Biomphalaria glabrata interactions. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:721-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Beltran S, Gourbal B, Boissier J, Duval D, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Pierce RJ, Grunau C, Théron A, Mitta G. Vertebrate host protective immunity drives genetic diversity and antigenic polymorphism in Schistosoma mansoni. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:554-72. [PMID: 21159003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes are gonochoric blood parasites with a complex life cycle responsible for a disease of considerable medical and veterinary importance in tropical and subtropical regions. Understanding the evolution of schistosome genetic diversity is clearly of fundamental importance to interpreting schistosomiasis epidemiology and disease transmission patterns of this parasite. In this article, we investigated the putative role of the host immune system in the selection of male genetic diversity. We demonstrated the link between genetic dissimilarity and the protective effect among male worms. We then compared the proteomes of three male clones with different genotypes and differing by their capacity to protect against reinfection. The identified differences correspond mainly to antigens known or supposed to be involved in the induction of protective immunity. These results underline the role played by host immune system in the selection of schistosome genetic diversity that is linked to antigenic diversity. We discuss the evolutionary consequences in the context of schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beltran
- Parasitologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France.
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15
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Hanington PC, Lun CM, Adema CM, Loker ES. Time series analysis of the transcriptional responses of Biomphalaria glabrata throughout the course of intramolluscan development of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:819-31. [PMID: 20083115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Successful colonization of a compatible snail host by a digenetic trematode miracidium initiates a complex, proliferative development program requiring weeks to reach culmination in the form of production of cercariae which, once started, may persist for the remainder of the life span of the infected snail. How are such proliferative and invasive parasites able to circumvent host defenses and establish chronic infections? Using a microarray designed to monitor the internal defense and stress-related responses of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, we have undertaken a time course study to monitor snail responses following exposure to two different trematode species to which the snail is susceptible: the medically important Schistosoma mansoni, exemplifying sporocyst production in its larval development, or Echinostoma paraensei, representing an emphasis on rediae production in its larval development. We sampled eight time points (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days p.i.) that cover the period required for cercariae to be produced. Following exposure to S. mansoni, there was a preponderance of up-regulated over down-regulated array features through 2 days p.i. but by 4 days p.i. and thereafter, this pattern was strongly reversed. For E. paraensei, there was a preponderance of down-regulated array features over up-regulated features at even 0.5 days p.i., a pattern that persists throughout the course of infection except for 1 day p.i., when up-regulated array features slightly outnumbered down-regulated features. Examination of particular array features revealed several that were up-regulated by both parasites early in the course of infection and one, fibrinogen related protein 4 (FREP 4), that remained significantly elevated throughout the course of infection with either parasite, effectively serving as a marker of infection. Many defense-related transcripts were persistently down-regulated, including several fibrinogen-containing lectins and homologs of molecules best known from vertebrate phagocytic cells. Our results are consistent with earlier studies suggesting that both parasites are able to interfere with host defense responses, including a tendency for E. paraensei to do so more rapidly and strongly than S. mansoni. They further suggest mechanisms for how trematodes are able to establish the chronic infections necessary for their continued success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Hanington
- Center for Theoretical and Evolutionary Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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16
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In vitro manipulation of gene expression in larval Schistosoma: a model for postgenomic approaches in Trematoda. Parasitology 2009; 137:463-83. [PMID: 19961646 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With rapid developments in DNA and protein sequencing technologies, combined with powerful bioinformatics tools, a continued acceleration of gene identification in parasitic helminths is predicted, potentially leading to discovery of new drug and vaccine targets, enhanced diagnostics and insights into the complex biology underlying host-parasite interactions. For the schistosome blood flukes, with the recent completion of genome sequencing and comprehensive transcriptomic datasets, there has accumulated massive amounts of gene sequence data, for which, in the vast majority of cases, little is known about actual functions within the intact organism. In this review we attempt to bring together traditional in vitro cultivation approaches and recent emergent technologies of molecular genomics, transcriptomics and genetic manipulation to illustrate the considerable progress made in our understanding of trematode gene expression and function during development of the intramolluscan larval stages. Using several prominent trematode families (Schistosomatidae, Fasciolidae, Echinostomatidae), we have focused on the current status of in vitro larval isolation/cultivation as a source of valuable raw material supporting gene discovery efforts in model digeneans that include whole genome sequencing, transcript and protein expression profiling during larval development, and progress made in the in vitro manipulation of genes and their expression in larval trematodes using transgenic and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches.
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17
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Mourão MDM, Dinguirard N, Franco GR, Yoshino TP. Role of the endogenous antioxidant system in the protection of Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts against exogenous oxidative stress. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e550. [PMID: 19924224 PMCID: PMC2771906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants produced by the parasite Schistosoma mansoni are believed to be involved in the maintenance of cellular redox balance, thus contributing to larval survival in their intermediate snail host, Biomphalaria glabrata. Here, we focused on specific antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione-S-transferases 26 and 28 (GST26 and 28), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 (Prx1 and 2) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), known to be involved in cellular redox reactions, in an attempt to evaluate their endogenous antioxidant function in the early-developing primary sporocyst stage of S. mansoni. Previously we demonstrated a specific and consistent RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of GST26 and 28, Prx1 and 2, and GPx transcripts, and an unexpected elevation of SOD transcripts in sporocysts treated with gene-specific double-stranded (ds)RNA. In the present followup study, in vitro transforming sporocysts were exposed to dsRNAs for GST26 and 28, combined Prx1/2, GPx, SOD or green-fluorescent protein (GFP, control) for 7 days in culture, followed by assessment of the effects of specific dsRNA treatments on protein levels using semi-quantitative Western blot analysis (GST26, Prx1/2 only), and larval susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in in vitro killing assays. Significant decreases (80% and 50%) in immunoreactive GST26 and Prx1/2, respectively, were observed in sporocysts treated with specific dsRNA, compared to control larvae treated with GFP dsRNA. Sporocysts cultured with dsRNAs for GST26, GST28, Prx1/2 and GPx, but not SOD dsRNA, were significantly increased in their susceptibility to H2O2 oxidative stress (60–80% mortalities at 48 hr) compared to GFP dsRNA controls (∼18% mortality). H2O2-mediated killing was abrogated by bovine catalase, further supporting a protective role for endogenous sporocyst antioxidants. Finally, in vitro killing of S. mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes of susceptible NMRI B. glabrata snails was increased in larvae treated with Prx1/2, GST26 and GST28 dsRNA, compared to those treated with GFP or SOD dsRNAs. Results of these experiments strongly support the hypothesis that endogenous expression and regulation of larval antioxidant enzymes serve a direct role in protection against external oxidative stress, including immune-mediated cytotoxic reactions. Moreover, these findings illustrate the efficacy of a RNAi-type approach in investigating gene function in larval schistosomes. Species of the human blood fluke Schistosoma are estimated to infect approximately 200 million people worldwide, resulting in loss of health, vitality and productivity mainly among the world's poorest inhabitants. Since snail intermediate hosts represent an essential part of the flukes' life cycle, an understanding of the strategies used by the intramolluscan schistosome larvae to survive within this host may provide novel approaches for disrupting larval development and thus transmission to humans. Anti-oxidant enzymes produced by the parasite Schistosoma mansoni are believed to play a critical role in the maintenance of cellular redox balance, contributing to larval survival in their snail host, Biomphalaria glabrata. In this study, we have incorporated a RNA interference approach attempting to knock down specific anti-oxidant enzymes, including gluthatione-S-transferases 26 and 28 (GST26 and 28), gluthatione peroxidase (GPx), peroxiredoxins 1 and 2 (Prx1/2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and to evaluate their endogenous anti-oxidant function in the sporocyst stage of S. mansoni. Results clearly demonstrated a significantly higher susceptibility of antioxidant double-stranded (ds)RNA-treated larvae to in vitro H2O2 treatment or hemocytic encapsulation compared to GFP dsRNA controls. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that endogenous expression and regulation of larval antioxidant enzymes serve a direct role in protection against external oxidative stress, including immune-mediated cytotoxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Moraes Mourão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Glória R. Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Timothy P. Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Han ZG, Brindley PJ, Wang SY, Chen Z. Schistosoma genomics: new perspectives on schistosome biology and host-parasite interaction. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2009; 10:211-40. [PMID: 19630560 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-150036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused mainly by Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. hematobium, remains one of the most prevalent and serious parasitic diseases worldwide. The blood flukes have a complex life cycle requiring adaptation for survival in fresh water as free-living forms and as parasites in snail intermediate and vertebrate definitive hosts. Functional genomics analyses, including transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, have been performed on schistosomes, in particular S. mansoni and S. japonicum, using powerful high-throughput methodologies. These investigations have not only chartered gene expression profiles across genders and developmental stages within mammalian and snail hosts, but have also characterized the features of the surface tegument, the eggshell and excretory-secretory proteomes of schistosomes. The integration of the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic information, together with genetic manipulation on individual genes, will provide a global insight into the molecular architecture of the biology, pathogenesis, and host-parasite interactions of the human blood flukes. Importantly, these functional genomics analyses lay a foundation on which to develop new antischistosome vaccines as well as drug targets and diagnostic markers for treatment and control of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Guang Han
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China.
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19
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Transcriptome analysis of Schistosoma mansoni larval development using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Parasitology 2009; 136:469-85. [PMID: 19265565 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009005733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Infection of the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, by the free-swimming miracidial stage of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, and its subsequent development to the parasitic sporocyst stage is critical to establishment of viable infections and continued human transmission. We performed a genome-wide expression analysis of the S. mansoni miracidia and developing sporocyst using Long Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (LongSAGE). Five cDNA libraries were constructed from miracidia and in vitro cultured 6- and 20-day-old sporocysts maintained in sporocyst medium (SM) or in SM conditioned by previous cultivation with cells of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line. We generated 21 440 SAGE tags and mapped 13 381 to the S. mansoni gene predictions (v4.0e) either by estimating theoretical 3' UTR lengths or using existing 3' EST sequence data. Overall, 432 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed amongst all 5 libraries. In total, 172 tags were differentially expressed between miracidia and 6-day conditioned sporocysts and 152 were differentially expressed between miracidia and 6-day unconditioned sporocysts. In addition, 53 and 45 tags, respectively, were differentially expressed in 6-day and 20-day cultured sporocysts, due to the effects of exposure to Bge cell-conditioned medium.
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20
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Wu XJ, Sabat G, Brown JF, Zhang M, Taft A, Peterson N, Harms A, Yoshino TP. Proteomic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni proteins released during in vitro miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 164:32-44. [PMID: 19095013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free-living miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni, upon penetration of the their snail intermediate host, undergo dramatic morphological and physiological changes as they transform to the parasitic sporocyst stage. During this transformation process, developing larvae release a diverse array of proteins, herein referred to as larval transformation proteins (LTPs), some of which are postulated to serve a parasite protective function. In the present study, nanoLC-tandem MS analysis was performed on all proteins represented in entire 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE-separated samples in order to gain a more comprehensive picture of the protein constituents associated with miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation and thus, their potential role in influencing establishment of intramolluscan infections. Of 127 proteins with sufficient peptide/sequence information, specific identifications were made for 99, while 28 represented unknown or hypothetical proteins. Nineteen percent of identified proteins possessed signal peptides constituting a cohort of classical secretory proteins, while 22% were identified as putative nonclassically secreted leaderless proteins based on SecretomeP analysis. Proteins comprising these groups consisted mainly of proteases/protease inhibitors, small HSPs, redox/antioxidant enzymes, ion-binding proteins including those with anti-oxidant Fe-binding activities (ferritins, heme-binding protein), and venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins. A polyclonal antibody generated against whole LTPs recognized proteins primarily associated with the cilia, ciliated epidermal plates and intercellular ridges of miracidia and the tegument of fully transformed sporocysts, identifying these structures as sources of a subset of LTPs. Thus lysis of plates and/or leakage during formation of the sporocyst syncytium likely represent significant contributors to the overall LTP makeup, especially identified nonsecretory proteins. However, as plate release/degradation and tegument formation are part of the normal developmental process, all LTPs regardless of tissue origin, would be expected at the parasite-host interface upon infection. This study significantly expands the repertoire of LTPs associated with larval transformation and identifies several, e.g., those involved in stress responses, proteolysis/inhibition, antioxidant and detoxication, and immune modulation, that may play a parasite protective role during this crucial period of transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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21
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Kumagai T, Osada Y, Ohta N, Kanazawa T. Peroxiredoxin-1 from Schistosoma japonicum functions as a scavenger against hydrogen peroxide but not nitric oxide. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 164:26-31. [PMID: 19041905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are expressed during most of the developmental stages in the schistosome. Prx-1 is localized on the surface of the schistosomula and adults of Schistosoma japonicum, while Prx-2 is localized in the sub-tegumental tissues, parenchyma, vitelline glands, and gut epithelium, but not on the surface of the worms. We applied RNA interference techniques to suppress the specific genes of S. japonicum Prxs. Schistosomula of S. japonicum were cultured together with long-dsRNA encoding Prx-1 and Prx-2 of S. japonicum (the soaking method). The transcription level of each Prx gene was reduced by an RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated effect specifically. Although neither Prx was the essential protein for survival of S. japonicum schistosomula, Prx-1 dsRNA-treated larvae were susceptible to hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, these larvae were also susceptible to t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene-hydroperoxide. However, the knockdown of neither Prx-1 nor Prx-2 influenced the resistance against nitric oxide generated from DETA/NO. Prx-1 may work as a scavenger against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated outside of the schistosomes to prevent the oxidation of the bodies and/or the attack by immune cells producing the ROS. These findings suggest that Prx-1 may become a novel target of drugs and vaccines for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Department of International Health Development, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Japan.
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22
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Humphries JE, Yoshino TP. Regulation of hydrogen peroxide release in circulating hemocytes of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:554-62. [PMID: 17981329 PMCID: PMC2271030 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomphalaria spp. serve as obligate intermediate hosts for the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Following S. mansoni penetration of Biomphalaria glabrata, hemocytes of resistant snails migrate towards the parasite, encasing the larva in a multicellular capsule resulting in its destruction via a cytotoxic reaction. Recent studies have revealed the importance of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) in parasite killing [Hahn UK, Bender RC, Bayne CJ. Killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata: role of reactive oxygen species. J Parasitol 2001;87:292-9; Hahn UK, Bender RC, Bayne CJ. Involvement of nitric oxide in killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata. J Parasitol 2001;87:778-85]. It is assumed that H(2)O(2) and NO production is tightly regulated although the specific molecules involved remain largely unknown. Consequently, the potential role of cell signaling pathways in B. glabrata hemocyte H(2)O(2) production was investigated by evaluating the effects of specific inhibitors of selected signaling proteins. Results suggest that both ERK and p38 MAPKs are involved in the regulation of B. glabrata H(2)O(2) release in response to stimulation by PMA and galactose-conjugated BSA. However, the involvement of the signaling proteins PKC, PI(3) kinase and PLA(2) differs between PMA- and BSA-gal-induced H(2)O(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Humphries
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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Williams DL, Sayed AA, Bernier J, Birkeland SR, Cipriano MJ, Papa AR, McArthur AG, Taft A, Vermeire JJ, Yoshino TP. Profiling Schistosoma mansoni development using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:246-58. [PMID: 17577588 PMCID: PMC2121609 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of chemotherapy and other control strategies over the past 50years, transmission rates for schistosomiasis have changed little. Regardless of the approach used, future control efforts will require a more complete understanding of fundamental parasite biology. Schistosomes undergo complex development involving an alteration of parasite generations within a mammalian and freshwater molluscan host in the completion of its lifecycle. Little is known about factors controlling schistosome development, but understanding these processes may facilitate the discovery of new control methods. Therefore, our goal in this study is to determine global developmentally regulated and stage-specific gene expression in Schistosoma mansoni using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). We present a preliminary analysis of genes expressed during development and sexual differentiation in the mammalian host and during early larval development in the snail host. A number of novel, differentially expressed genes have been identified, both within and between the different developmental stages found in the mammalian and snail hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA.
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