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Braden LM, Monaghan SJ, Fast MD. Salmon immunological defence and interplay with the modulatory capabilities of its ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12731. [PMID: 32403169 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Lsal) is an ectoparasitic copepod that exerts immunomodulatory and physiological effects on its host Atlantic salmon. Over 30 years of research on louse biology, control, host responses and the host-parasite relationship has provided a plethora of information on the intricacies of host resistance and parasite adaptation. Atlantic salmon exhibit temporal and spatial impairment of the immune system and wound healing ability during infection. This immunosuppression may render Atlantic salmon less tolerant to stress and other confounders associated with current management strategies. Contrasting susceptibility of salmonid hosts exists, and early pro-inflammatory Th1 type responses are associated with resistance. Rapid cellular responses to larvae appear to tip the balance of the host-parasite relationship in favour of the host, preventing severe immune-physiological impacts of the more invasive adults. Immunological, transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic evidence suggests pathological impacts occur in susceptible hosts through modulation of host immunity and physiology via pharmacologically active molecules. Co-evolutionary and farming selection pressures may have incurred preference of Atlantic salmon as a host for Lsal reflected in their interactome. Here, we review host-parasite interactions at the primary attachment/feeding site, and the complex life stage-dependent molecular mechanisms employed to subvert host physiology and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Braden
- AquaBounty Canada, Bay Fortune, PEI, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College-UPEI, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College-UPEI, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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Marr EJ, Wright HW, Sargison ND, Nisbet AJ, Burgess STG. Gene silencing by RNA interference in the ectoparasitic mite, Psoroptes ovis. Vet Res 2018; 49:112. [PMID: 30382906 PMCID: PMC6211577 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of components of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in Psoroptes ovis, an ectoparasitic mite responsible for psoroptic mange, was investigated through interrogation of the P. ovis genome. Homologues of transcripts representing critical elements for achieving effective RNAi in the mite, Tetranychus urticae and the model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster were identified and, following the development of a non-invasive immersion method of double stranded RNA delivery, gene silencing by RNAi was successfully demonstrated in P. ovis. Significant reductions in transcript levels were achieved for three target genes which encode the Group 2 allergen (Pso o 2), mu-class glutathione S-transferase (PoGST-mu1) and beta-tubulin (Poβtub). This is the first demonstration of RNAi in P. ovis and provides a mechanism for mining transcriptomic and genomic datasets for novel control targets against this economically important ectoparasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Marr
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The King's Buildings, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, Scotland, UK
| | - Harry W Wright
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Stewart T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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Guiguet A, Dubreuil G, Harris MO, Appel HM, Schultz JC, Pereira MH, Giron D. Shared weapons of blood- and plant-feeding insects: Surprising commonalities for manipulating hosts. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:4-21. [PMID: 26705897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Insects that reprogram host plants during colonization remind us that the insect side of plant-insect story is just as interesting as the plant side. Insect effectors secreted by the salivary glands play an important role in plant reprogramming. Recent discoveries point to large numbers of salivary effectors being produced by a single herbivore species. Since genetic and functional characterization of effectors is an arduous task, narrowing the field of candidates is useful. We present ideas about types and functions of effectors from research on blood-feeding parasites and their mammalian hosts. Because of their importance for human health, blood-feeding parasites have more tools from genomics and other - omics than plant-feeding parasites. Four themes have emerged: (1) mechanical damage resulting from attack by blood-feeding parasites triggers "early danger signals" in mammalian hosts, which are mediated by eATP, calcium, and hydrogen peroxide, (2) mammalian hosts need to modulate their immune responses to the three "early danger signals" and use apyrases, calreticulins, and peroxiredoxins, respectively, to achieve this, (3) blood-feeding parasites, like their mammalian hosts, rely on some of the same "early danger signals" and modulate their immune responses using the same proteins, and (4) blood-feeding parasites deploy apyrases, calreticulins, and peroxiredoxins in their saliva to manipulate the "danger signals" of their mammalian hosts. We review emerging evidence that plant-feeding insects also interfere with "early danger signals" of their hosts by deploying apyrases, calreticulins and peroxiredoxins in saliva. Given emerging links between these molecules, and plant growth and defense, we propose that these effectors interfere with phytohormone signaling, and therefore have a special importance for gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, which manipulate host-plants to create better food and shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Guiguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Marion O Harris
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Heidi M Appel
- Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jack C Schultz
- Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France; Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insectos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
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Zhang R, Zheng W, Wu X, Jise Q, Ren Y, Nong X, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Lai S, Yang G. Characterisation and analysis of thioredoxin peroxidase as a potential antigen for the serodiagnosis of sarcoptic mange in rabbits by dot-ELISA. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:336. [PMID: 23875925 PMCID: PMC3733899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is a widespread but a neglected tropical zoonosis. In this study, we characterised a S. scabiei thioredoxin peroxidase (SsTPx) and evaluated a recombinant SsTPx as a diagnostic antigen in rabbits. METHODS The open reading frame of the gene encoding SsTPx-2 was amplified and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified. SsTPx was localized in mite tissue by immunolocalisation using the purified recombinant protein. Serodiagnosis assays were carried out in 203 New Zealand White rabbit serum samples by dot-ELISA. RESULT The open reading frame (489 bp) of the gene encodes an 18.11 kDa protein, which showed highly homology to that of Psoroptes cuniculi (98.77% identity) and belongs to the 2-Cys family of peroxiredoxins. SsTPx was mainly distributed in muscle tissues of mites, integument of the epidermis and the anterior end of S. scabiei. Although SsTPx cross-reactivity with psoroptic mites was observed, the SsTPx dot-ELISA showed excellent diagnostic ability, with 95.3% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity in mange-infected and uninfected groups. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the purified SsTPx is a highly sensitive antigen for the diagnosis of mange infection by dot-ELISA. This technique is a rapid and convenient method that can be used worldwide for the clinical diagnosis of sarcoptic mange in rabbits, and is especially useful in developing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Wanpeng Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xuhang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Quwu Jise
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Husbandry Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiang Nong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Songjia Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
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Zheng W, Tang Q, Zhang R, Jise Q, Ren Y, Nong X, Wu X, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Lai S, Yang G. Vaccination with recombinant actin from scab mites and evaluation of its protective efficacy againstPsoroptes cuniculiinfection. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:91-8. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Zheng
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - Q. Tang
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - R. Zhang
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - Q. Jise
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - Y. Ren
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Husbandry Sciences; Chengdu; China
| | - X. Nong
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - X. Wu
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - X. Gu
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - X. Peng
- Department of Chemistry; College of Life and Basic Science; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - S. Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
| | - G. Yang
- Department of Parasitology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Sichuan Agricultural University; Ya'an; China
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Entomopathogenic fungi as potential biocontrol agents of the ecto-parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, and their effect on the immune response of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Psoroptic mange is one of the most severe skin conditions of sheep. This highly contagious disease is responsible for huge economical losses in many sheep-raising countries. It is also a significant welfare concern. Our understanding of the biology of Psoroptes ovis and of the host-parasite relationship during psoroptic mange made remarkable progress during the last decade. These data combined with the availability of powerful molecular tools have opened new avenues of research. Clearly, there is still a long way to go before a vaccine becomes a reality. Additionally, other diagnostic tools and control methods should be further investigated such as breeding for genetic resistance and the use of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Jacques Losson
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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McNair CM, Billingsley PF, Nisbet AJ, Knox DP. Feeding-associated gene expression in sheep scab mites (Psoroptes ovis). Vet Res 2009; 41:16. [PMID: 19852923 PMCID: PMC2789330 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mite Psoroptes ovis is the causative agent of sheep scab. Although not usually fatal, the disease can spread rapidly and is a serious animal welfare concern. Vaccine development against ectoparasites has primarily focussed on two sources of candidate vaccine antigens – “exposed” antigens that are secreted in saliva during feeding on a host and “concealed” antigens that are usually expressed in the parasite gut and may be involved in digestion. Here, we sought to identify genes encoding proteins important for mite feeding and digestion by a subtractive suppressive hybridisation approach comparing mRNA transcript abundance in “fed” and “starved” mites. The study identified a variety of genes which are up-regulated by feeding mites. These included group 1, 5, 7 and 13 allergens including the previously described cysteine protease Pso o 1. In addition, numerous novel genes were identified here including some encoding potential salivary gland proteins and others encoding proteins which may facilitate feeding such as a serum opacity factor. An olfactory receptor-like protein was identified in the starved mite population which may help the mite to identify a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M McNair
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, nr Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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