1
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Born-Torrijos A, Riekenberg P, van der Meer MTJ, Nachev M, Sures B, Thieltges DW. Parasite effects on host's trophic and isotopic niches. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:749-759. [PMID: 37451950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals are usually infected with parasites that can alter their hosts' trophic niches in food webs as can be seen from stable isotope analyses of infected versus uninfected individuals. The mechanisms influencing these effects of parasites on host isotopic values are not fully understood. Here, we develop a conceptual model to describe how the alteration of the resource intake or the internal resource use of hosts by parasites can lead to differences of trophic and isotopic niches of infected versus uninfected individuals and ultimately alter resource flows through food webs. We therefore highlight that stable isotope studies inferring trophic positions of wild organisms in food webs would benefit from routine identification of their infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Born-Torrijos
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip Riekenberg
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel T J van der Meer
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Milen Nachev
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Molbert N, Goutte A. Narrower isotopic niche size in fish infected by the intestinal parasite Pomphorhynchus sp. compared to uninfected ones. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:1466-1473. [PMID: 36097411 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Examples of parasite-related effects on intermediate crustacean hosts are numerous but their ecological consequences on their vertebrate hosts are scarce. Here, we address the role of macroparasite infections on the trophic niche structure of definitive hosts and its potential physiological consequences using wild fish populations infected with an acantochephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus sp., a trophically transmitted intestinal worm. Infected and uninfected fish were sampled from six populations on the Marne River, France and the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the host populations ranged from 50% to 90%. Although the isotopic ratios (δ13 C and δ15 N) did not differ between infected and uninfected fish, we found a consistent pattern of isotopic niche size being considerably smaller in infected hosts when compared with noninfected ones. This was not explained by interindividual differences in intrinsic factors such as length/age or body condition between infected and uninfected fish. These results suggest a potential niche specialization of infected fish, which did not impair their energetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlie Molbert
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EPHE, UMR METIS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EPHE, UMR METIS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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3
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Lockley EC, Fouda L, Correia SM, Taxonera A, Nash LN, Fairweather K, Reischig T, Durão J, Dinis H, Roque SM, Lomba JP, Dos Passos L, Cameron SJK, Stiebens VA, Eizaguirre C. Long-term survey of sea turtles (Caretta caretta) reveals correlations between parasite infection, feeding ecology, reproductive success and population dynamics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18569. [PMID: 33122760 PMCID: PMC7596700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of host-parasite interactions is important for understanding the consequences of infection on host fitness and population dynamics. In an eight-year survey of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) population nesting in Cabo Verde, we determined the spatiotemporal variation of Ozobranchus margoi, a sanguivorous leech best known as a vector for sea turtle fibropapilloma virus. We quantified O. margoi association with turtles’ δ15N and δ13C stable isotopes to identify where infection occurs. We then measured the influence of infection on reproduction and offspring fitness. We found that parasite prevalence has increased from 10% of the population in 2010, to 33% in 2017. Stable isotope analysis of host skin samples suggests transmission occurs within the host’s feeding grounds. Interestingly, we found a significant interaction between individual size and infection on the reproductive success of turtles. Specifically, small, infected females produced fewer offspring of poorer condition, while in contrast, large, infected turtles produced greater clutch sizes and larger offspring. We interpret this interaction as evidence, upon infection, for a size-dependent shift in reproductive strategy from bet hedging to terminal investment, altering population dynamics. This link between infection and reproduction underscores the importance of using long-term monitoring to quantify the impact of disease dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Lockley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.
| | - Leila Fouda
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Sandra M Correia
- Instituto Do Mar I.P. (IMar), Cova de Inglesa, C.P 132, Mindelo, Ilha do São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Albert Taxonera
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK.,Associação Projeto Biodiversidade, Mercado Municipal 22, Santa Maria 4111, Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde
| | - Liam N Nash
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Kirsten Fairweather
- Associação Projeto Biodiversidade, Mercado Municipal 22, Santa Maria 4111, Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Jandira Durão
- Biosfera I, Rua de Moçambique 28, Mindelo, Ilha do São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Herculano Dinis
- Associação Projecto Vitó, Xaguate, São Felipe, Ilha do Fogo, Cabo Verde
| | | | - João Pina Lomba
- Associação Ambiental Caretta Caretta, Achada Igreja, Pedra Badejo, Santa Cruz, Ilha do Santiago, Cabo Verde
| | - Leno Dos Passos
- Fundação Maio Biodiversidade, Cidade de Porto Inglês, Ilha do Maio, Cabo Verde
| | - Sahmorie J K Cameron
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Victor A Stiebens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E14NS, UK
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4
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The Ecological Importance of Amphipod–Parasite Associations for Aquatic Ecosystems. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphipods are a key component of aquatic ecosystems due to their distribution, abundance and ecological role. They also serve as hosts for many micro- and macro-parasites. The importance of parasites and the necessity to include them in ecological studies has been increasingly recognized in the last two decades by ecologists and conservation biologists. Parasites are able to alter survival, growth, feeding, mobility, mating, fecundity and stressors’ response of their amphipod hosts. In addition to their modulating effects on host population size and dynamics, parasites affect community structure and food webs in different ways: by increasing the susceptibility of amphipods to predation, by quantitatively and qualitatively changing the host diet, and by modifying competitive interactions. Human-induced stressors such as climate change, pollution and species introduction that affect host–parasite equilibrium, may enhance or reduce the infection effects on hosts and ecosystems. The present review illustrates the importance of parasites for ecosystem processes using examples from aquatic environments and amphipods as a host group. As seen from the literature, amphipod–parasite systems are likely a key component of ecological processes, but more quantitative data from natural populations and field evidence are necessary to support the results obtained by experimental research.
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5
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Labaude S, Cézilly F, De Marco L, Rigaud T. Increased temperature has no consequence for behavioral manipulation despite effects on both partners in the interaction between a crustacean host and a manipulative parasite. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11670. [PMID: 32669670 PMCID: PMC7363812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites alter many traits of their hosts. In particular, parasites known as "manipulative" may increase their probability of transmission by inducing phenotypic alterations in their intermediate hosts. Although parasitic-induced alterations can modify species' ecological roles, the proximate factors modulating this phenomenon remain poorly known. As temperature is known to affect host-parasite associations, understanding its precise impact has become a major challenge in a context of global warming. Gammarids are ecologically important freshwater crustaceans and serve as intermediate hosts for several acanthocephalan species. These parasites induce multiple effects on gammarids, including alterations of their behavior, ultimately leading to modifications in their functional role. Here, experimental infections were used to assess the effect of two temperatures on several traits of the association between Gammarus pulex and its acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis. Elevated temperature affected hosts and parasites in multiple ways (decreased host survival, increased gammarids activity, faster parasites development and proboscis eversion). However, behavioral manipulation was unaffected by temperature. These results suggest that predicted change in temperature may have little consequences on the trophic transmission of parasites through changes in manipulation, although it may modify it through increased infection success and faster parasites development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France.
- Laboratoire "Génétique Evolutive Expérimentale", Institut de Biologie de L'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France.
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Lila De Marco
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
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6
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Fayard M, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Wattier R, Perrot-Minnot MJ. Magnitude and direction of parasite-induced phenotypic alterations: a meta-analysis in acanthocephalans. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1233-1251. [PMID: 32342653 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several parasite species have the ability to modify their host's phenotype to their own advantage thereby increasing the probability of transmission from one host to another. This phenomenon of host manipulation is interpreted as the expression of a parasite extended phenotype. Manipulative parasites generally affect multiple phenotypic traits in their hosts, although both the extent and adaptive significance of such multidimensionality in host manipulation is still poorly documented. To review the multidimensionality and magnitude of host manipulation, and to understand the causes of variation in trait value alteration, we performed a phylogenetically corrected meta-analysis, focusing on a model taxon: acanthocephalan parasites. Acanthocephala is a phylum of helminth parasites that use vertebrates as final hosts and invertebrates as intermediate hosts, and is one of the few parasite groups for which manipulation is predicted to be ancestral. We compiled 279 estimates of parasite-induced alterations in phenotypic trait value, from 81 studies and 13 acanthocephalan species, allocating a sign to effect size estimates according to the direction of alteration favouring parasite transmission, and grouped traits by category. Phylogenetic inertia accounted for a low proportion of variation in effect sizes. The overall average alteration of trait value was moderate and positive when considering the expected effect of alterations on trophic transmission success (signed effect sizes, after the onset of parasite infectivity to the final host). Variation in the alteration of trait value was affected by the category of phenotypic trait, with the largest alterations being reversed taxis/phobia and responses to stimuli, and increased vulnerability to predation, changes to reproductive traits (behavioural or physiological castration) and immunosuppression. Parasite transmission would thereby be facilitated mainly by changing mainly the choice of micro-habitat and the anti-predation behaviour of infected hosts, and by promoting energy-saving strategies in the host. In addition, infection with larval stages not yet infective to definitive hosts (acanthella) tends to induce opposite effects of comparable magnitude to infection with the infective stage (cystacanth), although this result should be considered with caution due to the low number of estimates with acanthella. This analysis raises important issues that should be considered in future studies investigating the adaptive significance of host manipulation, not only in acanthocephalans but also in other taxa. Specifically, the contribution of phenotypic traits to parasite transmission and the range of taxonomic diversity covered deserve thorough attention. In addition, the relationship between behaviour and immunity across parasite developmental stages and host-parasite systems (the neuropsychoimmune hypothesis of host manipulation), still awaits experimental evidence. Most of these issues apply more broadly to reported cases of host manipulation by other groups of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Fayard
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Wattier
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
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7
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Forrester GE, Chille E, Nickles K, Reed K. Behavioural mechanisms underlying parasite-mediated competition for refuges in a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15487. [PMID: 31664092 PMCID: PMC6820773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have been increasingly recognized as participants in indirect ecological interactions, including those mediated by parasite-induced changes to host behaviour (trait-mediated indirect interactions or TMIIs). In most documented examples, host behaviours altered by parasites increase susceptibility to predation because the predator is also a host (host-manipulation). Here, we test for a TMII in which a parasitic copepod modifies the predator-prey interaction between a small goby host and several larger predatory fish. Gobies compete for crevices in the reef to avoid predation and goby mortality increases more rapidly with increasing refuge shortage for parasitized gobies than for those free of parasites. We found interactive effects of refuge shortage and parasitism on two behaviours we predicted might be associated with parasite-mediated competition for refuges. First, as refuge-shortage increases, the rate of aggression among gobies increases and parasitism intensifies this interaction. Second, goby proximity to refuges increases as refuges become scarce, but parasitism nullifies this increase. In combination, these parasite-induced changes in behaviour may explain why parasitized gobies are poor competitors for refuges. Because the parasite is not trophically transmitted via host manipulation, these altered behaviours in parasitized gobies are likely coincidental to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Forrester
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Natural Resources Science, Kingston, 02881, USA.
| | - Erin Chille
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Science, Kingston, 02881, USA
| | - Katie Nickles
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Science, Kingston, 02881, USA
| | - Kiran Reed
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological Science, Kingston, 02881, USA
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8
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Grabner D, Sures B. Amphipod parasites may bias results of ecotoxicological research. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 136:123-134. [PMID: 31575839 DOI: 10.3354/dao03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amphipods are commonly used test organisms in ecotoxicological studies. Nevertheless, their naturally occurring parasites have mostly been neglected in these investigations, even though several groups of parasites can have a multitude of effects, e.g. on host survival, physiology, or behavior. In the present review, we summarize the knowledge on the effects of Microsporidia and Acanthocephala, 2 common and abundant groups of parasites in amphipods, on the outcome of ecotoxicological studies. Parasites can have significant effects on toxicological endpoints (e.g. mortality, biochemical markers) that are unexpected in some cases (e.g. down-regulation of heat shock protein 70 response in infected individuals). Therefore, parasites can bias the interpretation of results, for example if populations with different parasite profiles are compared, or if toxicological effects are masked by parasite effects. With the present review, we would like to encourage ecotoxicologists to consider parasites as an additional factor if field-collected test organisms are analyzed for biomarkers. Additionally, we suggest intensification of research activities on the effects of parasites in amphipods in connection with other stressors to disentangle parasite and pollution effects and to improve our understanding of parasite effects in this host taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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9
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Villalobos G, Nava-Bolaños A, De Fuentes-Vicente JA, Téllez-Rendón JL, Huerta H, Martínez-Hernández F, Rocha-Ortega M, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Córdoba-Aguilar A. A reduction in ecological niche for Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomine bugs. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:240. [PMID: 31097007 PMCID: PMC6524312 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Theory predicts that parasites can affect and thus drive their hosts’ niche. Testing this prediction is key, especially for vector-borne diseases including Chagas disease. Here, we examined the niche use of seven triatomine species that occur in Mexico, based on whether they are infected or not with Trypanosoma cruzi, the vectors and causative parasites of Chagas disease, respectively. Presence data for seven species of triatomines (Triatoma barberi, T. dimidiata, T. longipennis, T. mazzottii, T. pallidipennis, T. phyllosoma and T. picturata) were used and divided into populations infected and not infected by T. cruzi. Species distribution models were generated with Maxent 3.3.3k. Using distribution models, niche analysis tests of amplitude and distance to centroids were carried out for infected vs non-infected populations within species. Results Infected populations of bugs of six out of the seven triatomine species showed a reduced ecological space compared to non-infected populations. In all but one case (T. pallidipennis), the niche used by infected populations was close to the niche centroid of its insect host. Conclusions Trypanosoma cruzi may have selected for a restricted niche amplitude in triatomines, although we are unaware of the underlying reasons. Possibly the fact that T. cruzi infection bears a fitness cost for triatomines is what narrows the niche breadth of the insects. Our results imply that Chagas control programmes should consider whether bugs are infected in models of triatomine distribution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3489-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiehdani Villalobos
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angela Nava-Bolaños
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A De Fuentes-Vicente
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Juan Luis Téllez-Rendón
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Herón Huerta
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Unidad Mérida, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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10
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Labaude S, Moret Y, Cézilly F, Reuland C, Rigaud T. Variation in the immune state of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) according to temperature: Are extreme temperatures a stress? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:25-33. [PMID: 28522173 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is known to impact host-parasite interactions in various ways. Such effects are often regarded as the consequence of the increased metabolism of parasites with increasing temperature. However, the effect of temperature on hosts' immune system could also be a determinant. Here we assessed the influence of temperature on the immunocompetence of the crustacean amphipod Gammarus pulex. Amphipods play a key ecological role in freshwater ecosystems that can be altered by several parasites. We investigated the consequences of three weeks of acclimatization at four temperatures (from 9 °C to 17 °C) on different immunological parameters. Temperature influenced both hemocyte concentration and active phenoloxidase enzymatic activity, with lower values at intermediate temperatures, while total phenoloxidase activity was not affected. In addition, the ability of gammarids to clear a bacterial infection was at the highest at intermediate temperatures. These results suggest a dysregulation of the immune system of gammarids in response to stress induced by extreme temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, équipe Ecologie Evolutive, 6 boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France.
| | - Yannick Moret
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, équipe Ecologie Evolutive, 6 boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, équipe Ecologie Evolutive, 6 boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Charel Reuland
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, équipe Ecologie Evolutive, 6 boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, équipe Ecologie Evolutive, 6 boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
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11
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Bojko J, Bącela-Spychalska K, Stebbing PD, Dunn AM, Grabowski M, Rachalewski M, Stentiford GD. Parasites, pathogens and commensals in the "low-impact" non-native amphipod host Gammarus roeselii. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:193. [PMID: 28427445 PMCID: PMC5397875 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whilst vastly understudied, pathogens of non-native species (NNS) are increasingly recognised as important threats to native wildlife. This study builds upon recent recommendations for improved screening for pathogens in NNS by focusing on populations of Gammarus roeselii in Chojna, north-western Poland. At this location, and in other parts of continental Europe, G. roeselii is considered a well-established and relatively ‘low-impact’ invader, with little understanding about its underlying pathogen profile and even less on potential spill-over of these pathogens to native species. Results Using a combination of histological, ultrastructural and phylogenetic approaches, we define a pathogen profile for non-native populations of G. roeselii in Poland. This profile comprised acanthocephalans (Polymorphus minutus Goese, 1782 and Pomphorhynchus sp.), digenean trematodes, commensal rotifers, commensal and parasitic ciliated protists, gregarines, microsporidia, a putative rickettsia-like organism, filamentous bacteria and two viral pathogens, the majority of which are previously unknown to science. To demonstrate potential for such pathogenic risks to be characterised from a taxonomic perspective, one of the pathogens, a novel microsporidian, is described based upon its pathology, developmental cycle and SSU rRNA gene phylogeny. The novel microsporidian Cucumispora roeselii n. sp. displayed closest morphological and phylogenetic similarity to two previously described taxa, Cucumispora dikerogammari (Ovcharenko & Kurandina, 1987), and Cucumispora ornata Bojko, Dunn, Stebbing, Ross, Kerr & Stentiford, 2015. Conclusions In addition to our discovery extending the host range for the genus Cucumispora Ovcharenko, Bacela, Wilkinson, Ironside, Rigaud & Wattier, 2010 outside of the amphipod host genus Dikerogammarus Stebbing, we reveal significant potential for the co-transfer of (previously unknown) pathogens alongside this host when invading novel locations. This study highlights the importance of pre-invasion screening of low-impact NNS and, provides a means to document and potentially mitigate the additional risks posed by previously unknown pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2108-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Bojko
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Pathology and Molecular Systematics Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Karolina Bącela-Spychalska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paul D Stebbing
- Epidemiology and Risk Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alison M Dunn
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michał Grabowski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Rachalewski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Pathology and Molecular Systematics Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK. .,European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK.
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12
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Labaude S, Cézilly F, Rigaud T. Temperature-related Intraspecific Variability in the Behavioral Manipulation of Acanthocephalan Parasites on Their Gammarid Hosts. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 232:82-90. [PMID: 28654335 DOI: 10.1086/692684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of temperature on ecologically important species has become a major challenge in the context of global warming. However, the consequences of climate change cannot be accurately predicted without taking into consideration biotic interactions. Parasitic infection, in particular, constitutes a widespread biotic interaction, and parasites impact their hosts in multiple ways, eventually leading to consequences for communities and ecosystems. We explored the effect of temperature on the anti-predator behavior of a keystone freshwater invertebrate, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Gammarids regularly harbor manipulative acanthocephalan parasites that modify their anti-predator behavior in ways that potentially increase the probability of trophic transmission to their definitive hosts. We investigated the impact of temperature on gammarids infected by two acanthocephalan parasites, Pomphorhynchus tereticollis and Polymorphus minutus. Uninfected and naturally infected gammarids were acclimatized to different temperatures, and their behavior was measured. Our results showed that the effect of infection on the phototaxis of gammarids increased with increasing temperature, with a stronger effect induced by P. tereticollis. In contrast, temperature had no effect on the alteration of refuge use or geotaxis observed in infected gammarids. Our results provide the first direct evidence that temperature can affect the extent of behavioral alteration brought about by certain parasite species. However, the consequences of increased trophic transmission remain elusive; the supposedly key anti-predatory behavior was not significantly affected by exposure of gammarids to different temperatures.
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Labaude S, Rigaud T, Cézilly F. Additive effects of temperature and infection with an acanthocephalan parasite on the shredding activity of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the importance of aggregative behavior. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1415-1424. [PMID: 27591398 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have critical impacts on the ecological role of keystone species, leading to subsequent alterations within ecosystems. The consequences of climate change may be best predicted by understanding its interaction with the cumulative effects of other stressors, although this approach is rarely adopted. However, whether this interaction is additive or interactive can hardly be predicted from studies examining a single factor at a time. In particular, biotic interactions are known to induce modifications in the functional role of many species. Here, we explored the effect of temperature on leaf consumption by a keystone freshwater shredder, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. This species is found at high densities in the wild and relies on aggregation as an antipredator behavior. In addition, gammarids regularly harbor acanthocephalan parasites that are known to induce multiple effects on their hosts, including modifications on their functional role. We thus assessed the cumulative effect of both intraspecific interactions and parasitism. Consumption tests were conducted on gammarids, either naturally infected with Pomphorhynchus tereticollis or uninfected, feeding alone or in groups. Our results show that increased temperatures induced a significant increase in consumption, but only to a certain extent. Interestingly, consumption at the highest temperature depended on amphipod density: Whereas a decrease was observed for single individuals, no such effect on feeding was observed for individuals in groups. In addition, infection by acanthocephalan parasites per se significantly negatively impacted the shredding role of gammarids. Overall, the combined effects of parasitism and temperature appeared to be additive. Thus, future studies focusing on the impact of climate change on the functional role of keystone species may benefit from a multimodal approach under realistic conditions to derive accurate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
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14
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Britton JR, Andreou D. Parasitism as a Driver of Trophic Niche Specialisation. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:437-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Acanthocephalan-related variation in the pattern of energy storage of a behaviorally and physiologically modified host: field data. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:339-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Jacquin L, Mori Q, Pause M, Steffen M, Medoc V. Non-specific manipulation of gammarid behaviour by P. minutus parasite enhances their predation by definitive bird hosts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101684. [PMID: 25000519 PMCID: PMC4084987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically-transmitted parasites often change the phenotype of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase their vulnerability to definitive hosts, hence favouring transmission. As a "collateral damage", manipulated hosts can also become easy prey for non-host predators that are dead ends for the parasite, and which are supposed to play no role in transmission strategies. Interestingly, infection with the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus has been shown to reduce the vulnerability of its gammarid intermediate hosts to non-host predators, whose presence triggered the behavioural alterations expected to favour trophic transmission to bird definitive hosts. Whilst the behavioural response of infected gammarids to the presence of definitive hosts remains to be investigated, this suggests that trophic transmission might be promoted by non-host predation risk. We conducted microcosm experiments to test whether the behaviour of P. minutus-infected gammarids was specific to the type of predator (i.e. mallard as definitive host and fish as non-host), and mesocosm experiments to test whether trophic transmission to bird hosts was influenced by non-host predation risk. Based on the behaviours we investigated (predator avoidance, activity, geotaxis, conspecific attraction), we found no evidence for a specific fine-tuned response in infected gammarids, which behaved similarly whatever the type of predator (mallard or fish). During predation tests, fish predation risk did not influence the differential predation of mallards that over-consumed infected gammarids compared to uninfected individuals. Overall, our results bring support for a less sophisticated scenario of manipulation than previously expected, combining chronic behavioural alterations with phasic behavioural alterations triggered by the chemical and physical cues coming from any type of predator. Given the wide dispersal range of waterbirds (the definitive hosts of P. minutus), such a manipulation whose efficiency does not depend on the biotic context is likely to facilitate its trophic transmission in a wide range of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jacquin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; McGill University, Department of Biology & Redpath Museum, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Quentin Mori
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Pause
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Steffen
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Medoc
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (iEES, UPMC-CNRS) UMR 7618, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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17
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Dianne L, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Bauer A, Guvenatam A, Rigaud T. Parasite-induced alteration of plastic response to predation threat: increased refuge use but lower food intake in Gammarus pulex infected with the acanothocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A co-invasive microsporidian parasite that reduces the predatory behaviour of its host Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Parasitology 2013; 141:254-8. [PMID: 24135318 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are known to affect the predatory behaviour or diet of their hosts. In relation to biological invasions, parasites may significantly influence the invasiveness of the host population and/or mediate the relationships between the invader and the invaded community. Dikerogammarus villosus, a recently introduced species, has had a major impact in European rivers. Notably, its high position in trophic web and high predatory behaviour, have both facilitated its invasive success, and affected other macroinvertebrate taxa in colonized habitats. The intracellular parasite Cucumispora dikerogammari, specific to D. villosus, has successfully dispersed together with this amphipod. Data presented here have shown that D. villosus infected by this parasite have a reduced predatory behaviour compared with healthy individuals, and are much more active suggesting that the co-invasive parasite may diminish the predatory pressure of D. villosus on newly colonized communities.
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19
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Does the acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus modify the energy reserves and antitoxic defences of its intermediate host Gammarus roeseli? Parasitology 2012; 139:1054-61. [PMID: 22405348 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In disturbed environments, infected organisms have to face both parasitic and chemical stresses. Although this situation is common, few studies have been devoted to the effects of infection on hosts' energy reserves and antitoxic defence capacities, while parasite survival depends on host survival. In this study, we tested the consequences of an infection by Polymorphus minutus on the energy reserves (protein, lipid and glycogen) and antioxidant defence capacities (reduced glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase activity) of Gammarus roeseli males and females, in the absence of chemical stress. Moreover, malondialdehyde concentration was used as a toxicity biomarker. The results revealed that in infected G. roeseli, whatever their gender and the sampling month, protein and lipid contents were lower, but glycogen contents were higher. This could be explained by the fact that the parasite diverts part of the host's energy for its own development. Moreover, glutathione concentrations and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase activity were both lower, which could lead to lower antitoxic defence in the host. These results suggest negative effects on individuals in the case of additional stress (e.g. pollutant exposure). In the absence of chemical stress, the lower malondialdehyde level in infected gammarids could imply a probable protective effect of the parasite.
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