1
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Hendrick GC, Nicholson MD, Pagan JA, Artim JM, Dolan MC, Sikkel PC. Blood meal identification reveals extremely broad host range and host-bias in a temporary ectoparasite of coral reef fishes. Oecologia 2023; 203:349-360. [PMID: 37951847 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Appreciation for the role of cryptofauna in ecological systems has increased dramatically over the past decade. The impacts blood-feeding arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitos, have on terrestrial communities are the subject of hundreds of papers annually. However, blood-feeding arthropods have been largely ignored in marine environments. Gnathiid isopods, often referred to as "ticks of the sea", are temporary external parasites of fishes. They are found in all marine environments and have many consequential impacts on host fitness. Because they are highly mobile and only associated with their hosts while obtaining a blood meal, their broader trophic connections are difficult to discern. Conventional methods rely heavily on detecting gnathiids on wild-caught fishes. However, this approach typically yields few gnathiids and does not account for hosts that avoid capture. To overcome this limitation, we sequenced blood meals of free-living gnathiids collected in light traps to assess the host range and community-dependent exploitation of Caribbean gnathiid isopods. Using fish-specific COI (cox1) primers, sequencing individual blood meals from 1060 gnathiids resulted in the identification of 70 host fish species from 27 families. Comparisons of fish assemblages to blood meal identification frequencies at four collection sites indicated that fishes within the families Haemulidae (grunts) and Lutjanidae (snappers) were exploited more frequently than expected based on their biomass, and Labrid parrotfishes were exploited less frequently than expected. The broad host range along with the biased exploitation of diel-migratory species has important implications for the role gnathiid isopods play in Caribbean coral reef communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina C Hendrick
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew D Nicholson
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Andres Pagan
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO - Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - John M Artim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Maureen C Dolan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Water Research Group, Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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2
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Spitzer CA, Anderson TW, Sikkel PC. Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:65-73. [PMID: 34984169 PMCID: PMC8693287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and abundance of organisms is typically shaped by multiple biotic and abiotic processes. Micropredators are parasite-like organisms that are smaller than their hosts and/or prey and feed on multiple hosts during a given life stage. Unlike typical parasites, however, they spend much or most of their time free-living, associating only temporarily with hosts. In the ocean, micropredators can impact multiple fish species, and in particular can have significant lethal and sub-lethal effects on newly settled fish. Although gnathiid isopods are abundant and primary micropredators in coral reef ecosystems, their impacts are relatively unexplored within sub-tidal temperate rocky reefs. We investigated the distribution of juvenile gnathiid isopods along sub-tidal temperate rocky reefs and tested trap methodology. We also quantified both the sub-lethal and lethal impacts of feeding-stage juvenile gnathiid isopods on juvenile, post-settlement reef fish, Heterostichus rostratus (giant kelpfish). We were most interested in determining the relationship between gnathiid infestation level and fish swimming performance, in particular swimming metrics relevant to predator avoidance maneuvers. We found that Gnathia tridens was present in rocky reefs rather than embayments along the Southern California coastline and that within rocky reefs, gnathiids occurred in the highest densities in lighted traps. Surprisingly, we observed almost no influence of fish size or gnathiid sub-lethal infestation level on ambient or burst swimming performance metrics. However, burst duration was reduced by gnathiid infestation, which is important in predator avoidance. There were significant differences in survivorship among small fish compared to large fish as a result of gnathiid infestation. Larger fish survived higher numbers of gnathiids than smaller fish, indicating that parasite-induced mortality is greater for smaller fish. Investigations of the effects of micropredators on subsequent predator-mediated mortality, including the susceptibility of fishes and their individual responses to micropredators, can further contribute to our understanding of processes affecting recruitment in resident reef fish populations. Further research, especially within temperate sub-tidal ecosystems, is needed to understand and highlight the overlooked importance of micropredation in shaping fish populations within a reefscape. Gnathiid isopods are more abundant in sub-tidal rocky reef than in bay habitats off southern California. Among the trap designs tested, lighted traps were most effective. Wave height and lunar period also impacted capture rates. For H. rostratus, gnathiids alter fish swimming performance at varying levels of infestation. Mortality rates from gnathiid infestation were inversely related to the size of fish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. Spitzer
- Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Todd W. Anderson
- Department of Biology and Coastal and Marine Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Paul C. Sikkel
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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3
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Artim JM, Nicholson MD, Hendrick GC, Brandt M, Smith TB, Sikkel PC. Abundance of a cryptic generalist parasite reflects degradation of an ecosystem. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Artim
- Department of Biology and Program in Environmental Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas72467USA
| | - Matthew D. Nicholson
- Department of Biology and Program in Environmental Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas72467USA
| | - Gina C. Hendrick
- Department of Biology and Program in Environmental Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas72467USA
| | - Marilyn Brandt
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies University of the Virgin Islands St. Thomas US Virgin Islands 00802 USA
| | - Tyler B. Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies University of the Virgin Islands St. Thomas US Virgin Islands 00802 USA
| | - Paul C. Sikkel
- Department of Biology and Program in Environmental Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas72467USA
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University Potchefstroom2520South Africa
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4
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Vondriska C, Dixson DL, Packard AJ, Sikkel PC. Differentially susceptible host fishes exhibit similar chemo-attractiveness to a common coral reef Ectoparasite. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Grutter AS, Feeney WE, Hutson KS, McClure EC, Narvaez P, Smit NJ, Sun D, Sikkel PC. Practical methods for culturing parasitic gnathiid isopods. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:825-837. [PMID: 32505649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reliance of parasites on their hosts makes host-parasite interactions ideal models for exploring ecological and evolutionary processes. By providing a consistent supply of parasites, in vivo monocultures offer the opportunity to conduct experiments on a scale that is generally not otherwise possible. Gnathiid isopods are common ectoparasites of marine fishes, and are becoming an increasing focus of research attention due to their experimental amenability and ecological importance as ubiquitous, harmful, blood-feeding "mosquito-like" organisms. They feed on hosts once during each of their three juvenile stages, and after each feeding event they return to the benthos to digest and moult to the next stage. Adults do not feed and remain in the benthos, where they reproduce and give birth. Here, we provide methods of culturing gnathiids, and highlight ways in which gnathiids can be used to examine parasite-host-environment interactions. Captive-raised gnathiid juveniles are increasingly being used in parasitological research; however, the methodology for establishing gnathiid monocultures is still not widely known. Information to obtain in vivo monocultures on teleost fish is detailed for a Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and a Caribbean Sea (US Virgin Islands) gnathiid species, and gnathiid information gained over two decades of successfully maintaining continuous cultures is summarised. Providing a suitable benthic habitat for the predominantly benthic free-living stage of this parasite is paramount. Maintenance comprises provision of adequate benthic shelter, managing parasite populations, and sustaining host health. For the first time, we also measured gnathiids' apparent attack speed (maximum 24.5 cm sec-1; 6.9, 4.9/17.0, median, 25th/75th quantiles) and illustrate how to collect such fast moving ectoparasites in captivity for experiments. In addition to providing details pertaining to culture maintenance, we review research using gnathiid cultures that have enabled detailed scientific understanding of host and parasite biology, behaviour and ecology on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Grutter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - William E Feeney
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Kate S Hutson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St East, Nelson 7010 New Zealand; Centre for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 University Drive, Townsville, Australia
| | - Eva C McClure
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pauline Narvaez
- Centre for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 University Drive, Townsville, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Derek Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
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6
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Pagán JA, Veríssimo A, Sikkel PC, Xavier R. Hurricane-induced disturbance increases genetic diversity and population admixture of the direct-brooding isopod, Gnathia marleyi. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8649. [PMID: 32457295 PMCID: PMC7250855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe disturbances can substantially alter eco-evolutionary processes and dynamics. While the impacts of catastrophic events on the biophysical attributes of communities are sometimes assessed, their effects on the genetic patterns of species remain poorly understood. To characterize how severe disturbances impact species at the molecular level, we examined the effects of the most energetic North Atlantic hurricane season in 50 years on the genetic diversity and structure of a dispersal-limited isopod, Gnathia marleyi. We sequenced a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene for 432 gnathiids, collected from six localities, ranging from western Puerto Rico to St John, US Virgin Islands. Importantly, multiple years of pre-hurricane sample collection allowed us to characterize temporal genetic patterns under undisturbed conditions and detect the changes subsequent to the 2017 hurricanes. Our results revealed no change to genetic diversity or structure for the years prior to the 2017 hurricanes, with genetic structure occurring at the local and regional levels, with three main clusters corresponding to Southwest Puerto Rico, East Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. However, directly following the 2017 hurricanes, genetic diversity increased at five of the six sampled localities. Additionally, we found a clear homogenizing effect prompted by increased shared genetic diversity among geographically distant regions and sites that resulted in substantially decreased among-region and among-site differentiation. Our work shows that severe disturbances caused by major tropical hurricanes facilitate gene-flow and increase overall genetic diversity and population admixture of dispersal limited coral reef species, potentially impacting the ecology and evolution of a key regional endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrés Pagán
- CIBIO- Universidade do Porto, Centro de Investigção em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO- Universidade do Porto, Centro de Investigção em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, AR, 72467, State University, USA.
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Raquel Xavier
- CIBIO- Universidade do Porto, Centro de Investigção em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
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7
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Sikkel PC, Pagan JA, Santos JL, Hendrick GC, Nicholson MD, Xavier R. Molecular detection of apicomplexan blood parasites of coral reef fishes from free-living stages of ectoparasitic gnathiid isopods. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1975-1980. [PMID: 32333110 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gnathiid isopods are marine ectoparasites that feed on the blood of fishes that have been implicated as vectors of blood parasites, with transmission possibly occurring through biting during their parasitic life-stages, or through ingestion by fishes. However, evidence for their role as vectors is limited, reflecting the small number of research groups working on them. Here, we used a molecular barcode approach to identify fish hosts and apicomplexan parasites in free-living gnathiids from the eastern Caribbean Sea, with the goal of further evaluating their potential role as reservoirs and/or vectors for these parasites. Apicomplexa were only identified in 8% of the Gnathia analyzed, and in four cases we could identify both Apicomplexa and fish host DNA. The results further suggest that Gnathia spp. in this region may serve as reservoirs for Apicomplexa, but whether they are vectors for this parasite remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA. .,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - J Andres Pagan
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Joana L Santos
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Gina C Hendrick
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA
| | - Matthew D Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, State University, Jonesboro, AR, 72467, USA
| | - Raquel Xavier
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
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8
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Nicholson MD, Artim JD, Hendrick GC, Packard AJ, Sikkel PC. Fish-Parasitic Gnathiid Isopods Metamorphose Following Invertebrate-Derived Meal. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/19-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - John D. Artim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Gina C. Hendrick
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Amber J. Packard
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802
| | - Paul C. Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
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Mazzei R, Lampe M, Ohnesorge A, Pajot A, Soares MC, Bshary R. Ecological differences in the facultative Caribbean cleaning goby Elacatinus prochilos do not predict learning performance in discriminatory two-choice tasks. Anim Cogn 2019; 22:1039-1050. [PMID: 31367994 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-019-01295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ecological approach to comparative cognition emphasizes that the ecological and social environment are important predictors of cognitive performance. We used this approach to test whether differences in habitat use and social behavior in the facultative Caribbean cleaning goby Elacatinus prochilos predict differences in learning performance in two discriminatory two-choice tasks. This species has two behavioral ecotypes: one that frequently engages in cleaning interactions and inhabits corals in male-female pairs (cleaning gobies) and another that rarely engages in cleaning interactions and inhabits barrel sponges in large groups (sponge-dwellers). We predicted that cleaning gobies would outperform sponge-dwellers in a pattern-cued task, which consisted of identifying the pattern on a plate that consistently provided food, while sponge-dwellers would outperform cleaning gobies in a spatial task, which consisted of identifying the location of the plate. Contrary to our predictions, there was no difference in performance between the two ecotypes. Most of the gobies performed poorly in the pattern-cued task and well in the spatial task. A possible explanation for these results is that the association of a pattern with positive and negative reinforcement may not be a pre-requisite for engaging in cleaning interactions, while spatial skills might be equally required in both ecotypes. Alternatively, the two ecotypes can flexibly adjust to new feeding conditions, which would explain their similar performance in the spatial task. Further research should investigate which aspects of E. prochilos' social and ecological environment might impose challenges that require spatial cognition and whether individuals can flexibly adjust to new habitats and feeding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mazzei
- Eco-Ethologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Michelle Lampe
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alica Ohnesorge
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aude Pajot
- Eco-Ethologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marta C Soares
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Eco-Ethologie, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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10
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Hendrick GC, Dolan MC, McKay T, Sikkel PC. Host DNA integrity within blood meals of hematophagous larval gnathiid isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:316. [PMID: 31234905 PMCID: PMC6591976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile gnathiid isopods are common ectoparasites of marine fishes. Each of the three juvenile stages briefly attach to a host to obtain a blood meal but spend most of their time living in the substrate, thus making it difficult to determine patterns of host exploitation. Sequencing of host blood meals from wild-caught specimens is a promising tool to determine host identity. Although established protocols for this approach exist, certain challenges must be overcome when samples are subjected to typical field conditions that may contribute to DNA degradation. The goal of this study was to address a key methodological issue associated with molecular-based host identification from free-living, blood-engorged gnathiid isopods-the degradation of host DNA within blood meals. Here we have assessed the length of time host DNA within gnathiid blood meals can remain viable for positive host identification. METHODS Juvenile gnathiids were allowed to feed on fish of known species and subsets were preserved at 4-h intervals over 24 h and then every 24 h up to 5 days post-feeding. Host DNA extracted from gnathiid blood meals was sequenced to validate the integrity of host DNA at each time interval. DNA was also extracted from blood meals of wild-fed gnathiids for comparison. Attempts were also made to extract host DNA from metamorphosed juveniles. RESULTS Using a cox1 universal fish primer set, known fish host DNA sequences were successfully identified for nearly 100% of third-stage juvenile gnathiid blood meals, digested for up to 5 days post-feeding. For second-stage juveniles, host identification was 100% successful when gnathiids were preserved within 24 h of collection. Fish hosts were positively identified for 69% of sequences from wild-fed gnathiid isopods. Of the 31% of sequences not receiving a ≥ 98 % match to a sequence in GenBank, 25 sequences were of possible invertebrate origin. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the degradation rate of gnathiid isopod blood meals. Determining the rate at which gnathiids digest their blood meal is an important step in ensuring the successful host identification by DNA-based methods in large field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina C Hendrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, 72467, USA.,Arkansas Biosciences Institute, 504 University Loop, Jonesboro, AR, 72401, USA
| | - Maureen C Dolan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, 72467, USA.,Arkansas Biosciences Institute, 504 University Loop, Jonesboro, AR, 72401, USA
| | - Tanja McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, 72467, USA
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, 72467, USA.
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11
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Morado N, Mota PG, Soares MC. The Rock Cook Wrasse Centrolabrus exoletus Aims to Clean. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Arya V, Verma H, Sethi D, Agarwal R. Brand Authenticity and Brand Attachment: How Online Communities Built on Social Networking Vehicles Moderate the Consumers’ Brand Attachment. IIM KOZHIKODE SOCIETY & MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2277975219825508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Arya
- Department of Management & Studies, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Hemraj Verma
- Department of Management & Studies, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Deepa Sethi
- Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Rajat Agarwal
- Department of Management & Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Shodipo MO, Gomez RDC, Welicky RL, Sikkel PC. Apparent kleptoparasitism in fish-parasitic gnathiid isopods. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:653-655. [PMID: 30460538 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gnathiid isopods are common external parasites/micropredators that feed on the blood of marine fishes. During the course of processing samples of gnathiid isopods collected from light traps in the central Philippines, we observed a gnathiid attached to and apparently feeding from the abdomen of another gnathiid. Because the abdomens of both gnathiids were enlarged, it was unclear whether one actually fed on the blood meal of the other. Introduction of unfed gnathiids with fed gnathiids revealed that one gnathiid could and did feed on the blood meal of another. This is the first observation of apparent conspecific kleptoparasitism reported for gnathiid isopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O Shodipo
- Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Silliman University, 6200, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
| | - Rick Dane C Gomez
- Department of Biology, Ateneo de Manila University, Katipunan Ave., 1105, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rachel L Welicky
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. .,Department of Biology, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, State University, AR, 72467, USA.
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14
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Lethal and sublethal impacts of a micropredator on post-settlement Caribbean reef fishes. Oecologia 2018; 189:293-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Jenkins WG, Demopoulos AW, Sikkel PC. Host feeding ecology and trophic position significantly influence isotopic discrimination between a generalist ectoparasite and its hosts: Implications for parasite-host trophic studies. FOOD WEBS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sikkel PC, Cook CA, Renoux LP, Bennett CL, Tuttle LJ, Smit NJ. The distribution and host-association of a haemoparasite of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the eastern Caribbean based on a combination of morphology and 18S rDNA sequences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:213-220. [PMID: 29988386 PMCID: PMC6024192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs harbor the greatest biodiversity per unit area of any ecosystem on earth. While parasites constitute the majority of this biodiversity, they remain poorly studied due to the cryptic nature of many parasites and the lack of appropriate training among coral reef ecologists. Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) are among the most abundant and diverse fishes on coral reefs. In a recent study of blood parasites of Caribbean reef fishes, the first ever apicomplexan blood parasites discovered in damselfishes were reported for members of the genus Stegastes. While these blood parasites were characterized as “Haemohormidium-like”, they appear to be distinct from any other known apicomplexan. In this study, we examined host associations, geographic distributions, and provide further insights on the phylogenetic affiliation of this parasite. A combination of morphological characteristics and 18S rDNA sequences suggest that this parasite may be the same species at multiple sites and occurs from the southern to the northern extreme of the eastern Caribbean, although it appears rare in the north. At present it appears to be limited to members of the genus Stegastes and infects all life history stages. It is most common in benthophagous species that occur in high population densities and appears basal to a major monophyletic clade containing species of coccidia, distinct from the Piroplasmida, the order to which Haemohormidium spp. have been assigned. These findings suggest a possible fecal-oral mode of transmission. A new species of Haemorhormidium-like apicomplexan blood parasite has recently been discovered in Caribbean damselfishes. Morphological and molecular data indicate that it is widespread in the eastern Caribbean. This parasite is limited to damselfish species of the genus Stegastes and infects juveniles and adults. It is most common in benthophagous species that occur in high population densities. This parasite resembles coccidia but 18S rDNA show it to be distinct from known genera, as well as genera of piroplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Courtney A Cook
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lance P Renoux
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Courtney L Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA.,Sarasota High School, 2155 Bahia Vista St, Sarasota, FL 34239, USA
| | - Lillian J Tuttle
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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17
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Effects of host injury on susceptibility of marine reef fishes to ectoparasitic gnathiid isopods. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Artim J, Sikkel P. Comparison of sampling methodologies and estimation of population parameters for a temporary fish ectoparasite. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2016; 5:145-57. [PMID: 27330985 PMCID: PMC4900441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing spatio-temporal variation in the density of organisms in a community is a crucial part of ecological study. However, doing so for small, motile, cryptic species presents multiple challenges, especially where multiple life history stages are involved. Gnathiid isopods are ecologically important marine ectoparasites, micropredators that live in substrate for most of their lives, emerging only once during each juvenile stage to feed on fish blood. Many gnathiid species are nocturnal and most have distinct substrate preferences. Studies of gnathiid use of habitat, exploitation of hosts, and population dynamics have used various trap designs to estimate rates of gnathiid emergence, study sensory ecology, and identify host susceptibility. In the studies reported here, we compare and contrast the performance of emergence, fish-baited and light trap designs, outline the key features of these traps, and determine some life cycle parameters derived from trap counts for the Eastern Caribbean coral-reef gnathiid, Gnathia marleyi. We also used counts from large emergence traps and light traps to estimate additional life cycle parameters, emergence rates, and total gnathiid density on substrate, and to calibrate the light trap design to provide estimates of rate of emergence and total gnathiid density in habitat not amenable to emergence trap deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Artim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
| | - P.C. Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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19
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Ectoparasitism on deep-sea fishes in the western North Atlantic: In situ observations from ROV surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2016; 5:217-28. [PMID: 27508117 PMCID: PMC4971233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A complete understanding of how parasites influence marine ecosystem functioning requires characterizing a broad range of parasite-host interactions while determining the effects of parasitism in a variety of habitats. In deep-sea fishes, the prevalence of parasitism remains poorly understood. Knowledge of ectoparasitism, in particular, is limited because collection methods often cause dislodgment of ectoparasites from their hosts. High-definition video collected during 43 remotely operated vehicle surveys (2013–2014) provided the opportunity to examine ectoparasitism on fishes across habitats (open slope, canyon, seamount, cold seep) and depths (494–4689 m) off the northeastern U.S., while providing high-resolution images and valuable observations of fish behavior. Only 9% (n = 125 individuals) of all observed fishes (25 species) were confirmed with ectoparasites, but higher percentages (∼33%) were observed for some of the most abundant fish species (e.g., Antimora rostrata). Ectoparasites included two copepod families (Lernaeopodidae, Sphyriidae) that infected four host species, two isopod families (Cymothoidae, Aegidae) that infected three host species, and one isopod family (Gnathiidae) that infected 19 host species. Hyperparasitism was also observed. As host diversity declined with depth, ectoparasite diversity declined; only gnathiids were observed at depths down to 3260 m. Thus, gnathiids appear to be the most successful group to infect a diversity of fishes across a broad depth range in the deep sea. For three dominant fishes (A. rostrata, Nezumia bairdii, Synaphobranchus spp.), the abundance and intensity of ectoparasitism peaked in different depths and habitats depending on the host species examined. Notably, gnathiid infections were most intense on A. rostrata, particularly in submarine canyons, suggesting that these habitats may increase ectoparasite infections. Although ectoparasitism is often overlooked in deep-sea benthic communities, our results demonstrate that it occurs widely across a variety of habitats, depths, and locations and is a significant component of deep-sea biodiversity. Ectoparasitism occurs across a wide range of depths, habitats, and localities. Host specificity was exhibited by 4 families of ectoparasites. Gnathiidae infected a wide diversity of fishes. Ectoparasite diversity and host specificity declined with depth. ROV surveys provide valuable observations of ectoparasitism and fish behavior.
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20
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An experimental test to compare potential and realised specificity in ticks with different ecologies. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Decreased movement related to parasite infection in a diel migratory coral reef fish. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Demopoulos AW, Sikkel PC. Enhanced understanding of ectoparasite-host trophic linkages on coral reefs through stable isotope analysis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4:125-34. [PMID: 25830112 PMCID: PMC4356874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism, although the most common type of ecological interaction, is usually ignored in food web models and studies of trophic connectivity. Stable isotope analysis is widely used in assessing the flow of energy in ecological communities and thus is a potentially valuable tool in understanding the cryptic trophic relationships mediated by parasites. In an effort to assess the utility of stable isotope analysis in understanding the role of parasites in complex coral-reef trophic systems, we performed stable isotope analysis on three common Caribbean reef fish hosts and two kinds of ectoparasitic isopods: temporarily parasitic gnathiids (Gnathia marleyi) and permanently parasitic cymothoids (Anilocra). To further track the transfer of fish-derived carbon (energy) from parasites to parasite consumers, gnathiids from host fish were also fed to captive Pederson shrimp (Ancylomenes pedersoni) for at least 1 month. Parasitic isopods had δ(13)C and δ(15)N values similar to their host, comparable with results from the small number of other host-parasite studies that have employed stable isotopes. Adult gnathiids were enriched in (15)N and depleted in (13)C relative to juvenile gnathiids, providing insights into the potential isotopic fractionation associated with blood-meal assimilation and subsequent metamorphosis. Gnathiid-fed Pedersen shrimp also had δ(13)C values consistent with their food source and enriched in (15)N as predicted due to trophic fractionation. These results further indicate that stable isotopes can be an effective tool in deciphering cryptic feeding relationships involving parasites and their consumers, and the role of parasites and cleaners in carbon transfer in coral-reef ecosystems specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul C. Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, State University, AR 72467, USA
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Female Gnathia marleyi (Isopoda: Gnathiidae) feeding on more susceptible fish hosts produce larger but not more offspring. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3875-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Low susceptibility of invasive red lionfish (Pterois volitans) to a generalist ectoparasite in both its introduced and native ranges. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95854. [PMID: 24796701 PMCID: PMC4010399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Escape from parasites in their native range is one of many mechanisms that can contribute to the success of an invasive species. Gnathiid isopods are blood-feeding ectoparasites that infest a wide range of fish hosts, mostly in coral reef habitats. They are ecologically similar to terrestrial ticks, with the ability to transmit blood-borne parasites and cause damage or even death to heavily infected hosts. Therefore, being highly resistant or highly susceptible to gnathiids can have significant fitness consequences for reef-associated fishes. Indo-Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) have invaded coastal habitats of the western tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Caribbean regions. We assessed the susceptibility of red lionfish to parasitic gnathiid isopods in both their native Pacific and introduced Atlantic ranges via experimental field studies during which lionfish and other, ecologically-similar reef fishes were caged and exposed to gnathiid infestation on shallow coral reefs. Lionfish in both ranges had very few gnathiids when compared with other species, suggesting that lionfish are not highly susceptible to infestation by generalist ectoparasitic gnathiids. While this pattern implies that release from gnathiid infestation is unlikely to contribute to the success of lionfish as invaders, it does suggest that in environments with high gnathiid densities, lionfish may have an advantage over species that are more susceptible to gnathiids. Also, because lionfish are not completely resistant to gnathiids, our results suggest that lionfish could possibly have transported blood parasites between their native Pacific and invaded Atlantic ranges.
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