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Kelly PA, McHugo GP, Scaife C, Peters S, Stevenson ML, McKay JS, MacHugh DE, Saez IL, Breathnach R. Unveiling the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways in Canine Demodicosis. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13033. [PMID: 38607285 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Canine demodicosis is a prevalent skin disease caused by overpopulation of a commensal species of Demodex mite, yet its precise cause remains unknown. Research suggests that T-cell exhaustion, increased immunosuppressive cytokines, induction of regulatory T cells and increased expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors may contribute to its pathogenesis. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular changes occurring in canine demodicosis using mass spectrometry and pathway enrichment analysis. The results indicate that endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes canine demodicosis through regulation of three linked signalling pathways: eIF2, mTOR, and eIF4 and p70S6K. These pathways are involved in the modulation of Toll-like receptors, most notably TLR2, and have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases in both dogs and humans. Moreover, these pathways are also implicated in the promotion of immunosuppressive M2 phenotype macrophages. Immunohistochemical analysis, utilising common markers of dendritic cells and macrophages, verified the presence of M2 macrophages in canine demodicosis. The proteomic analysis also identified immunological disease, organismal injury and abnormalities and inflammatory response as the most significant underlying diseases and disorders associated with canine demodicosis. This study demonstrates that Demodex mites, through ER stress, unfolded protein response and M2 macrophages contribute to an immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby assisting in their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kelly
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Gillian P McHugo
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- Proteomics Core, Mass Spectrometry Resource, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Peters
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - M Lynn Stevenson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - David E MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Irene Lara Saez
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Rory Breathnach
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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Kelly PA, Browne J, Peters S, Bell F, McKay JS, Lara-Saez I, Breathnach R. Gene expression analysis of Canine Demodicosis; A milieu promoting immune tolerance. Vet Parasitol 2023; 319:109954. [PMID: 37163871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Canine demodicosis is a common skin disease seen in companion animal practice that results from an overpopulation of the commensal Demodex mite species. Common predisposing factors to the development of canine demodicosis include immunosuppressive diseases, such as neoplasia and hypothyroidism, and administration of immunosuppressive therapies, such as corticosteroids. Despite this, the pathogenesis of development of canine demodicosis remains unclear. Previous studies have implicated a role for increased expression of toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), increased production of interleukin (IL)-10) and T cell exhaustion. Here, we investigate gene expression of formalin fixed paraffin embedded skin samples from twelve cases of canine demodicosis in comparison to twelve healthy controls, using a 770 gene panel (NanoString Canine IO Panel). Results show an increase in the T cell population, specifically Th1 and Treg cells in dogs with demodicosis. In addition, while there is an upregulation of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-13, there is also an upregulation of immune check point molecules including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. These findings suggest that Demodex spp. mites are modulating the host immune system to their advantage through upregulation of several immune tolerance promoting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kelly
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John Browne
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Susan Peters
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Frazer Bell
- University of Glasgow, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S McKay
- IDEXX Laboratories, Grange House, Sandbeck Way, Wetherby LS22 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Lara-Saez
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rory Breathnach
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Forton FM. Rosacea, an infectious disease: why rosacea with papulopustules should be considered a demodicosis. A narrative review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:987-1002. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ram PK, Singh SK, Srivastava A, Kumar G, Jaiswal AK, Yadav B, Garg SK. Effects of Injectable Trace Minerals (ITMs) on Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance of Newborn Calves with Tropical Theileriosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1397-1404. [PMID: 32572800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable trace minerals (ITMs) could provide a potential alternative way of trace mineral delivery for sick animals. Therefore, evaluation of ameliorative potentials of ITMs (copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc) on the circulating Th1/Th2 cytokine misbalance in Theileria annulata-infected calves was aimed. Forty-three T. annulata-infected newborn calves were randomly allocated into four groups: buparvaquone alone-treated group (BUPA), buparvaquone + oxytetracycline (BUPA + OXY)-treated group, buparvaquone + injectable trace minerals (BUPA + ITMs)-treated group, and BUPA + OXY + ITM-treated group. Blood samples were collected from each of the calves before the start of therapy (day 0) and on day 14 post-therapy. Serum contents of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were estimated by bovine specific ELISA kits. On day 14 post-therapy, significant amelioration in the circulating levels of the studied cytokines was not observed in the calves treated with BUPA, while the calves treated with BUPA + OXY revealed significant (P ≤ 0.04) amelioration in the circulating tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level. The calves treated with BUPA + ITMs revealed significant (P ≤ 0.041) elevation in the circulating interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and significant (P ≤ 0.011) reduction in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Moreover, the calves treated with BUPA + OXY + ITMs revealed significant reduction in TNF-α (P ≤ 0.0001) and IL-10 (P ≤ 0.012) contents, and significant elevation in IFN-γ (P ≤ 0.0002) content on day 14 post-therapy. None of the treated calve group revealed significant alteration in the circulating level of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on day 14 post-therapy. In conclusion, administration of ITMs to the therapeutic regimen of newborn calves with tropical theileriosis could be a promising therapeutic strategy. ITMs can be recommended for the amelioration of immunological misbalance due to tropical theileriosis in newborn calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Ram
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
- Animal Production Research Institute, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, 848125, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India.
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Amit K Jaiswal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Brijesh Yadav
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281001, India
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Mueller RS, Rosenkrantz W, Bensignor E, Karaś-Tęcza J, Paterson T, Shipstone MA. Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:5-27. [PMID: 31957202 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demodicosis is a common disease in small animal veterinary practice worldwide with a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES To provide consensus recommendations on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available before December 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. A draft of the document was presented at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (May 2018) and at the European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia (September 2018) and was made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and responses were incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS In young dogs with generalized demodicosis, genetic and immunological factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and affected dogs should not be bred. In old dogs and cats, underlying immunosuppressive conditions contributing to demodicosis should be explored. Deep skin scrapings are the diagnostic gold standard for demodicosis, but trichograms and tape squeeze preparations may also be useful under certain circumstances. Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Therapeutic selection should be guided by local drug legislation, drug availability and individual case parameters. Evidence for successful treatment of feline demodicosis is strongest for lime sulfur dips and amitraz baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuel Bensignor
- Dermatology Referral Service, 75003, Paris, 35510 Cesson-Sévigné, and 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Joanna Karaś-Tęcza
- Dermawet Dermatology Service for Dogs and Cats, Odyńca 37 lok.1/2, 02-606, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tara Paterson
- Small Animal Medicine & Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, PO Box #7, St George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Michael A Shipstone
- Dermatology for Animals, 263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, Brisbane, Queensland, 4053, Australia
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Morris MG, Ricart Arbona RJ, Daniels K, Gardner R, Easthausen I, Boteler WL, Baseler GP, Pastenkos G, Perkins CL, Henderson KS, Schietinger A, Lipman NS. Mite Burden and Immunophenotypic Response to Demodex musculi in Swiss Webster, BALB/c, C57BL/6, and NSG Mice. Comp Med 2020; 70:336-348. [PMID: 32605691 PMCID: PMC7446637 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection methods for Demodex musculi were historically unreliable, and testing was rarely performed because its prevalence in laboratory mice was underestimated. Although infestations are unapparent in most mouse strains, D. musculi burdens are higher and clinical signs detected in various immunodeficient strains. The parasite's influence on the immune system of immunocompetent mice is unknown. We characterized mite burden (immunocompetent and immunodeficient strains) and immunologic changes (immunocompetent strains only) in naïve Swiss Webster (SW; outbred), C57BL/6NCrl (B6; Th1 responder), BALB/cAnNCrl (BALB/c; Th2 responder) and NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG; immunodeficient) mice after exposure to Demodex-infested NSG mice. Infested and uninfested age-matched mice of each strain (n = 5) were euthanized 14, 28, 56, and 112 d after exposure. Mite burden was determined through PCR analysis and skin histopathology; B-cell and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and activation states (CD25 and CD69) were evaluated by using flow cytometry; CBC counts were performed; and serum IgE levels were measured by ELISA. Mite burden and PCR copy number correlated in NSG mice, which had the highest mite burden, but not in immunocompetent strains. Infested immunocompetent animals developed diffuse alopecia by day 112, and both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice had significantly increased IgE levels. These findings aligned with the skewed Th1 or Th2 immunophenotype of each strain. BALB/c mice mounted the most effective host response, resulting in the lowest mite burden of all immunocompetent strains at 112 d after infestation without treatment. Clinically significant hematologic abnormalities were absent and immunophenotype was unaltered in immunocompetent animals. Topical treat- ment with imidacloprid-moxidectin (weekly for 8 wk) was effective at eradicating mites by early as 7 d after treatment. IgE levels decreased substantially in infested BALB/c mice after treatment. These findings demonstrate a need for D. musculi surveillance in mouse colonies, because the infestation may influence the use of infested mice in select studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya G Morris
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;,
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen Daniels
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Imaani Easthausen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Gabrielle Pastenkos
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cheryl L Perkins
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth S Henderson
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Program in Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Ram PK, Singh SK, Kumari P, Srivastava M, Sudan V, Pandey RP, Garg SK. Role of cytokines in the clinical manifestation of exophthalmia in newborn calves with tropical theileriosis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12761. [PMID: 32497247 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the pathology of the exophthalmia and the host-immune response in naturally Theileria annulata-infected calves. The newborn calves detected positive for theileriosis were grouped into calves with theileriosis and absence of exophthalmia (n = 30), and calves with theileriosis and the presence of exophthalmia (n = 13). Sixteen healthy calves, free from any haemoprotozoal infection, were kept as healthy controls. A significantly (P ≤ .001) higher circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were estimated in diseased calves with and without exophthalmia as compared to healthy controls. Contrarily, significantly (P ≤ .01) lower interferon-γ (IFN-γ) level was estimated in diseased calves. The diseased calves with exophthalmia revealed significantly higher levels of TNF-α (P ≤ .001) and IL-10 (P ≤ .006) as compared to the diseased calves without exophthalmia. The diseased calves were not found to have an elevated intraocular pressure; rather they had significantly (P ≤ .001) lower intraocular pressure compared to the healthy controls. An elevated systemic TNF-α level might be attributed to the exophthalmia in calves with tropical theileriosis. The elevated circulatory IL-10 and reduced IFN-γ levels could be one of the strategies of Theileria annulata to escape the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Ram
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Mukesh Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Rudra P Pandey
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India
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Soman SP, Singh SK, Kumari P, Choudhury S, Singh A, Kanwal S, Khushboo R, Garg SK. Quantification of immuno-regulatory cytokine and toll-like receptors gene expression in dogs with generalized demodicosis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 280:109063. [PMID: 32151890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of Demodex mites is mainly controlled by host immunity; however, the precised mechanism of host-mite interplay and host immune response in the cutaneous microenvironment of dogs with generalized demodicosis (GD) are not yet established. In the present study, we envisaged the alterations in the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and immuno-regulatory cytokine gene in the skin lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dogs with GD. The expression of TLR2, TLR6, IFN-γ, TGF-β and IL-10 genes in the skin lesions and PBMCs of 15 dogs with GD was quantified by qRT-PCR. Compared to healthy dogs, significantly elevated expression of TLR2 (P = 0.048), TGF-β (P = 0.04) and IL-10 (P = 0.012) were found in the PBMCs of dogs with GD. Conversely, there was significantly reduced expression of TLR6 gene (P = 0.021) in the PBMCs of these dogs. The infested dogs also revealed significantly elevated expression of TLR2 gene (P = 0.034) in the skin lesions, while, the expression of the TLR6 gene was found to be significantly (P = 0.004) reduced. Interestingly, significant alterations in TGF-β (P = 0.105) and IL-10 (P = 0.162) genes expression were not observed in the skin lesions of diseased dogs. Our findings suggest that Demodex mites contribute to a different systemic and cutaneous immune response in dogs for their proliferation, and consequently the development of GD. Therefore, Demodex mites might be inducing the immunosuppression through activating the systemic over-expression of immunosuppressive cytokines; however, in the cutaneous lesions, the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines remained unaltered. Both systemic and local over-expression of TLR2 and reduced expression of TLR6 genes might be responsible for the inflammatory signs of canine demodicosis and helping to the mite to escape the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep P Soman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India.
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Soumen Choudhury
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Alok Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Sarita Kanwal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Richa Khushboo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 UP, India
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Singh SK. Superglue slide impression (SSI) method: a novel diagnostic application for canine demodicosis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:387-393. [PMID: 31768807 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The conventional gold standard diagnostic method for canine demodicosis, the deep skin scrapings (DSS), is traumatic to the animal and appears aggressive in the eyes of the owner. A less invasive, sensitive, easy-to-perform and field-oriented diagnostic method for the rapid diagnosis of canine demodicosis is warranted. The present study aimed to develop a rapid less invasive diagnostic method using superglue (cyanoacrylate adhesive) slide impression (SSI). Ninety-seven client-owned dogs presented with clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of demodicosis were examined using SSI for detection of Demodex mites. A clean microscope slide was taken and a drop of superglue was placed on the slide. Immediately, the superglue-bearing slide surface was applied to the previously squeezed selected skin lesion with gentle pressure for 30 s. The slide was removed from the skin lesion and a drop of immersion oil was placed over the SSI. Another clean cover slide was applied and examined under the microscope at low-power magnification (× 10 lens). Of the 97 dogs, 90 dogs (92.8%) were detected positive for demodectic mites using the SSI method, whereas 86 (88.7%) dogs were found positive using the DSS technique. The SSI method was found to be equally sensitive to the DSS method. In summary, the SSI method is a new quick, sensitive, easy-to-perform, owner- and animal-friendly, less traumatic and field-oriented diagnostic application for demodicosis in dogs. It can be used for harvesting the live demodectic mites and monitoring miticidal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., 281 001, India.
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10
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Gazi U, Taylan-Ozkan A, Mumcuoglu KY. Immune mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis: A review. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12673. [PMID: 31557333 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Demodex mites are saprophytic parasites of the mammalian skin, mostly found in or near pilosebaceous units of hairy regions. While they can be found in healthy humans and animals without causing any clinical manifestations, they were suggested to create pathogenic symptoms when they appear in high densities under favourable conditions (ie, demodicosis). Nevertheless, their role as the primary causative agent of the pathogenic conditions in humans is debated today. Canine demodicosis, which is highly prevalent in certain dog breeds, provides a valuable tool for studying the pathogenesis of human demodicosis. Canine and human demodicosis are caused by different Demodex species, and the clinical manifestations in former could be life-threatening. Nevertheless, current literature suggests similar immune responses and immune evasion mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis; cellular immunity appeared to have a central role in protection against demodicosis, and Demodex mites were shown to influence both innate and adaptive immune response to escape immune attack. The aim of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on demodicosis obtained from studies conducted on both organisms, and draw the attention to the effect of mite-associated factors (eg, microbiota) on the different clinical manifestations displayed during human and canine demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aysegul Taylan-Ozkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Singh A, Kumari P, Singh SK, Soman SP, Choudhury S, Srivastava A, Nigam R, Garg SK. Pre- and post-therapy circulating immuno-stimulatory and immuno-suppressive cytokines in dogs with juvenile-onset generalized demodecosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108954. [PMID: 31634689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproliferation of Demodex mites in dogs with compromised immunity attributed to the development of canine demodecosis. Whether clinical signs of canine demodecosis are triggered by genetically-mediated specific immunodeficiency in dogs or the Demodex mites induce lesions in hair follicles and result in compromised immunity is yet to be fully explored. To unravel the concealments of immunosuppression in canine demodecosis the present study was aimed to estimate the levels of circulating cytokines, pre- and post-therapy in nine dogs with juvenile-onset generalized demodecosis. At day 60 post-therapy of recommended amitraz rinse, significant (p ≤ 0.02) reduction in circulating IL-10 level was observed compared to its level before the start of the therapy (day 0). However, significant alterations in circulating levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were not observed in these dogs at day 60 post-therapy as compared to their day 0 levels. A strong positive correlation between circulating level of IL-10 and mites population was observed both on day 0 (r2 = 0.656; p ≤ 0.005) and day 60 post-therapy (r2 = 0.575; p ≤ 0.018). Therefore, our findings suggest that Demodex mites induce immunosuppression in dogs during clinical disease and mites burden seems to be responsible for the development of generalized demodecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
| | - Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India.
| | - Sandeep P Soman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India
| | - Soumen Choudhury
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001 UP, India
| | - Rajesh Nigam
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu-Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281 001, UP, India
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12
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Burke A, Kottwitz J, Wang C, White A. Use of oral fluralaner (Bravecto) to successfully manage adult‐onset generalised demodicosis in a silver fox (
Vulpes vulpes
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Burke
- Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Clinical Pharmacology LaboratoryAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
- Noah's ArkLocust GroveGeorgiaUSA
| | - Chengming Wang
- PathobiologyAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Amelia White
- Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
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13
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Nashat MA, Ricart Arbona RJ, Lepherd ML, Santagostino SF, Livingston RS, Riedel ER, Lipman NS. Ivermectin-compounded Feed Compared with Topical Moxidectin-Imidacloprid for Eradication of Demodex musculi in Laboratory Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018; 57:483-497. [PMID: 30185284 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Demodex musculi is a prostigmatid follicular mite that has rarely been reported in laboratory mice. Although prevalence of this species has not been assessed formally, we have found that many imported mouse strains from noncommercial sources harbor Demodex mites. To assess whether an acaricide can be used to eradicate this mite, infested immunocompromised mice were provided ivermectin-compounded (12 ppm) feed without restriction for 8 wk (n = 10), were treated topically with moxidectin and imidacloprid (MI; 3 and 13 mg/kg, respectively) weekly for 8 wk (n = 10), or remained untreated (n = 10). Mice were confirmed to be mite-infested before treatment and were tested after treatment by using fur plucks (FP), deep skin scrapes (DSS), and PCR analysis of fur swabs. In addition, the presence of mites was confirmed through skin biopsies at 2 study endpoints (1 wk [n = 5] and 12 wk [ n = 5] after treatment). Samples collected before treatment and from untreated mice were positive for D. musculi at all time points and by all test modalities. After treatment, all ivermectin-treated animals remained infested, whereas mice treated with MI were repeatedly negative by all test modalities. An additional shortened treatment trial revealed that 4 wk of MI (n = 7) was insufficient to eradicate mites. Neither treatment produced any evidence of adverse effects according to hematology, serum chemistry parameters, behavior, body weight, and histopathology. Of the 70 PCR assays performed in treated mice, 14 were positive when FP+DSS was negative. In 6 cases where PCR results were negative, 5 were positive by FP+DSS and a single sample was positive on skin biopsy. Although PCR analysis has a high detection rate for D. musculi, FP+DSS can further enhance the detection rate. In conclusion, topical MI administered for 8 consecutive weeks can safely eradicate D. musculi from an immunocompromised mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Nashat
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Michelle L Lepherd
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Gribbles Veterinary, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert S Livingston
- IDEXX BioResearch, Columbia, Missouri, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elyn R Riedel
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York;,
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14
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Souza CP, Schissler JR, Contreras ET, Dow SW, Hopkins LS, Coy JW, Rosychuk RA, Hawley JR, Lappin MR. Evaluation of immunological parameters in pit bull terrier-type dogs with juvenile onset generalized demodicosis and age-matched healthy pit bull terrier-type dogs. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:482-e162. [PMID: 30141276 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa P. Souza
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Jennifer R. Schissler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Elena T. Contreras
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Steven W. Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Leone S. Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Coy
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Rod A.W. Rosychuk
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Jennifer R. Hawley
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
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15
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Gasparetto ND, Almeida ADBPF, Nakazato L, França EL, França ACH, Fagundes DLG, Bortolini J, Sousa VRF. Density measurement of Demodex canis by qPCR and analysis of serum cytokine levels in dogs with different clinical forms of demodicosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 257:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Kumari P, Nigam R, Choudhury S, Singh SK, Yadav B, Kumar D, Garg SK. Demodex canis targets TLRs to evade host immunity and induce canine demodicosis. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40. [PMID: 29253318 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Widespread incidence of Demodex mites throughout the mammalian class and occasional serious and fatal outcomes in dogs warrant an insight into the host-parasite interface especially. Therefore, this study was aimed to unravel the interplay between innate immune response and canine demodicosis. The dogs diagnosed to have natural clinical demodicosis were allocated into two groups; dogs with localized demodicosis (LD) and with generalized demodicosis (GD). The expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 6 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these dogs was quantified by real-time PCR. Significantly increased TLR2 gene expression, while significantly diminished TLR4 and TLR6 gene expressions were observed in demodicosed dogs (LD and GD) as compared with the healthy ones. Even the expression of TLR2 gene was found to differ significantly between the dogs with LD and GD. Therefore, it can be inferred that clinical demodicosis in dogs is coupled with an up-regulation of TLR2 and down-regulation of TLR4 and TLR6 gene expressions. Overexpression of TLR2 gene might be responsible for Demodex-induced clinical manifestations, while TLR4 and TLR6 gene down-regulations could be the paramount strategy of Demodex mites to elude the host-immune interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - R Nigam
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - S Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - S K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - B Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - D Kumar
- College of Biotechnology, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - S K Garg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
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