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Mirkov I, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Malesevic A, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M, Popov Aleksandrov A. Physiological strategies in wild rodents: immune defenses of commensal rats. Integr Zool 2024; 19:350-370. [PMID: 37814602 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of issues associated with urban/commensal rats and mice (property damage, management costs, and health risks) press upon research on these animals. While the demography of commensal rodents is mostly studied, the need for understanding factors influencing their natural morbidity/mortality is also stressed. In this respect, more attention is expected to be paid to immunity, the physiological mechanism of defense against host survival threats (pathogens, parasites, diseases). Commensal rats and mice carry numerous pathogens that evoke diverse immune responses. The state of immunity in commensal house mice is studied in great detail, owing to the use of laboratory strains in biomedical research. Because commensal rats are, compared to mice, carriers of more zoonotic agents, rats' immunity is studied mainly in that context. Some of these zoonotic agents cause chronic, asymptomatic infections, which justified studies of immunological mechanisms of pathogen tolerance versus clearance regulation in rats. Occurrence of some infections in specific tissues/organs pressed upon analysis of local/regional immune responses and/or immunopathology. A survey of immunological activity/responses in commensal rats is given in this review, with mention of existing data in commensal mice. It should throw some light on the factors relevant to their morbidity and lifespan, supplementing the knowledge of commensal rodent ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anastasija Malesevic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Costa NA, Cardoso TDS, Costa-Neto SFD, Alvarez MR, Maldonado Junior A, Gentile R. Helminths of sigmodontine rodents in an agroforestry mosaic in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Patterns and processes of the metacommunity structure. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:82-91. [PMID: 35519506 PMCID: PMC9062209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Awoniyi AM, Venegas-Vargas C, Souza FN, Zeppelini CG, Hacker KP, Carvalho-Pereira T, Marins CL, de Santana MC, Pertile AC, Begon M, Ko AI, Diggle PJ, Reis MG, Childs JE, da Silva EM, Costa F, Khalil H. Population dynamics of synanthropic rodents after a chemical and infrastructural intervention in an urban low-income community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10109. [PMID: 35710879 PMCID: PMC9203450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Synanthropic rodents are ubiquitous in low-income communities and pose risks for human health, as they are generally resistant to control programs. However, few or no studies have evaluated the long-term effect of chemical and infrastructural interventions on rodent population dynamics, especially in urban low-income communities, or evaluated the potential recovery of their population following interventions. We conducted a longitudinal study in a low-income community in the city of Salvador (BA, Brazil) to characterize the effect of interventions (chemical and infrastructural) on the dynamics of rodent population, and documented the post-intervention recovery of their population. We evaluated the degree of rodent infestation in 117 households/sampling points over three years (2014-2017), using tracking plates, a proxy for rodent abundance/activity. We reported a significant lower rodent activity/abundance after the chemical and infrastructural interventions (Z = -4.691 (p < 0.001)), with track plate positivity decreasing to 28% from 70% after and before interventions respectively. Therefore, the combination of chemical and infrastructural interventions significantly decreased the degree of rodent infestation in the study area. In addition, no rodent population rebound was recorded until almost a year post-intervention, and the post-intervention infestation level did not attain the pre-intervention level all through the study. Moreover, among pre-treatment conditions, access to sewer rather than the availability of food was the variable most closely associated with household rodent infestation. Our study indicates that Integrated Pest Management (IPM)-approaches are more effective in reducing rodent infestation than the use of a single method. Our findings will be useful in providing guidance for long-term rodent control programs, especially in urban low-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Neves Souza
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Kathryn P Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Catarina Lobo Marins
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Mayara Carvalho de Santana
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arsinoê Cristina Pertile
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Albert I Ko
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, 40025-010, Brazil
| | - James E Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eduardo Mendes da Silva
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies (VFM), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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Robinson SJ, Finer R, Himsworth CG, Pearl DL, Rousseau J, Weese JS, Lindsay LR, Dibernardo A, Huynh C, Jardine CM. Evaluating the utility of pest control sourced rats for zoonotic pathogen surveillance. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:468-474. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Robinson
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Rachel Finer
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Chelsea G. Himsworth
- School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Joyce Rousseau
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - L. Robbin Lindsay
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Antonia Dibernardo
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Chris Huynh
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Claire M. Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
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Vielmo A, Schwertz CI, Piva MM, Echenique JVZ, De Lorenzo C, Surita LE, de Andrade CP, Sonne L. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) migration in a white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) with concurrent distemper virus in southern Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1545-1549. [PMID: 35192069 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a worldwide zoonotic parasite that causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in many species of animals including humans. This report describes neuro-angiostrongylosis in a white-eared opossum that showed nervous clinical signs such as circling and depression. At necropsy, no relevant macroscopic lesions were observed. Histologically, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis was associated with multiple sections of nematodes and many intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies within gastric parietal cells. Immunohistochemistry was strongly positive for canine distemper virus in the stomach but there was no immunolabeling in the brain. This study describes a fatal case of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis by A. cantonensis with canine distemper virus concurrent infection in a white-eared opossum in southern Brazil, with histological characterization and molecular confirmation of the parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Vielmo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Claiton Ismael Schwertz
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marchezan Piva
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Joanna Vargas Zillig Echenique
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Cíntia De Lorenzo
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Lívia Eichenberg Surita
- PRESERVAS-Núcleo de Conservação e Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres, Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Pinto de Andrade
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42505, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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6
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Hancke D, Suárez OV. A review of the diversity of Cryptosporidium in Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus: What we know and challenges for the future. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106244. [PMID: 34863707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the diversity of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes infecting synantropic rodents. A total of 27 papers published between 1990 and 2020 assed the presence of Cryptosporidium in these rodents worldwide and described 17 different species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium. A great variation in the prevalence values were observed (0-63%). The most frequent species/genotypes were Rat genotype I and IV for R. norvegicus and Rat genotype II and III R. rattus, while C. tyzzeri was for M. musculus. Cryptosporidium parvum, the second most common species after C. hominis involved in human cryptosporidiosis cases, was the third most detected Cryptosporidium species in R, norvergicus (9.4% of the positive samples) and the 3 rodent species are common host for C. muris, also recognized as zoonotic. Besides, these synanthopic rodents can harbor Cryptosporidium species whose natural hosts are cattle, bovids, pigs, other rodent species, birds and a broad range of mammals. Considering the diversity described so far, it would have a great epidemiological impact to know how the variation of Cryptosporidium species composition along urban-rural gradients is like, including synanthropic rodents, wild and domestic animals and environmental samples, and to analyze the causal factors of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hancke
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Intendente Cantilo s/n, Pabellón II, 4° PisoLaboratorio 104 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, PB II, 4to piso, Argentina.
| | - Olga Virginia Suárez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Intendente Cantilo s/n, Pabellón II, 4° PisoLaboratorio 104 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, PB II, 4to piso, Argentina
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Souza FN, Aguiar Santos M, Almeida Alves D, Cecília Vieira de Melo L, Jessé Gonçalves da Mota D, Cristina Pertile A, Gava R, Luiz Silva Pinto P, Eyre MT, Graco Zeppelini C, Reis MG, Ko AI, Begon M, Bahiense TC, Costa F, Carvalho-Pereira T. Angiostrongylus cantonensis in urban populations of terrestrial gastropods and rats in an impoverished region of Brazil. Parasitology 2021; 148:994-1002. [PMID: 33843507 PMCID: PMC11010192 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the most common cause of neuroangiostrongyliasis (manifested as eosinophilic meningitis) in humans. Gastropod molluscs are used as intermediate hosts and rats of various species are definitive hosts of this parasite. In this study, we identified several environmental factors associated with the presence and abundance of terrestrial gastropods in an impoverished urban region in Brazil. We also found that body condition, age and presence of co-infection with other parasite species in urban Rattus norvegicus, as well as environmental factors were associated with the probability and intensity of A. cantonensis infection. The study area was also found to have a moderate prevalence of the nematode in rodents (33% of 168 individuals). Eight species of molluscs (577 individuals) were identified, four of which were positive for A. cantonensis. Our study indicates that the environmental conditions of poor urban areas (presence of running and standing water, sewage, humidity and accumulated rain and accumulation of construction materials) influenced both the distribution and abundance of terrestrial gastropods, as well as infected rats, contributing to the maintenance of the A. cantonensis transmission cycle in the area. Besides neuroangiostrongyliasis, the presence of these hosts may also contribute to susceptibility to other zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio N. Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maísa Aguiar Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniele Almeida Alves
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Arsinoê Cristina Pertile
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Max T. Eyre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Federico Costa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
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Hancke D, Suárez OV. Co-occurrence of and risk factors for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in brown rats from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:903-912. [PMID: 33113252 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A rodent survey was conducted in different landscape units of the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Rattus norvegicus and to, ultimately, assess the biotic, environmental and meteorological factors that explain the variations of the likelihood of infection for both parasites in an urban environment. The results of this study revealed a ubiquitous presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in R. norvegicus within an urban environment with the likelihood of infection depending on environmental and meteorological conditions for both parasites. The overall prevalence was greater for Cryptosporidium (p = 50.4%) than for Giardia (20.3%). The prevalence for both parasites separately was higher in parks compared to shantytowns and scrap metal yards. Generalized Linear Mixed Models revealed that the occurrence of these parasites separately, at an individual level, was positively related with rainfall variables and that the effect of temperature depended on the landscape unit. The similarities in the transmission modes, which are affected by common extrinsic factors, may facilitate the co-occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban rats. Rattus norvegicus is recognized as a good model for epidemiological studies and the results of this work suggest that, from an epidemiological point of view, the probability of contact with infectious oocysts and cysts of these parasites can be modulated through environmental management and healthy behaviour towards risk factors. The information presented here will be useful to improve the understanding of the dynamics of zoonotic diseases within urban environments and to contribute to the decision-making of new and effective prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hancke
- Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Virginia Suárez
- Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Hernández WC, Morán D, Villatoro F, Rodríguez M, Álvarez D. Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Helminths in Rodent Communities in Southern Guatemala. J Parasitol 2020; 106:341-345. [PMID: 32227228 DOI: 10.1645/19-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are reservoirs and hosts of several pathogens around the world, including zoonotic parasite species. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths in rodents captured inside households in a rural community from southern Guatemala. Sixty-nine rodents were captured in 33% (49/148) of the surveyed households, including Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, and Sigmodon hispidus. Thirty-six percent (25/69) of these rodents (3 Rattus and 22 Mus musculus), from 45% (22/49) of the households, were parasitized with at least 1 gastrointestinal helminth species. Helminths from 6 species were identified: Hymenolepis diminuta, Moniliformis moniliformis, Heterakis spumosa, Nippostrongylus sp., Strongyloides sp., and Syphacia sp. Two zoonotic species were found in Rattus, H. diminuta in R. rattus (1/6), and M. moniliformis in R. norvegicus (1/1). Coinfection with other non-zoonotic helminth parasites, such as He. spumosa and Strongyloides sp., also was observed in the Rattus genus. Mus musculus had only non-zoonotic helminths: He. spumosa, Nippostrongylus sp., and Syphacia sp. being the most common, and He. spumosa (96%) followed by Nippostrongylus sp. (48%), with a higher presence in males than females, with a similar proportion in adult and young individuals. This is the first report of zoonotic and non-zoonotic helminths parasites in rodents from Guatemala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Hernández
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Ave. 18-95 Zona 15, Vista Hermosa III, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - David Morán
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Ave. 18-95 Zona 15, Vista Hermosa III, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Federico Villatoro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencia Animal y Ecosalud, Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad Universitaria Zona 12, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Manuel Rodríguez
- Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Edificio M-8, Ciudad Universitaria Zona 12, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Danilo Álvarez
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Ave. 18-95 Zona 15, Vista Hermosa III, Guatemala, Guatemala
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10
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Helminths associated with Norops fuscoauratus (Squamata, Dactyloidae) in highland marshes of the Brazilian semi-arid. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e153. [PMID: 32390581 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helminthological studies may contribute with valuable information on host biology and conservation. Herein, we provide new data on helminths infecting the lizard Norops fuscoauratus, testing one of the factors considered most important in parasitic ecology: host size. We analysed 25 specimens of N. fuscoauratus from three highland marshes in the Brazilian semi-arid. Eight taxa of helminths belonging to Nematoda, Trematoda and Acanthocephala were found. Physaloptera sp. showed the higher prevalence (40%), with a mean intensity of infection of 3.3 ± 1.46 (1-16) and mean abundance 1.32 ± 0.65 (0-16). Norops fuscoauratus represents four new host records for the helminths Cyrtosomum sp., Pharyngodon travassosi, Strongyloides sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. There is no relationship of host body size (P = 0.79) and mass (P = 0.50) with parasite richness. In addition, the present study contributes to the knowledge of the parasitic fauna of N. fuscoauratus and the Neotropical region.
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Kersul MG, Costa NA, Boullosa RG, Silva AAS, Rios ÉO, Munhoz AD, Andrade-Silva BE, Maldonado A, Gentile R, Alvarez MR. Helminth communities of sigmonontine rodents in cocoa agroforestry systems in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 11:62-71. [PMID: 32274328 PMCID: PMC7131998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Agroforestry is an alternative kind of land use where the native vegetation is surrounded or intercalated by crops of economic interest. This system may maintain species richness by promoting the habitat heterogeneity or serving as ecological corridors. The aim of this study was to describe the gastrointestinal helminth fauna and to analyse the parasitological parameters of the helminth communities of six sigmodontine rodents in a cocoa agroforestry system in the municipality of Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. This is a novel study of helminth fauna in this kind of agroforestry. Rodents were captured in live-traps and euthanised for helminth recovery. Specimens were counted and identified to the species level whenever possible. Helminth abundance, intensity, and prevalence were calculated for each species and each host. The total abundance and prevalence of helminths were compared among localities and three attributes of the host: species, gender and age using generalised linear models. Considering all rodents, 52.14% of them were parasitised with at least one helminth species. Eight nematode species were identified and another seven morphospecies were identified to the genus level. The most abundant species were Hassalstrongylus epsilon, Stilestrongylus eta, Guerrerostrongylus zetta, and Syphacia alata. The opportunistic host species Oligoryzomys nigripes and Akodon cursor, besides the water rat Nectomys squamipes, were the most infected species for helminth parasites. Hylaeamys seuanezi was also an important host with the highest helminth species richness. This is the first report of the helminth fauna for this host. The locality most distant from the native vegetation and closest to the city had the highest helminth prevalence and mean species richness. The species richness in the helminth communities of Euryoryzomys russatus, N. squamipes and O. nigripes in these Cabruca agroforestries were within the range found in studies carried out in Atlantic Forest areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra G Kersul
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália A Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitátia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Boullosa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adna A S Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Élson O Rios
- Coleção de Mamíferos "Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira" (CMARF), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre D Munhoz
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Beatriz E Andrade-Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitátia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martin R Alvarez
- Coleção de Mamíferos "Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira" (CMARF), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Carvalho‐Pereira TSA, Souza FN, Santos LRDN, Pedra GG, Minter A, Bahiense TC, Reis MG, Ko AI, Childs JE, Silva EM, Costa F, Begon M. Coinfection modifies carriage of enzootic and zoonotic parasites in Norway rats from an urban slum. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana S. A. Carvalho‐Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Fábio Neves Souza
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Minter
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Thiago Campanharo Bahiense
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
| | - Mitermayer Galvão Reis
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Albert Icksang Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Eduardo M. Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030091. [PMID: 31252665 PMCID: PMC6789455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
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Patterns of helminth infections in Rattus rattus and Mus musculus from two Mayan communities in Mexico. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e30. [PMID: 30714552 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The black rat Rattus rattus and the house mouse Mus musculus are two commensal rodent species that harbour and shed zoonotic pathogens, including helminths. The aim of this survey was to study the helminth community and the patterns of infections in R. rattus and M. musculus from two Mayan communities in Mexico. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 322 M. musculus and 124 R. rattus, including Gongylonema neoplasticum, Hassalstrongylus aduncus, Hassalstrongylus musculi, Hydatigera taeniaeformis metacestode, Hymenolepis diminuta, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp., Syphacia muris, Syphacia obvelata, Rodentolepis microstoma and Trichuris muris. The overall richness of helminths was seven in R. rattus and six in M. musculus. The results of generalized linear models showed that juvenile rodents had lower probabilities of being infected with G. neoplasticum, H. taeniaeformis and H. musculi than adult rodents. A positive association between the prevalence of S. muris and rat abundance was found. The intensity of infection with S. muris was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the opposite result was found for H. musculi infection. Male R. rattus harboured more S. muris specimens. The intensity of infection with T. muris was inversely associated with mouse abundance. The presence of the zoonotic H. diminuta, as well as H. taeniaeformis and R. microstoma in rodent populations indicates that there is risk of transmission, and that their entire life cycle occurs in the study area.
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Comia I, Madureira AC, Schooley RT, Vieira ML, Noormahomed EV. Molecular Detection of Leptospira spp. in Rodents Trapped in the Mozambique Island City, Nampula Province, Mozambique. EC MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 14:813-821. [PMID: 31681910 PMCID: PMC6824726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by a bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In Africa it is frequently mistaken for frequently occurring conditions such as malaria. The aim of this study was to identify rodent species involved in the transmission of the disease, the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in selected rodent species and risk factors for human leptospirosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a descriptive and exploratory epidemiological and molecular study in Mozambique Island city in 2015. Six neighborhoods, comprising 30 households each were randomly selected. People from the selected 180 households were interviewed regarding their awareness of the disease, the presence of rodents in their houses, chemicals used to eliminate them, sewage disposal, water supply system, and other key issues related to the disease. In each neighborhood we trapped 10 rodents for morphometric study to identify their species and for molecular isolation of Leptospira DNA. We extracted kidneys from 57/60 of rodents trapped, and performed nested polymerase chain reaction targeting rrs 16S ribosomal DNA and lipL32 genes for identification of Leptospira genus and pathogenic Leptospira spp. respectively. RESULTS Of the 180 participants 92 (51%) reported having heard of leptospirosis; 107 (59%) have had the disease; 151 (83%) reported the existence of rats in their house; 100 (56%) had latrines; 118 (66%) used chemicals to kill the rats; 102 (57%) used well water and 114 (63%) used trash containers. The most prevalent rodent species captured was Rattus norvegicus 36/60 (60%), followed by Rattus rattus 19/60 (31.67%) and Mus musculus 3/60 (5%). rrs 16S ribosomal DNA was identified in 20/57 (35.%) rodents. Out these two were positive for lipL32 gene, giving an overall pathogenic Leptospira infection of 3.5% (2/57). The rodent species identified as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira were Rattus norvegicus (1) and R. rattus (1). CONCLUSION This is the first study in Mozambique to identify the presence of pathogenic species of Leptospira using molecular tools. Leptospirosis risk factors in Mozambique Island city are rodent's infestation, limited disease awareness, lack of access to clean water, insufficient resources for waste collection, greater clustering of households, poor sanitation environment and degradation of living conditions. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are present in the area studied and at least two species of rodents, the R. rattus and R. norvegi-cus are potentially involved in the transmission of the causal agents of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carina Madureira
- Parasitology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute of Health Education and Research, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Maria Luísa Vieira
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emília Virgínia Noormahomed
- Parasitology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute of Health Education and Research, Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Plants of Brazilian restingas with tripanocide activity against Trypanosoma cruzi strains. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:473-483. [PMID: 29147831 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi affecting millions of people, and widespread throughout Latin America. This disease exhibits a problematic chemotherapy. Benznidazole, which is the drug currently used as standard treatment, lamentably evokes several adverse reactions. Among other options, natural products have been tested to discover a novel therapeutic drug for this disease. A lot of plants from the Brazilian flora did not contain studies about their biological effects. Restinga de Jurubatiba from Brazil is a sandbank ecosystem poorly studied in relation to plant biological activity. Thus, three plant species from Restinga de Jurubatiba were tested against in vitro antiprotozoal activity. Among six extracts obtained from leaves and stem parts and 2 essential oils derived from leave parts, only 3 extracts inhibited epimastigote proliferation. Substances present in the extracts with activity were isolated (quercetin, myricetin, and ursolic acid), and evaluated in relation to antiprotozoal activity against epimastigote Y and Dm28 Trypanosoma cruzi strains. All isolated substances were effective to reduce protozoal proliferation. Essentially, quercetin and myricetin did not cause mammalian cell toxicity. In summary, myricetin and quercetin molecule can be used as a scaffold to develop new effective drugs against Chagas's disease.
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