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Corman HN, McNamara CW, Bakowski MA. Drug Discovery for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Review of Developments in the Past 15 Years. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2845. [PMID: 38137989 PMCID: PMC10745741 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of vector-borne, parasitic diseases caused by over 20 species of the protozoan Leishmania spp. The three major disease classifications, cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous, have a range of clinical manifestations from self-healing skin lesions to hepatosplenomegaly and mucosal membrane damage to fatality. As a neglected tropical disease, leishmaniasis represents a major international health challenge, with nearly 350 million people living at risk of infection a year. The current chemotherapeutics used to treat leishmaniasis have harsh side effects, prolonged and costly treatment regimens, as well as emerging drug resistance, and are predominantly used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. There is an undeniable need for the identification and development of novel chemotherapeutics targeting cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), largely ignored by concerted drug development efforts. CL is mostly non-lethal and the most common presentation of this disease, with nearly 1 million new cases reported annually. Recognizing this unaddressed need, substantial yet fragmented progress in early drug discovery efforts for CL has occurred in the past 15 years and was outlined in this review. However, further work needs to be carried out to advance early discovery candidates towards the clinic. Importantly, there is a paucity of investment in the translation and development of therapies for CL, limiting the emergence of viable solutions to deal with this serious and complex international health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Corman
- Calibr at Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.W.M.); (M.A.B.)
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Baldissera FG, Fazolo T, da Silva MB, de Santana Filho PC, da Silva VD, Rivillo Perez DM, Klitzke JS, de Oliveira Soares EG, Rodrigues Júnior LC, Peres A, Dallegrave E, Navegantes-Lima KC, Monteiro MC, Schrekker HS, Torres Romão PR. Imidazolium salts as an alternative for anti-Leishmania drugs: Oxidative and immunomodulatory activities. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1096312. [PMID: 36733394 PMCID: PMC9886892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1096312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we explored the previously established leishmanicidal activity of a complementary set of 24 imidazolium salts (IS), 1-hexadecylimidazole (C16Im) and 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride (C16PyrCl) against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Promastigotes of L. amazonensis and L. infantum chagasi were incubated with 0.1 to 100 μM of the compounds and eight of them demonstrated leishmanicidal activity after 48 h - C10MImMeS (IC50 L. amazonensis = 11.6), C16MImPF6(IC50 L. amazonensis = 6.9), C16MImBr (IC50 L. amazonensis = 6), C16M2ImCl (IC50 L. amazonensis = 4.1), C16M4ImCl (IC50 L. amazonensis = 1.8), (C10)2MImCl (IC50 L. amazonensis = 1.9), C16Im (IC50 L. amazonensis = 14.6), and C16PyrCl (IC50 L. amazonensis = 4).The effect of IS on reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential, membrane integrity and morphological alterations of promastigotes was determined, as well as on L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. Their cytotoxicity against macrophages and human erythrocytes was also evaluated. The IS C10MImMeS, C16MImPF6, C16MImBr, C16M2ImCl, C16M4ImCl and (C10)2MImCl, and the compounds C16Im and C16PyrCl killed and inhibited the growth of promastigote forms of L. amazonensis and L. infantum chagasi in a concentration-dependent manner, contributing to a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship of IS against Leishmania. These IS induced ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane disruption and morphological alterations in infective forms of L. amazonensis and killed intracellular amastigote forms in very low concentrations (IC50 amastigotes ≤ 0.3), being potential drug candidates against L. amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Giesel Baldissera
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fazolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Brasil da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar de Santana Filho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Demétrio da Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Max Rivillo Perez
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joice Sandra Klitzke
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Giovanni de Oliveira Soares
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Júnior
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kely Campos Navegantes-Lima
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,*Correspondence: Henri Stephan Schrekker, ; Marta Chagas Monteiro,
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,*Correspondence: Henri Stephan Schrekker, ; Marta Chagas Monteiro,
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081660. [PMID: 34451705 PMCID: PMC8401807 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to sustainable agricultural development aspire to use safer means to control pests and pathogens. Photorhabdus bacteria that are insecticidal symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Heterorhabditis can provide such a service with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to cope with the insect immune system. This review highlights the need of Photorhabdus-derived insecticidal, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, and toxic materials to fit into current, or emerging, holistic strategies, mainly for managing plant pests and pathogens. The widespread use of these bacteria, however, has been slow, due to cost, natural presence within the uneven distribution of their nematode partners, and problems with trait stability during in vitro culture. Yet, progress has been made, showing an ability to overcome these obstacles via offering affordable mass production and mastered genome sequencing, while detecting more of their beneficial bacterial species/strains. Their high pathogenicity to a wide range of arthropods, efficiency against diseases, and versatility, suggest future promising industrial products. The many useful properties of these bacteria can facilitate their integration with other pest/disease management tactics for crop protection.
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da Silva WJ, Pilz-Júnior HL, Heermann R, da Silva OS. The great potential of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for mosquito control: a review. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:376. [PMID: 32727530 PMCID: PMC7391577 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of insects of medical importance, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are still the only effective way to prevent the transmission of diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Their control is performed mainly using chemical products; however, they often have low specificity to non-target organisms, including humans. Also, studies have reported resistance to the most commonly used insecticides, such as the organophosphate and pyrethroids. Biological control is an ecological and sustainable method since it has a slow rate of insect resistance development. Bacterial species of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus have been the target of several research groups worldwide, aiming at their use in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial products. This review highlights articles referring to the use of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for insects and especially for mosquito control proposing future ways for their biotechnological applicability. Approximately 24 species of Xenorhabdus and five species of Photorhabdus have been described to have insecticidal properties. These studies have shown genes that are capable of encoding low molecular weight proteins, secondary toxin complexes and metabolites with insecticide activities, as well as antibiotic, fungicidal and antiparasitic molecules. In addition, several species of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus showed insecticidal properties against mosquitoes. Therefore, these biological agents can be used in new control methods, and must be, urgently considered in short term, in studies and applications, especially in mosquito control.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Junior da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Harry Luiz Pilz-Júnior
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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Nweze JA, Nweze EI, Onoja US. Nutrition, malnutrition, and leishmaniasis. Nutrition 2019; 73:110712. [PMID: 32078915 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infectious disease with a long history of infecting humans and other animals. It is a known emerging or resurging disease. The host nutritional state has an indispensable role in defense against pathogens. The host defense system disorganization as a result of undernutrition is responsible for asymptomatic infections and even severe diseases. Host susceptibility and pathophysiologic severity to infection can be aggravated owing to undernourishment in a number of pathways, and infection also may aggravate preexisting poor nutrition or further increase host susceptibility. This study suggests that there may be some relationship between malnutrition and the endemicity of the parasite. The susceptibility to and severity of leishmanial infection can be altered by the body weight and serum levels of micronutrients. Nutrition not only affects the vulnerability of the host but also may affect the desire of sandfly to bite a specific host. Apart from host defense mechanism, nutritional stress also greatly influences vector competence and host-seeking behavior, especially during larvae development. The host and sandfly vector nutritional states could also influence the evolution of the parasite. It is essential to elucidate the roles that diets and nutrition play in the leishmanial life cycle. The aim of this article is to review the influences of nutrition and diets on the host susceptibility and severity of infection, preemptive and therapeutic strategy feedback, parasite evolution, and vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Amuche Nweze
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Innocent Nweze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Uwakwe Simon Onoja
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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