Continuous infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) in patients with anorexia nervosa

Melatonin in psychiatric disorders: a review on the melatonin involvement in psychiatry

In normal subjects, the secretion of melatonin, the pineal hormone that regulates the rhythm of many functions, exhibits a circadian pattern synchronized with the day-night cycle. An alteration of this secretory pattern has been found in various psychiatric disorders (seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, bulimia, anorexia, schizophrenia, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder). At present, it is not known if such alterations have an etiological role or are secondary to the dysfunctions underlying the different disorders. In addition, we do not know if the involvement of melatonin in several disorders has the same significance in the pathophysiology of each disorder. An understanding of the role of the pineal hormone and of its alterations in psychiatric diseases could help to identify the biological mechanisms underlying such disorders.

Alternate-day GnRH therapy for ovarian hypofunction induced by weight loss: treatment of six patients who remained amenorrhoeic after weight gain

OBJECTIVE

Body weight loss has an adverse effect on the pituitary-ovarian function, and no restoration of the function occurs in 20-30% of patients even after the recovery of body weight. In the present study, the efficacy of alternate-day GnRH therapy was investigated in six patients whose pituitary-ovarian function had not recovered at 15 months to 6 years after the recovery of body weight.

DESIGN

Synthetic GnRH (100 micrograms) was injected intramuscularly on alternate days for a total of 12 doses. On the completion of GnRH administration the efficacy of clomiphene-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) therapy was evaluated. A GnRH loading test and evaluation of LH secretion patterns were also performed to investigate the changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function secondary to GnRH treatment.

RESULTS

All six patients ovulated in response to clomiphene-hCG therapy after 1-3 courses of GnRH treatment. The ovulatory response to clomiphene-hCG continued during follow-up periods of 5 months to 5 years. The initial hormonal change induced by GnRH treatment was a rise in the basal serum FSH level and a return of the FSH response to GnRH loading. This was followed by an increase in serum LH and the return of LH response to GnRH loading. In all six patients, pulsatile LH secretion was absent before starting GnRH treatment. GnRH treatment produced LH pulses in five of the six patients, although the pulse frequency was less than that in normally cycling women. A further increase in the pulse frequency was observed during clomiphene therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Alternate-day GnRH administration is effective in inducing responsiveness to clomiphene in patients with anovulation secondary to weight loss.

Abnormal serum prolactin responses to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia

Abnormal responses of serum prolactin (PRL) to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulation have been observed in anovulatory women and in hypogonadal patients. Various endocrinological abnormalities have been demonstrated in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The present study was undertaken to further investigate responses of serum PRL, growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to LHRH stimulation in 65 patients with AN and in 12 patients with bulimia before therapy and in the AN patients after several months of treatment, and in comparison to 12 normal women of the same age. Serum PRL responses to LHRH were positive (peak PRL levels greater than 25 ng/ml and delta increase in PRL greater than 10 ng/ml) in 16.9% of AN and 16.6% of bulimic patients; they were negative (absent) in all controls. Following restoration of the AN patients to normal body weight, the PRL responses to LHRH became normalized in those patients whose eating disorder behavior also returned to normal. However, in those patients whose eating disorder patterns continued to be abnormal, abnormal PRL responses persisted. The bulimic patients were of normal body weight, and yet had abnormal PRL responses. Thus, the responses of PRL correlated more closely with the behavior of the underlying eating disorder rather than with body weight gain or normal body weight.

Bulimic vomiting alters pain tolerance and mood

Bulimia, a disorder of episodic binging and purging, remains without a known etiology. A case report is presented of a patient who attributed bulimic episodes to efforts at inducing euphoria. Experimental pain tolerance was increased by bulimic vomiting, blocked by naloxone, but not by saline. Vomiting was also associated with falls in depression and anxiety. Plasma ACTH and cortisol, putative markers for beta-endorphin, also rose following vomiting. It is hypothesized that in some bulimics, the disorder arises by virtue of an addiction to one's own internally released endogenous opioid peptides.