1
|
Zhang X, Cheng X, Chen J, Sun J, Yang X, Li W, Chen L, Mao Y, Liu Y, Zeng X, Ye B, Yang C, Li X, Cao L. Distinct global brain connectivity alterations in depressed adolescents with subthreshold mania and the relationship with processing speed: Evidence from sBEAD Cohort. J Affect Disord 2024; 357:97-106. [PMID: 38657768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a progressive condition. Investigating the neuroimaging mechanisms in depressed adolescents with subthreshold mania (SubMD) facilitates the early identification of BD. However, the global brain connectivity (GBC) patterns in SubMD patients, as well as the relationship with processing speed before the onset of full-blown BD, remain unclear. METHODS The study involved 72 SubMD, 77 depressed adolescents without subthreshold mania (nSubMD), and 69 gender- and age-matched healthy adolescents (HCs). All patients underwent a clinical follow-up ranging from six to twelve months. We calculated the voxel-based graph theory analysis of the GBC map and conducted the TMT-A test to measure the processing speed. RESULTS Compared to HCs and nSubMD, SubMD patients displayed distinctive GBC index patterns: GBC index decreased in the right Medial Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFGmed.R)/Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFG) while increased in the right Precuneus and left Postcentral Gyrus. Both patient groups showed increased GBC index in the right Inferior Temporal Gyrus. An increased GBC value in the right Supplementary Motor Area was exclusively observed in the nSubMD-group. There were opposite changes in the GBC index in SFGmed.R/SFG between two patient groups, with an AUC of 0.727. Additionally, GBC values in SFGmed.R/SFG exhibited a positive correlation with TMT-A scores in SubMD-group. LIMITATIONS Relatively shorter follow-up duration, medications confounding, and modest sample size. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that adolescents with subthreshold BD have specific impairments patterns at the whole brain connectivity level associated with processing speed impairments, providing insights into early identification and intervention strategies for BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510000, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Jianshan Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Yimiao Mao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Xuanlin Zeng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Biyu Ye
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Chanjuan Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China.
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province 510300, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dubol M, Stiernman L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Comasco E. Cortical morphology variations during the menstrual cycle in individuals with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:470-477. [PMID: 38552916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is hypothesized to stem from maladaptive neural sensitivity to ovarian steroid hormone fluctuations. Recently, we found thinner cortices in individuals with PMDD, compared to healthy controls, during the symptomatic phase. Here, we aimed at investigating whether such differences illustrate state-like characteristics specific to the symptomatic phase, or trait-like features defining PMDD. METHODS Patients and controls were scanned using structural magnetic resonance imaging during the mid-follicular and late-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Group-by-phase interaction effects on cortical architecture metrics (cortical thickness, gyrification index, cortical complexity, and sulcal depth) were assessed using surface-based morphometry. RESULTS Independently of menstrual cycle phase, a main effect of diagnostic group on surface metrics was found, primarily illustrating thinner cortices (0.3 < Cohen's d > 1.1) and lower gyrification indices (0.4 < Cohen's d > 1.0) in patients compared to controls. Furthermore, menstrual cycle-specific effects were detected across all participants, depicting a decrease in cortical thickness (0.4 < Cohen's d > 1.7) and region-dependent changes in cortical folding metrics (0.4 < Cohen's d > 2.2) from the mid-follicular to the late luteal phase. LIMITATIONS Small effects (d = 0.3) require a larger sample size to be accurately characterized. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial evidence of trait-like cortical characteristics of the brain of individuals with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, together with indications of menstrual cycle-related variations in cortical architecture in patients and controls. Further investigations exploring whether these differences constitute stable vulnerability markers or develop over the years may help understand PMDD etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dubol
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marie Bixo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang Y, Kang W, Kim A, Tae WS, Ham BJ, Han KM. Decreased cortical gyrification in major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7512-7524. [PMID: 37154200 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early neurodevelopmental deviations, such as abnormal cortical folding patterns, are candidate biomarkers of major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to investigate the association of MDD with the local gyrification index (LGI) in each cortical region at the whole-brain level, and the association of the LGI with clinical characteristics of MDD. METHODS We obtained T1-weighted images from 234 patients with MDD and 215 healthy controls (HCs). The LGI values from 66 cortical regions in the bilateral hemispheres were automatically calculated according to the Desikan-Killiany atlas. We compared the LGI values between the MDD and HC groups using analysis of covariance, including age, sex, and years of education as covariates. The association between the clinical characteristics and LGI values was investigated in the MDD group. RESULTS Compared with HCs, patients with MDD showed significantly decreased LGI values in the cortical regions, including the bilateral ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices, insula, right rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and several temporal and parietal regions, with the largest effect size in the left pars triangularis (Cohen's f2 = 0.361; p = 1.78 × 10-13). Regarding the association of clinical characteristics with LGIs within the MDD group, recurrence and longer illness duration were associated with increased gyrification in several occipital and temporal regions, which showed no significant difference in LGIs between the MDD and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the LGI may be a relatively stable neuroimaging marker associated with MDD predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Man Han
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen Q, Liao H, Cai S, Liu Q, Wang M, Song C, Zhou F, Liu Y, Yuan J, Tang Y, Li X, Liu J, Tan C. Cortical gyrification pattern of depression in Parkinson's disease: a neuroimaging marker for disease severity? Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1241516. [PMID: 38035271 PMCID: PMC10682087 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1241516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the study of the neuroanatomical correlates of depression in Parkinson's Disease (PD) is gaining increasing interest, up to now the cortical gyrification pattern of PD-related depression has not been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the local gyrification index (LGI) in PD patients with depression, and its associations with the severity of depression. Methods LGI values, as measured using FreeSurfer software, were compared between 59 depressed PD (dPD), 27 non-depressed PD (ndPD) patients and 43 healthy controls. The values were also compared between ndPD and mild-depressed PD (mi-dPD), moderate-depressed PD (mo-dPD) and severe-depressed PD (se-dPD) patients as sub-group analyses. Furthermore, we evaluated the correlation between LGI values and depressive symptom scores within dPD group. Results Compared to ndPD, the dPD patients exhibited decreased LGI in the left parietal, the right superior-frontal, posterior cingulate and paracentral regions, and the LGI values within these areas negatively correlated with the severity of depression. Specially, reduced gyrification was observed in mo-dPD and involving a larger region in se-dPD, but not in mi-dPD group. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that cortical gyrification is decreased within specific brain regions among PD patients with versus without depression, and those changes were associated with the severity of depression. Our findings suggested that cortical gyrification might be a potential neuroimaging marker for the severity of depression in patients with PD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gan C, Cao X, Wang L, Sun H, Ji M, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Zhang K. Cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:814-824. [PMID: 37000969 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting research support that cholinergic dysfunction plays a prominent role in freezing of gait (FOG), which commonly occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD). Basal forebrain (BF), especially the cholinergic nuclei 4 (Ch4), provides the primary source of the brain cholinergic input. However, whether the degeneration of BF and its innervated cortex contribute to the pathogenesis of FOG is unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the role of structural alterations of BF and its innervated cortical brain regions in the pathogenesis of PD patients with freezing. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging assessments and neurological assessments were performed on 20 PD patients with FOG (PD-FOG), 20 without FOG (PD-NFOG), and 21 healthy participants. Subregion volumes of the BF were compared among groups. Local gyrification index (LGI) was computed to reveal the cortical alternations. Relationships among subregional BF volumes, LGI, and the severity of FOG were evaluated by multiple linear regression. RESULTS Our study discovered that, compared to PD-NFOG, PD-FOG exhibited significant Ch4 atrophy (p = 4.6 × 10-5 ), accompanied by decreased LGI values in the left entorhinal cortex (p = 3.00 × 10-5 ) and parahippocampal gyrus (p = 2.90 × 10-5 ). Based on the regression analysis, Ch4 volume was negatively associated with FOG severity in PD-FOG group (β = -12.224, T = -2.556, p = 0.031). INTERPRETATION Our results imply that Ch4 degeneration and microstructural disorganization of its innervated cortical brain regions may play important roles in PD-FOG.
Collapse
|
6
|
Brain gyrification in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:2768-2784. [PMID: 36042153 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness with a strong genetic component. Genetic variations have been involved in the risk of this disorder, including those mediating brain function and neurodevelopment. Early neurodevelopment and neuroprogression processes could be reflected in brain gyrification patterns and help optimize the prediction and diagnosis of such disorders that is often delayed. Previous neuroimaging studies using this measure in patients with bipolar disorder revealed controversial results. This systematic review aimed to summarize available neuroimaging investigations on gyrification in BD compared to healthy controls (HC) and/or other psychiatric groups. Fourteen studies including 733 patients with BD, 585 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), 90 with schizoaffective disorder (SZA), and 1380 healthy subjects were identified. Overall, a heterogeneous pattern of gyrification emerged between patients with BD and HC. Interestingly, increased gyrification or no differences were also observed in patients with BD compared to those with the schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Furthermore, relatives of patients with BD showed lower or no differences in gyrification compared to healthy subjects without a family history of affective illness. Differences in the design and in methodological approaches could have contributed to the heterogeneity of the findings. The current review supports an altered brain gyrification pattern that underlies the pathophysiology of BD spanning large anatomical and functional neural networks, associated with altered cognitive functioning, difficulties in processing and affective regulation, and clinical symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to test different bipolar phenotypes and pharmacological effects on gyrification.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang G, Wu W, Xu Y, Yang Z, Xiao B, Long L. Imaging Genetics in Epilepsy: Current Knowledge and New Perspectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:891621. [PMID: 35706428 PMCID: PMC9189397 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.891621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological network disease with genetics playing a much greater role than was previously appreciated. Unfortunately, the relationship between genetic basis and imaging phenotype is by no means simple. Imaging genetics integrates multidimensional datasets within a unified framework, providing a unique opportunity to pursue a global vision for epilepsy. This review delineates the current knowledge of underlying genetic mechanisms for brain networks in different epilepsy syndromes, particularly from a neural developmental perspective. Further, endophenotypes and their potential value are discussed. Finally, we highlight current challenges and provide perspectives for the future development of imaging genetics in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuanyi Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Long
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Insula volumes in first-episode and chronic psychosis: A longitudinal MRI study. Schizophr Res 2022; 241:14-23. [PMID: 35074528 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in insular grey matter (GM) volume has been consistently reported for affective and non-affective psychoses both in chronic and first-episode patients, ultimately suggesting that the insula might represent a good region to study in order to assess the longitudinal course of psychotic disorders. Therefore, in this longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study, we aimed at further investigating the key role of insular volumes in psychosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS 68 First-Episode Psychosis (FEP) patients, 68 patients with Schizophrenia (SCZ), 47 Bipolar Disorder (BD) patients, and 94 Healthy Controls (HC) were enrolled and underwent a 1.5 T MRI evaluation. A subsample of 99 subjects (10 HC, 23 BD, 29 SCZ, 37 FEP) was rescanned after 2,53 ± 1,68 years. The insular cortex was manually traced and then divided into an anterior and posterior portion. Group and correlation analyses were then performed both at baseline and at follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, greater anterior and lower posterior insular GM volumes were observed in chronic patients. At follow-up, we found that FEP patients had a significant GM volume increase from baseline to follow-up, especially in the posterior insula whereas chronic patients showed a relative stability. Finally, significant negative correlations between illness severity and pharmacological treatment and insular GM volumes were observed in the whole group of psychotic patients. CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal assessment of both chronic and first-episode patients allowed us to detect a complex pattern of GM abnormalities in selective sub-portions of insular volumes, ultimately suggesting that this structure could represent a key biological marker of psychotic disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu X, Jiang P, Gao Y, Sun J, Zhou X, Zhang L, Qiu H, Li H, Cao L, Liu J, Gong Q, Huang X. Brain morphometric abnormalities and their associations with affective symptoms in males with methamphetamine use disorder during abstinence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1003889. [PMID: 36299549 PMCID: PMC9588977 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1003889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) use induces neurotoxic effects in brain structures and affective symptoms that persist during abstinence. However, the brain morphometry of individuals with METH use disorder (MUD) remains unclear, as well as their associations with affective symptoms during abstinence. METHODS Forty-eight abstinent males with MUD and 66 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical thickness, surface area, volume, local gyrification index (LGI), and subcortical volume were obtained with FreeSurfer software. Brain morphometry differences between groups and their associations with affective symptoms and drug abuse history within the males with MUD were examined, with intracranial volume, age, and years of education as covariates. RESULTS Compared with the HCs, the individuals with MUD showed a significantly higher LGI in the right cuneus gyrus, left lingual gyrus, bilateral supramarginal gyrus, right inferior parietal gyrus (IPG), and right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (clusterwise p < 0.05, Monte Carlo-corrected), as well as a smaller volume of the left nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). However, there were no significant group differences in cortical thickness, area or volume. In addition, the LGI in the right IPG was positively associatedwith the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in MUDs (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). CONCLUSION Brain morphometric abnormalities in abstinent males with MUD were characterized by hypergyrification across multiple mid-posterior brain regions anda smaller volume of the left NAcc.Gyrification of the right IPG may be a potential neural substrate underlying the affective symptoms experienced by MUDs during abstinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hu
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China Medical Publishers, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Psychosomatics, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqing Zhang
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Cao
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|