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Cai Y, Yin G, Huang X, Hu J, Gao Z, Guo X, Qiu Y, Sun H, Feng X. Identification of B-cell epitopes located on the surface in the PB2 protein of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:390-399. [PMID: 38563198 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2338816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI), caused by H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), poses a serious threat to poultry farming and public health due to its transmissibility and pathogenicity. The PB2 protein is a major component of the viral RNA polymerase complex. It is of great importance to identify the antigenic determinants of the PB2 protein to explore the function of the PB2 protein. In this study, the PB2 sequence of H9N2 subtype AIV, from 1090 to 1689 bp, was cloned and expressed. The recombinant PB2 protein with cutting gel was used to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion, the hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the PB2 protein were screened by indirect ELISA and western blotting, and the antigenic epitopes of mAbs were identified by constructing truncated overlapping fragments in the PB2 protein of H9N2 subtype AIV. The results showed that three hybridoma cell lines (4B7, 4D10, and 5H1) that stably secreted mAbs specific to the PB2 protein were screened; the heavy chain of 4B7 was IgG2α, those of 4D10 and 5H1 were IgG1, and all three mAbs had kappa light chain. Also, the minimum B-cell epitope recognized was 475LRGVRVSK482 and 528TITYSSPMMW537. Homology analysis showed that these two epitopes were conserved among the different subtypes of AIV strains and located on the surface of the PB2 protein. The above findings provide an experimental foundation for further investigation of the function of the PB2 protein and developing monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Waheed SF, Aslam A, Khan MR, Ashraf K, Anjum A. A perspective of the prevalent H9N2 virus with a special focus on molecular and pathological aspects in commercial broiler chicken in Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e261849. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Waheed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Aslam
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. R. Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - K. Ashraf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Pakistan
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Zhou J, Qiao ML, Jahejo AR, Han XY, Wang P, Wang Y, Ren JL, Niu S, Zhao YJ, Zhang D, Bi YH, Wang QH, Si LL, Fan RW, Shang GJ, Tian WX. Effect of Avian Influenza Virus subtype H9N2 on the expression of complement-associated genes in chicken erythrocytes. Br Poult Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36939295 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2191308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus can infect both chickens and humans. Previous studies have reported a role for erythrocytes in immunity. However, the role of H9N2 against chicken erythrocytes and the presence of complement-related genes in erythrocytes has not been studied. This research investigated the effect of H9N2 on complement-associated gene expression in chicken erythrocytes. The expression of complement-associated genes (C1s, C1q, C2, C3, C3ar1, C4, C4a, C5, C5ar1, C7, CD93 and CFD) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyse the differential expression of complement-associated genes in chicken erythrocytes at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h and 10 h after the interaction between H9N2 virus and chicken erythrocytes in vitro and 3, 7 and 14 d after H9N2 virus nasal infection of chicks. Expression levels of C1q, C4, C1s, C2, C3, C5, C7 and CD93 were significantly up-regulated at 2 h and significantly down-regulated at 10 h. Gene expression levels of C1q, C3ar1, C4a, CFD and C5ar1 were seen to be different at each time point. The expression levels of C1q, C4, C1s, C2, C3, C5, C7, CFD, C3ar1, C4a and C5ar1 were significantly up-regulated at 7 d and the gene expression of levels of C3, CD93 and C5ar1 were seen to be different at each time point. The results confirmed that all the complement-associated genes were expressed in chicken erythrocytes and showed the H9N2 virus interaction with chicken erythrocytes and subsequent regulation of chicken erythrocyte complement-associated genes expression. This study reported, for the first time, the relationship between H9N2 and complement system of chicken erythrocytes, which will provide a foundation for further research into the prevention and control of H9N2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - M L Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - A R Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - X Y Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - P Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Y Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - J L Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - S Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Y J Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - D Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Y H Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q H Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L L Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - R W Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - G J Shang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - W X Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of protein structure determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
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Taufek NM, Zainol Ariffin SNN, Mohd Arshad N, Mazlishah MSH. Current status of dietary Moringa oleifera and its application in poultry nutrition. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2016037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norhidayah Mohd Taufek
- AquaNutri Biotech Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Norhafiza Mohd Arshad
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Samir A, Adel A, Arafa A, Sultan H, Hussein Ahmed HA. Molecular pathogenic and host range determinants of reassortant Egyptian low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses from backyard chicken. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019; 7:10-19. [PMID: 31620483 PMCID: PMC6776986 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1637046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in Egypt, it became an endemic disease causing considerable economic losses in different poultry sectors especially in the presence of other secondary bacterial and viral infections. The H9N2 viruses in Egypt are in continuous evolution that needs deep analysis for their evolution pattern based on the genetic constitutions of the pathogenic determinant genes (HA, PB2, PB1, PA, and NS). In this work, samples were collected from the backyard chickens from 3 Egyptian governorates. Five selected viruses were sequenced and analyzed for the hemagglutinin gene which showed genetic relatedness to the Asian G1 lineage group B, similar to the circulating H9N2 viruses in Egypt since 2013. The sequence for PB2, PB1, PA, HA and NS genes of the selected five viruses indicate a natural re-assortment event with recent Eurasian subtypes and similar to Egyptian H9N2 virus isolated from pigeon in Egypt during 2014. The Egyptian viruses of our study possess amino acids signatures including S42, V127, L550, L672 and V504 in the internal genes NS1, PA, and PB2, of respectively of an impact on virus transmission and replication. This work indicates that the H9N2 is in continuous evolution with alarming to the reassortment occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhafez Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Adel
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelsatar Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hesham Sultan
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, City Sadat, Minoufiya, Egypt
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