1
|
Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested Comparing 47 Regions of Japan Using a Sample of 18 Million Children. PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/psych1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many groups differ in their mean intelligence score. Spearman’s hypothesis states that the differences are a function of cognitive complexity. There tend to be large differences on subtests of high cognitive complexity and small differences on subtests of low cognitive complexity. Spearman’s hypothesis has been supported by a large number of studies. Can Spearman’s hypothesis be generalized to regions of a country, where these regions differ in mean intelligence? We utilized data from 86 different cognitive tests from all 47 Japanese prefectures and correlated the g loadings of 86 subtests with standardized differences on the same subtests. Spearman’s hypothesis was clearly supported: the biggest differences between the regions were on the tests that were of the greatest complexity, meaning that Spearman’s hypothesis may be generalizable from groups to regions. In Japan, g loadings offer a better explanation of group differences in intelligence than cultural differences. Future research should explore whether Spearman’s hypothesis is also supported for differences between regions of other countries.
Collapse
|
2
|
Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested Comparing 47 Regions of Japan Using a Sample of 18 Million Children. PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/psychology1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many groups differ in their mean intelligence score. Spearman’s hypothesis states that the differences are a function of cognitive complexity. There tend to be large differences on subtests of high cognitive complexity and small differences on subtests of low cognitive complexity. Spearman’s hypothesis has been supported by a large number of studies. Can Spearman’s hypothesis be generalized to regions of a country, where these regions differ in mean intelligence? We utilized data from 86 different cognitive tests from all 47 Japanese prefectures and correlated the g loadings of 86 subtests with standardized differences on the same subtests. Spearman’s hypothesis was clearly supported: the biggest differences between the regions were on the tests that were of the greatest complexity, meaning that Spearman’s hypothesis may be generalizable from groups to regions. In Japan, g loadings offer a better explanation of group differences in intelligence than cultural differences. Future research should explore whether Spearman’s hypothesis is also supported for differences between regions of other countries.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Individual differences on diverse tests of mental abilities that range in complexity from simple reaction time to abstract reasoning are all positively correlated in the population. The total covariance among all such tests can be analyzed into a number of uncorrelated components of variance, or factors, that, in terms of their generality, are hierarchical, with the most general factor, or g, at the apex. This g factor is common to every type of cognitive performance, whatever other ability factors may be involved (e.g., verbal, spatial, numerical, musical, etc.), and is the crucial factor in most tests' practical validity. Its correlations with various tests' heritability, inbreeding depression, heterosis, average evoked potentials, brain metabolism, and many other physical correlates indicate that as a product of evolution it is profoundly enmeshed with many organismic variables. A theory based on empirical evidence links g to neural processes involved in the speed and efficiency of information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R. Jensen
- Arthur R. Jensen is Professor of Education, University of California, Berkeley
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown LM. Ethnic Stigma as a Contextual Experience: A Possible Selves Perspective. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167298242005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article critiques trait views of stigma that suggest that membership in a negatively stereotyped group leads to low self-esteem and self-hatred, and it builds from Erving Goffman's theorizing to define stigma as the expectation of a stereotypical and discrediting judgment of oneself by others in a particular context. Students (40 of color and 46 European American) watched a videotape of a prospective teaching assistant (TA) in an experiment in which ethnic match with the TA and frequency of imagined evaluation by the TA were manipulated. Students of color envisioned less positive views of self in ongoing interactions with a European American TA who would evaluate them in the domain of the stigma. Implications for stigma theory and education are discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gignac GE. Raven's is not a pure measure of general intelligence: Implications for g factor theory and the brief measurement of g. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Breland AM. A Model for Differential Perceptions of Competence Based on Skin Tone Among African Americans. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.1998.tb00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
7
|
Reeve CL, Bonaccio S. Measurement Reliability, the Spearman-Jensen Effect and the Revised Thorndike Model of Test Bias. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Consideration of g as a common antecedent for cognitive ability test performance, test motivation, and perceived fairness. INTELLIGENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Philippe Rushton J, Jensen AR. African–White IQ differences from Zimbabwe on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised are mainly on the g factor. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Weyher HF. Contributions to the history of psychology: CXII. Intelligence, behavior genetics, and the Pioneer Fund. Psychol Rep 1998; 82:1347-74. [PMID: 9709538 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3c.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since World War I, political controversies have complicated the long-standing debate on nature versus nurture, especially the question of the source of the observed mean difference in intelligence between white and black groups. The Pioneer Fund, one of the few nonprofit foundations making grants for study and research into human individual and group differences, has been widely and unfairly attacked by those who believe any such research jeopardizes political commitment to legal equality. The four main scholarly areas of research financially supported by Pioneer have been behavioral genetics, cognitive ability, demographic characteristics, and racial variation. This article provides a unique perspective on the history of the Pioneer Fund and some of the controversies that have taken place.
Collapse
|
12
|
WEYHER HARRYF. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: CXH. INTELLIGENCE, BEHAVIOR GENETICS, AND THE PIONEER FUND. Psychol Rep 1998. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.82.3.1347-1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Abstract
The Outcome Questionnaire is a 45-item inventory of client-report symptoms and distress, used to track therapeutic change on a session-by-session basis. Data collected with the cooperation of a managed care provider were analyzed to note ethnic differences on the questionnaire. 1552 first session questionnaires were selected and mean total and subscale scores were analyzed using analysis-of-variance procedures for differences by ethnicity. No significant differences were found; however, significant ethnic differences on some items were noted, and these are reported with ethnic trends in clients' problems, diagnoses, and therapists' ratings on Global Assessment of Functioning. These findings were contrasted with those of other studies reporting ethnic differences on various measures such as IQ and personality assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Nebeker
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-8626, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
Jensen AR. More on Psychometric g and "Spearman's Hypothesis". MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 1992; 27:257-260. [PMID: 26825722 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2702_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
21
|
Jensen AR. Spearman's Hypothesis: Methodology and Evidence. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 1992; 27:225-233. [PMID: 26825717 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2702_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
Race differences in sexuality and their correlates: Another look and physiological models. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(89)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Japanese inbreeding depression scores: Predictors of cognitive differences between blacks and whites. INTELLIGENCE 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(89)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
|