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Li L, Li A, Lin Y, Chen D, Kang B, Lin H, Gao J. An Activatable 19 F MRI Molecular Probe for Sensing and Imaging of Norepinephrine. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200110. [PMID: 35762743 PMCID: PMC9278097 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE), acting as both a neurotransmitter and hormone, plays a significant role in regulating the action of the brain and body. Many studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between mental disorders and aberrant NE levels. Therefore, it is of urgent demand to develop in vivo analytical methods of NE for diagnostic assessment and mechanistic investigations of mental diseases. Herein, we report a 19F MRI probe (NRFP) for sensing and imaging NE, which is constructed by conjugating a gadolinium chelate to a fluorine‐containing moiety through a NE‐responsive aromatic thiocarbonate linkage. The capacity and specificity of NRFP for detecting NE is validated with in vitro detecting/imaging experiments. Furthermore, the feasibility of NRFP for visualizing NE in animals is illustrated by ex vivo and in vivo imaging experiments, demonstrating the promising potential of NRFP for selective detection and specific imaging of NE in deep tissues of living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Li
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ao Li
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yaying Lin
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Chen
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Bilun Kang
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Gao
- The MOE Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Rudkowska M, Kasprzak-Drozd K, Oniszczuk A, Borowicz-Reutt K. Activity of Selected Group of Monoterpenes in Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms in Experimental Model Studies-A Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7366. [PMID: 34298986 PMCID: PMC8306454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and cognitive function impairment. The multi-faced character of AD requires new drug solutions based on substances that incorporate a wide range of activities. Antioxidants, AChE/BChE inhibitors, BACE1, or anti-amyloid platelet aggregation substances are most desirable because they improve cognition with minimal side effects. Plant secondary metabolites, used in traditional medicine and pharmacy, are promising. Among these are the monoterpenes-low-molecular compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, sedative, as well as other biological properties. The presented review focuses on the pathophysiology of AD and a selected group of anti-neurodegenerative monoterpenes and monoterpenoids for which possible mechanisms of action have been explained. The main body of the article focuses on monoterpenes that have shown improved memory and learning, anxiolytic and sleep-regulating effects as determined by in vitro and in silico tests-followed by validation in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Rudkowska
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
| | - Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
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Ross JA, Van Bockstaele EJ. The Locus Coeruleus- Norepinephrine System in Stress and Arousal: Unraveling Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:601519. [PMID: 33584368 PMCID: PMC7873441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.601519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arousal may be understood on a spectrum, with excessive sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, and inattention on one side, a wakeful state in the middle, and hypervigilance, panic, and psychosis on the other side. However, historically, the concepts of arousal and stress have been challenging to define as measurable experimental variables. Divergent efforts to study these subjects have given rise to several disciplines, including neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, and cognitive neuroscience. We discuss technological advancements that chronologically led to our current understanding of the arousal system, focusing on the multifaceted nucleus locus coeruleus. We share our contemporary perspective and the hypotheses of others in the context of our current technological capabilities and future developments that will be required to move forward in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Visentin APV, Colombo R, Scotton E, Fracasso DS, da Rosa AR, Branco CS, Salvador M. Targeting Inflammatory-Mitochondrial Response in Major Depression: Current Evidence and Further Challenges. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2972968. [PMID: 32351669 PMCID: PMC7178465 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2972968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders has increased in recent years. Among existing mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) has emerged as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, affecting individuals throughout their lives. Currently, MDD affects 15% of adults in the Americas. Over the past 50 years, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and brain stimulation have been used to treat MDD. The most common approach is still pharmacotherapy; however, studies show that about 40% of patients are refractory to existing treatments. Although the monoamine hypothesis has been widely accepted as a molecular mechanism to explain the etiology of depression, its relationship with other biochemical phenomena remains only partially understood. This is the case of the link between MDD and inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Studies have found that depressive patients usually exhibit altered inflammatory markers, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidized mitochondrial DNA, and thus high levels of both central and peripheral reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effect of antidepressants on these events remains unclear. Nevertheless, the effects of ROS on the brain are well known, including lipid peroxidation of neuronal membranes, accumulation of peroxidation products in neurons, protein and DNA damage, reduced antioxidant defenses, apoptosis induction, and neuroinflammation. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and coenzyme Q have shown promise in some depressive patients, but without consensus on their efficacy. Hence, this paper provides a review of MDD and its association with inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and is aimed at thoroughly discussing the putative links between these events, which may contribute to the design and development of new therapeutic approaches for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Colombo
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070 560, Brazil
| | - Ellen Scotton
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Soligo Fracasso
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070 560, Brazil
| | - Adriane Ribeiro da Rosa
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Catia Santos Branco
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070 560, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070 560, Brazil
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Abdallah CG, Averill LA, Akiki TJ, Raza M, Averill CL, Gomaa H, Adikey A, Krystal JH. The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:171-189. [PMID: 30216745 PMCID: PMC6326888 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New approaches to the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are needed to address the reported crisis in PTSD drug development. These new approaches may require the field to move beyond a narrow fear-based perspective, as fear-based medications have not yet demonstrated compelling efficacy. Antidepressants, particularly recent rapid-acting antidepressants, exert complex effects on brain function and structure that build on novel aspects of the biology of PTSD, including a role for stress-related synaptic dysconnectivity in the neurobiology and treatment of PTSD. Here, we integrate this perspective within a broader framework-in other words, a dual pathology model of ( a) stress-related synaptic loss arising from amino acid-based pathology and ( b) stress-related synaptic gain related to monoamine-based pathology. Then, we summarize the standard and experimental (e.g., ketamine) pharmacotherapeutic options for PTSD and discuss their putative mechanism of action and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadi G Abdallah
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Lynnette A Averill
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Teddy J Akiki
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Mohsin Raza
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Christopher L Averill
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Hassaan Gomaa
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Archana Adikey
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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