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Lee K, Hare D, Blossey B. Measuring perceived fitness interdependence between humans and non-humans. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2024; 6:e16. [PMID: 38572224 PMCID: PMC10988171 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Conservation ethics (i.e. moral concern for non-human organisms) are widespread, but we lack a comprehensive explanation for why people care about other species at all, and why they express strong moral concern for some species but not others. Recent theory suggests that conservation ethics might be rooted in cooperation between humans and members of other species. Building on central predictions of this eco-evolutionary theory, we conducted an online study (N = 651) and exploratory factor analysis to develop two scales that independently measure perceived fitness interdependence (PFI) and conservation ethics. The PFI scale measures perceived shared fate as a proximate indicator of human fitness interdependence with non-human organisms (i.e. the degree to which humans and other organisms influence each other's evolutionary success, that is, survival and reproduction). We designed the conservation ethics scale to measure moral beliefs and attitudes regarding those organisms. Both scales are composed of two factors and demonstrate good internal reliability. By combining insights from various branches of the evolutionary human sciences, including evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary psychology and human behavioural ecology, we offer empirical tools to investigate eco-evolutionary foundations of conservation ethics and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Lee
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Darragh Hare
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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2
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Hornik J, Ofir C, Rachamim M, Grossman O. The bittersweet smell of success: Malicious online responses to others achievements. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1085317. [PMID: 36844268 PMCID: PMC9948090 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1085317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent recurring theme in social comparison is the concept that individuals are not indifferent to the results that others achieve, and typically seek pleasure while avoiding pain. However, in some cases they behave atypically-counter to this principle. The purpose of this research is to investigate one atypical response, namely gluckschmerz-a negative response to information about others' success (feeling bad at others' fortunes). To advance objectives, a mixed-mode of two studies were conducted using a combination of primary and secondary analyzes, and qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings reveal that this aversive feeling encourages consumers to share online "positive" information with others but using negative malicious word-of-mouth narratives. They provide compelling evidence supporting the theory that some of the positive commercial information conveyed through electronic media triggers negative word-of mouth in the form of online firestorms driven by the discordant atypical sentiment of gluckschmerz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hornik
- Coller School of Management, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chezy Ofir
- Hebrew University and Kinneret Academic College, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matti Rachamim
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan Universit, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ori Grossman
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan Universit, Ramat Gan, Israel
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3
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FEDA: Fine-grained emotion difference analysis for facial expression recognition. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Redhead D, Ragione AD, Ross CT. Friendship and partner choice in rural Colombia. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Pizarro JJ, Basabe N, Fernández I, Carrera P, Apodaca P, Man Ging CI, Cusi O, Páez D. Self-Transcendent Emotions and Their Social Effects: Awe, Elevation and Kama Muta Promote a Human Identification and Motivations to Help Others. Front Psychol 2021; 12:709859. [PMID: 34589024 PMCID: PMC8473748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant literature shows the effects of negative emotions on motivations to engage in collective action (i.e., to collectively mobilize personal resources to achieve a common objective), as well as their influence on the creation of shared identities. In this proposal, we focus on the possible role of Self-Transcendent Emotions (STEs) defined as positive-valence emotions that have been key in the creation and maintenance of collective identities, as well as in promoting individuals well-being. In detail, we examine their influence in (a) strengthening a global identification, (b) increasing willingness to collectively help others, and (c) improving people’s wellbeing. For this reason, we conducted a preliminary literature review of k = 65 independent studies on the effects of STEs on connection to others. Through this review (fully available in Supplementary Materials), we selected a sample of STEs (Awe, Elevation, and Kama Muta) and elicitors to conduct a video-base study. In it, 1,064 university students from 3 different cultural regions (from Spain and Ecuador) were randomized to answer one of three STE scales (i.e., each measuring one of the selected STEs), and evaluate three videos in random order (i.e., each prototypical for the selected STEs). Participants also answered a measure of global identification and intentions to collectively help others (after each video), as well as self-transcendent and well-being (at the end of the survey). Results from SEM analyses show these STEs motivated a fusion of identity with all humanity, as well as collective intentions to help others, even controlling for individuals’ value orientations. In addition, the three of them indirectly increased participants’ well-being through a higher global identity. While there are differences among them, these three STEs share common elements and their effects are constant across the different cultural regions. It is concluded that Awe, Elevation, and Kama Muta, even individually experienced, have a significant potential to influence people’s behavior. Specifically, in various forms of collective action aimed at helping others.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Pizarro
- Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nekane Basabe
- Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Department of Social Psychology and Organizations, The National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Carrera
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Apodaca
- Department of Research and Diagnostic Methods, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Carlos I Man Ging
- Faculty of Philosophical-Theological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Olaia Cusi
- Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Darío Páez
- Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain
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6
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Hornik J, Rachamim M, Grossman O. Ripples of contempt: aversive responses to others (mis)fortunes. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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DieTryin: An R package for data collection, automated data entry, and post-processing of network-structured economic games, social networks, and other roster-based dyadic data. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:611-631. [PMID: 34341963 PMCID: PMC9046375 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Researchers studying social networks and inter-personal sentiments in bounded or small-scale communities face a trade-off between the use of roster-based and free-recall/name-generator-based survey tools. Roster-based methods scale poorly with sample size, and can more easily lead to respondent fatigue; however, they generally yield higher quality data that are less susceptible to recall bias and that require less post-processing. Name-generator-based methods, in contrast, scale well with sample size and are less likely to lead to respondent fatigue. However, they may be more sensitive to recall bias, and they entail a large amount of highly error-prone post-processing after data collection in order to link elicited names to unique identifiers. Here, we introduce an R package, DieTryin, that allows for roster-based dyadic data to be collected and entered as rapidly as name-generator-based data; DieTryin can be used to run network-structured economic games, as well as collect and process standard social network data and round-robin Likert-scale peer ratings. DieTryin automates photograph standardization, survey tool compilation, and data entry. We present a complete methodological workflow using DieTryin to teach end-users its full functionality.
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McNamara RA, Wertz AE. Early Plant Learning in Fiji. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2021; 32:115-149. [DOI: 10.1007/s12110-021-09389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Pisor AC, Gervais MM, Purzycki BG, Ross CT. Preferences and constraints: the value of economic games for studying human behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192090. [PMID: 32742683 PMCID: PMC7353969 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As economic games have spread from experimental economics to other social sciences, so too have critiques of their usefulness for drawing inferences about the 'real world'. What these criticisms often miss is that games can be used to reveal individuals' private preferences in ways that observational and interview data cannot; furthermore, economic games can be designed such that they do provide insights into real-world behaviour. Here, we draw on our collective experience using economic games in field contexts to illustrate how researchers can strategically alter the framing or design of economic games to draw inferences about private-world or real-world preferences. A detailed case study from coastal Colombia provides an example of the subtleties of game design and how games can be combined fruitfully with self-report data. We close with a list of concrete recommendations for how to modify economic games to better match particular research questions and research contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Pisor
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, USA
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 LeipzigGermany
| | | | - Benjamin G. Purzycki
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 LeipzigGermany
- Department of the Study of Religion, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cody T. Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 LeipzigGermany
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10
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Voorhees B, Read D, Gabora L. Identity, Kinship, and the Evolution of Cooperation. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/708176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Mahr JB, Csibra G. Witnessing, Remembering, and Testifying: Why the Past Is Special for Human Beings. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:428-443. [PMID: 31961781 PMCID: PMC7059205 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619879167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past is undeniably special for human beings. To a large extent, both individuals and collectives define themselves through history. Moreover, humans seem to have a special way of cognitively representing the past: episodic memory. As opposed to other ways of representing knowledge, remembering the past in episodic memory brings with it the ability to become a witness. Episodic memory allows us to determine what of our knowledge about the past comes from our own experience and thereby what parts of the past we can give testimony about. In this article, we aim to give an account of the special status of the past by asking why humans have developed the ability to give testimony about it. We argue that the past is special for human beings because it is regularly, and often principally, the only thing that can determine present social realities such as commitments, entitlements, and obligations. Because the social effects of the past often do not leave physical traces behind, remembering the past and the ability to bear testimony it brings is necessary for coordinating social realities with other individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B. Mahr
- Department of Cognitive Science,
Cognitive Development Center, Central European University
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Philosophy, Harvard
University
| | - Gergely Csibra
- Department of Cognitive Science,
Cognitive Development Center, Central European University
- Department of Psychological Sciences,
Birkbeck, University of London
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12
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Sparks AM, Fessler DMT, Holbrook C. Elevation, an emotion for prosocial contagion, is experienced more strongly by those with greater expectations of the cooperativeness of others. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226071. [PMID: 31800639 PMCID: PMC6892489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique emotion, elevation, is thought to underlie prosocial contagion, a process whereby witnessing a prosocial act leads to acting prosocially. Individuals differ in their propensity to experience elevation, and thus their proneness to prosocial contagion, but little is known about the causes of such variation. We introduce an adaptationist model wherein elevation marks immediate circumstances in which generalized prosociality is advantageous, with this evaluation of circumstances hinging in part on prior expectations of others' prosociality. In 15 studies, we add to evidence that elevation can reliably be elicited and mediates prosocial contagion. Importantly, we confirm a novel prediction-generated by our adaptationist account-that an idealistic attitude, which indexes others' expected degree of prosociality, moderates the relationship between exposure to prosocial cues and experiencing elevation. We discuss how our findings inform both basic theorizing in the affective sciences and translational efforts to engineer a more harmonious world, and we offer future research directions to further test and extend our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Maxwell Sparks
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. T. Fessler
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Bedari Kindness Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Colin Holbrook
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
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Abstract
: This study explores the relationship between different implicit and explicit attitudes and green purchase intention. A distinction is made between the cognitive and affective components of implicit attitudes. Negative-oriented attitudes such as cynicism and skepticism are also examined. The data collection process provided 724 responses to two online Implicit Association Tests, followed by a questionnaire on explicit attitudes. Two products (insecticide and toothpaste) in green and conventional formats were used. Each individual responded to a random choice of one of these two products. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The cognitive and affective components of implicit attitudes were confirmed to be different constructs. Only the cognitive construct was observed to influence attitudes toward green products. Skepticism was observed to negatively influence attitudes toward green products, although it was not found to influence either attitudes toward purchasing green products versus conventional products or purchase intentions. This study offers an innovative approach by examining different types of attitudes that have never been analyzed together in the literature on green products.
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14
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Verpaalen IAM, Bijsterbosch G, Mobach L, Bijlstra G, Rinck M, Klein AM. Validating the Radboud faces database from a child's perspective. Cogn Emot 2019; 33:1531-1547. [PMID: 30744534 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1577220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Facial expressions play a central role in diverse areas of psychology. However, facial stimuli are often only validated by adults, and there are no face databases validated by school-aged children. Validation by children is important because children still develop emotion recognition skills and may have different perceptions than adults. Therefore, in this study, we validated the adult Caucasian faces of the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD) in 8- to 12-year-old children (N = 652). Additionally, children rated valence, clarity, and model attractiveness. Emotion recognition rates were relatively high (72%; compared to 82% in the original validation by adults). Recognition accuracy was highest for happiness, below average for fear and disgust, and lowest for contempt. Children showed roughly the same emotion recognition pattern as adults, but were less accurate in distinguishing similar emotions. As expected, in general, 10- to 12-year-old children had a higher emotion recognition accuracy than 8- and 9-year-olds. Overall, girls slightly outperformed boys. More nuanced differences in these gender and age effects on recognition rates were visible per emotion. The current study provides researchers with recommendation on how to use the RaFD adult pictures in child studies. Researchers can select appropriate stimuli for their research using the online available validation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A M Verpaalen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Geraly Bijsterbosch
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Lynn Mobach
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert Bijlstra
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Anke M Klein
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,Developmental Psychology, Universiteit van Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Brewis A, Wutich A, du Bray MV, Maupin J, Schuster RC, Gervais MM. Community hygiene norm violators are consistently stigmatized: Evidence from four global sites and implications for sanitation interventions. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hackman J, Munira S, Jasmin K, Hruschka D. Revisiting Psychological Mechanisms in the Anthropology of Altruism. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2017; 28:76-91. [PMID: 27796826 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-016-9278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthropologists have long been interested in the reasons humans choose to help some individuals and not others. Early research considered psychological mediators, such as feelings of cohesion or closeness, but more recent work, largely in the tradition of human behavioral ecology, shifted attention away from psychological measures to clearer observables, such as past behavior, genetic relatedness, affinal ties, and geographic proximity. In this paper, we assess the value of reintegrating psychological measures-perceived social closeness-into the anthropological study of altruism. Specifically, analyzing social network data from four communities in rural Bangladesh (N = 516), we show that perceived closeness has a strong independent effect on helping, which cannot be accounted for by other factors. These results illustrate the potential value of reintegrating proximate psychological measures into anthropological studies of human cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hackman
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Shirajum Munira
- LAMB Project for Integrated Health and Development, Parbatipur, Bangladesh
| | - Khaleda Jasmin
- LAMB Project for Integrated Health and Development, Parbatipur, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel Hruschka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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CONSIDERING NEOLIBERALISM, CONTEMPT AND ALLOSTATIC LOAD IN THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF TUBERCULOSIS. J Biosoc Sci 2016; 49:557-558. [DOI: 10.1017/s0021932016000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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