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Nazari S, Leite WL, Huggins-Manley AC. A Comparison of Person-Fit Indices to Detect Social Desirability Bias. EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2023; 83:907-928. [PMID: 37663541 PMCID: PMC10470160 DOI: 10.1177/00131644221129577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Social desirability bias (SDB) has been a major concern in educational and psychological assessments when measuring latent variables because it has the potential to introduce measurement error and bias in assessments. Person-fit indices can detect bias in the form of misfitted response vectors. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of 14 person-fit indices to identify SDB in simulated responses. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was computed to evaluate the predictive power of these statistics. The findings showed that the agreement statistic ( A ) outperformed all other person-fit indices, while the disagreement statistic ( D ) , dependability statistic ( E ) , and the number of Guttman errors ( G ) also demonstrated high AUCs to detect SDB. Recommendations for practitioners to use these fit indices are provided.
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Yamada Y, Shinkawa K, Shimmei K, Kim HC, Daly R, Depp C, Jeste DV, Lee EE. Latent subgroups with distinct patterns of factors associated with self-rated successful aging among 1,510 community-dwelling Americans: potential role of wisdom as an implicit promoter. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1127-1134. [PMID: 35735096 PMCID: PMC9780403 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2087207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether latent subgroups with distinct patterns of factors associated with self-rated successful aging can be identified in community-dwelling adults, and how such patterns obtained from analysis of quantitative data are associated with lay perspectives on successful aging obtained from qualitative responses. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from 1,510 community-dwelling Americans aged 21-99 years. Latent class regression was used to identify subgroups that explained the associations of self-rated successful aging with measures of physical, cognitive, and mental health as well as psychological measures related to resilience and wisdom. Natural language processing was used to extract important themes from qualitative responses to open-ended questions, including the participants' definitions of successful aging. RESULTS Two latent subgroups were identified, and their main difference was that the wisdom scale was positively associated with self-rated successful aging in only one subgroup. This subgroup had significantly lower self-rated successful aging and worse scores for all health and psychological measures. In the subgroup's qualitative responses, the theme of wisdom was only mentioned by 10.6%; this proportion was not statistically different from the other subgroup, for which the wisdom scale was not statistically associated with the self-rated successful aging. CONCLUSION Our results showed heterogeneous patterns in the factors underpinning successful aging even in community-dwelling adults. We found the existence of a latent subgroup with lower self-rated successful aging as well as worse health and psychological scores, and we suggest a potential role of wisdom in promoting successful aging for this subgroup, even though individuals may not explicitly recognize wisdom as important for successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, US
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
| | - Colin Depp
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, US
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Thomas ML, Palmer BW, Lee EE, Liu J, Daly R, Tu XM, Jeste DV. Abbreviated San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE-7) and Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI). Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:617-626. [PMID: 34857061 PMCID: PMC9844079 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610221002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wisdom is a personality trait comprising seven components: self-reflection, pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, acceptance of diverse perspectives, decisiveness, social advising, and spirituality. Wisdom, a potentially modifiable trait, is strongly associated with well-being. We have published a validated 28-item San Diego Wisdom Scale, the SD-WISE-28. Brief scales are necessary for use in large population-based studies and in clinical practice. The present study aimed to create an abbreviated 7-item version of the SD-WISE. METHOD Participants included 2093 people, aged 20-82 years, recruited and surveyed through the online crowdsourcing platform Amazon Mechanical Turk. The participants' mean age was 46 years, with 55% women. Participants completed the SD-WISE-28 as well as validation scales for various positive and negative constructs. Psychometric analyses (factor analysis and item response theory) were used to select one item from each of the seven SD-WISE-28 subscales. RESULTS We selected a combination of items that produced acceptable unidimensional model fit and good reliability (ω = 0.74). Item statistics suggested that all seven items were strong indicators of wisdom, although the association was weakest for spirituality. Analyses indicated that the 28-item and 7-item SD-WISE are both very highly correlated (r = 0.92) and produce a nearly identical pattern of correlations with demographic and validity variables. CONCLUSION The SD-WISE-7, and its derived Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI) score, balances reliability and brevity for research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, U.S.A
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Bornet MA, Rubli Truchard E, Bernard M, Pasquier J, Borasio GD, Jox RJ. Will to Live in Older Nursing Home Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Switzerland. J Pain Symptom Manage 2021; 62:902-909. [PMID: 34000336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The will to live (WTL) is an important indicator of subjective well-being. It may enable a deeper understanding of the well-being of nursing home residents. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the intensity of WTL, its association with various factors, and its temporal evolution among residents ≥ 65 years old; we also aimed to compare it with proxy assessments of WTL. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in five nursing homes in Switzerland. Participants with decisional capacity were asked to rate the intensity of their WTL on a single-item numerical rating scale ranging from 0-10. A short-term follow-up was conducted among a sub-sample of 17 participants after three and six weeks. Proxy assessment by residents' next of kin and professional caregivers was conducted, and inter-rater agreement was calculated. RESULTS Data from 103 participants (75.7% women, 87.3 ± 8.0 years) was analyzed. The median intensity of WTL was 8. Higher WTL was significantly associated with better physical mobility and shorter duration of daily care but not with age, gender, pre-admission care setting, or prognosis. Significant independent predictors of WTL were physical mobility and provenance from rehabilitative care. In the short-term follow-up assessment, WTL remained highly stable. Intraclass correlation coefficients were moderate for residents' next of kin and nurse assistants but poor for physicians and nurses; all proxy assessments underestimated the participants' WTL. CONCLUSION Nursing home residents expressed a very strong WTL and proxy aents underestimated residents' WTL. It seems pivotal to proactively communicate with residents about their WTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Bornet
- Palliative and Supportive Care Service and Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation (M.-A.B., E.R.T., R.J.J.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Eve Rubli Truchard
- Palliative and Supportive Care Service and Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation (M.-A.B., E.R.T., R.J.J.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation (E.R.T.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Bernard
- Palliative and Supportive Care Service (M.B., G.D.B., R.J.J), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Pasquier
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (J.P.), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gian Domenico Borasio
- Palliative and Supportive Care Service (M.B., G.D.B., R.J.J), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf J Jox
- Palliative and Supportive Care Service and Service of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatric Rehabilitation (M.-A.B., E.R.T., R.J.J.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Palliative and Supportive Care Service (M.B., G.D.B., R.J.J), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Humanities in Medicine (R.J.J.), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nicolini P, Abbate C, Inglese S, Mari D, Rossi PD, Cesari M. Socially desirable responding in geriatric outpatients with and without mild cognitive impairment and its association with the assessment of self-reported mental health. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:494. [PMID: 34525955 PMCID: PMC8442330 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Socially desirable responding is a potentially relevant issue in older adults and can be evaluated with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS). However, the eight-item MCSDS has never been specifically administered to geriatric subjects, and there is a dearth of literature on the relationship between social desirability and cognitive impairment. Also, the connection between social desirability and subjective measures of psychological well-being is a matter of controversy. This study has three main aims. First, to determine the psychometric properties of the eight-item MCSDS in geriatric outpatients without dementia (i.e. with normal cognition (NC) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI)). Second, to investigate the link between social desirability and cognitive functioning. Third, to determine the association between social desirability and the assessment of self-reported mental health. Methods Community-dwelling outpatients (aged ≥ 65) were consecutively recruited and neuropsychologically tested to diagnose NC or MCI (n = 299). Social desirability was assessed with the eight-item MCSDS. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured with the short Geriatric Depression (GDS-s) and the State-Trait Personality Inventory Trait Anxiety (STPI-TA) scales. Results On principal components analysis, the eight-item MCSDS was found to have a multidimensional structure. Of the initial three-component solution, only two subscales had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.6): “Acceptance of responsibility” and “Integrity”. The third subscale (“Kindness towards others”) appeared to gauge two distinct constructs of formal (i.e. politeness) versus substantive (i.e. forgiveness) compassion. On binary logistic regression, only higher income was a significant predictor of formal compassion. Test-retest reliability was substantial to excellent (Gwet’s AC2 ≥ 0.8). There were no meaningful differences in social desirability between the NC and MCI groups. Likewise, negative Spearman’s correlations between social desirability and cognitive Z-scores across the whole sample were weak (rs < |0.3|) and confined to one MCSDS item. Although social desirability was an independent predictor of the STPI-TA score in multiple linear regression, it explained only a marginal amount of incremental variance in anxiety symptoms (less than 2%). Conclusions Our results suggest that social desirability need not be a major concern when using questionnaires to assess mental health in geriatric outpatients without dementia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02435-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nicolini
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Abbate
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Inglese
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo D Rossi
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ardelt M, Jeste DV. Wisdom and Hard Times: The Ameliorating Effect of Wisdom on the Negative Association Between Adverse Life Events and Well-Being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:1374-1383. [PMID: 28329810 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Old age is characterized by many physical and social losses that adversely affect subjective well-being (SWB). Yet, past studies have shown that wisdom tends to be positively related to SWB in old age, particularly under adverse circumstances. We tested whether three-dimensional wisdom, measured as a combination of cognitive, reflective, and compassionate (affective) personality qualities, moderated the inverse association between adverse life events and well-being. Method A sample of 994 adults aged 51-99 years (M = 77) from the Successful AGing Evaluation (SAGE) study and structural equation models with well-being as a latent variable were used to test the hypothesis. Results Greater wisdom, in particular the reflective wisdom dimension, was positively associated with SWB and buffered the inverse relation between the experience of adverse life events during the previous year and current well-being. Discussion Wisdom appears to strengthen older adults' ability to cope with aging-related losses and, therefore, is a valuable psychological resource in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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Eglit GM, Palmer BW, Jeste DV. Overview of measurement-based positive psychiatry. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:396-403. [PMID: 30744516 PMCID: PMC6373474 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1459834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatry has traditionally focused on studying psychopathology and treating mental illnesses to relieve symptoms and prevent relapse. Positive psychiatry seeks to expand the scope of psychiatry to broader aspects of mental health and well-being among individuals with or without mental illnesses. Positive psychosocial factors such as well-being, resilience, optimism, wisdom, and social support are central to positive psychiatry. AIM To summarize the emerging science of positive psychiatry, emphasizing the use of measures of positive characteristics and outcomes relevant to mental health. METHODS Overview of recent research in positive psychiatry, focusing on measurements. RESULTS Positive psychosocial factors are associated with better mental and physical health in diverse populations. Among individuals with serious mental illnesses, levels of these factors vary considerably, but positive psychiatry interventions can improve well-being and rates of recovery in at least subsets of the patients. A number of measures of positive factors and outcomes are available; most of them are based on self-reports, which have advantages as well as limitations. CONCLUSIONS Positive psychiatry has the potential to improve the health and well-being of individuals with or without mental illnesses. Further research is needed to provide clinicians and investigators with a full tool-box of validated measures for positive psychosocial factors and outcomes. These measures should be subjected to rigorous psychometric evaluation across populations to help clarify mechanisms underlying positive factors, evaluate their longitudinal trajectories, and examine the impact of interventions on health and well-being over the lifespan in different clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M.L. Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San D). St. Paul, Minnesotaiego, CA USA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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Perceptions of Successful Aging among Older Adults in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2018; 32:191-207. [PMID: 28523474 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-017-9319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To analyze older adults' definitions of successful aging in Bangladesh. The purposively selected study sample comprised twelve participants who were aged over 60. Interviews using in-depth semi-structured questionnaires were conducted based on participants' chosen mode, either face-to-face, or by phone. Findings of this study support that successful aging is multidimensional - that is - for Bangladeshis successful aging encompasses dimensions such as adaptation to an aging body, financial security, family and intergenerational care, and social participation. Older adults' emphases on all these dimensions were qualitatively different from those relevant in western societies. Bangladeshis see disease and disability as a normal part of aging and do not emphasize freedom from disease or longevity as much as North Americans and the US-focused successful aging discourses do. Family care is a key component of successful aging in Bangladesh. While in western models functional independence has been emphasized, for Bangladeshi older adults' adaptations to changing body, co-residing with children, being financially, physically, and emotionally dependent on family and receiving their care are viewed as normal and appropriate. Cross-cultural comparisons in this study suggest that what it means and entails to age well differ across cultures. This study highlights the need among health professionals to understand Bangladeshi culture, with its specific beliefs and values, as it relates to the views of aging well.
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Moore RC, Eyler LT, Mausbach BT, Zlatar ZZ, Thompson WK, Peavy G, Fazeli PL, Jeste DV. Complex interplay between health and successful aging: role of perceived stress, resilience, and social support. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:622-32. [PMID: 25217186 PMCID: PMC4329284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and psychosocial resources, including resilience and social support, have traditionally been studied in the context of the stress paradigm and, more recently, in the context of successful aging. This study used moderated mediation analyses to examine the role of perceived stress in the relationships between physical and mental health functioning and self-rated successful aging (SRSA) and whether differences between people in level of resilience and social support changes the role of perceived stress in these relationships. A cross-sectional study of 1,006 older adults (mean age: 77 years) completed scales addressing SRSA, physical and mental health functioning, perceived stress, resilience, and social support. Results indicated that the strength of relationships between both physical and mental health functioning and SRSA were reduced after accounting for variation in level of perceived stress. The role of perceived stress in the association between mental health functioning and SRSA was found to be stronger among participants with the highest levels of resilience, and the influence of perceived stress on the degree of relationship between physical health functioning and SRSA was stronger among those with greatest social support. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce perceived stress may help break the link between disability and poor well-being in older adults. The findings further suggest that the impact of such interventions might differ depending on psychological resources (i.e., resilience) for mental health disabilities and external resources (i.e., social support) for those with physical health problems. The complex interplay of these factors should be taken into account in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeanne C. Moore
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA
,Correspondence should be addressed to: Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive (0993) La Jolla, CA 92093-0993
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Brent T. Mausbach
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zvinka Z. Zlatar
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Guerry Peavy
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA
| | - Pariya L. Fazeli
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- University of California San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA
,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA
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Cherry KE, Allen PD, Denver JY, Holland KR. Contributions of Social Desirability to Self-Reported Ageism. J Appl Gerontol 2013; 34:712-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0733464813484984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examined the role of social desirability in 445 participants’ responses to self-reported measures of ageism across two studies. In Study 1, college students and community adults completed the Relating to Older People Evaluation (ROPE) and a short form of the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS). Study 2 was a conceptual replication that included the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA). Correlation analyses confirmed a small but significant relationship between scores on the positive ageist items and the social desirability scale in both studies. Ageist attitudes were correlated with negative ageist behaviors in Study 2. Implications for current views on ageism and strategies for reducing ageist attitudes and behaviors in everyday life are discussed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a lack of consensus on the definition of successful aging (SA) and existing implementations have omitted constructs associated with SA. We used empirical methods to develop a dimensional model of SA that incorporates a wider range of associated variables, and we examined the relationship among these components using factor analysis and Bayesian Belief Nets. METHODS We administered a successful aging questionnaire comprising several standardized measures related to SA to a sample of 1948 older women enrolled in the San Diego site of the Women's Health Initiative study. The SA-related variables we included in the model were self-rated successful aging, depression severity, physical and emotional functioning, optimism, resilience, attitude towards own aging, self-efficacy, and cognitive ability. After adjusting for age, education and income, we fitted an exploratory factor analysis model to the SA-related variables and then, in order to address relationships among these factors, we computed a Bayesian Belief Net (BBN) using rotated factor scores. RESULTS The SA-related variables loaded onto five factors. Based on the loading, we labeled the factors as follows: self-rated successful aging, cognition, psychosocial protective factors, physical functioning, and emotional functioning. In the BBN, self-rated successful aging emerged as the primary downstream factor and exhibited significant partial correlations with psychosocial protective factors, physical/general status and mental/emotional status but not with cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents a step forward in developing a dimensional model of SA. Our findings also point to a potential role for psychiatry in improving successful aging by managing depressive symptoms and developing psychosocial interventions to improve self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism.
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