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Bielecka M, Smoragiewicz W, Siwicki AK, Wójcik R, Biedrzycka E, Orłowski A, Kask S, Jankowski J, Karska-Wysocki B, Ham D. The Effect of Various Probiotic Strains or Avilamycin Feed Additive on Immune Defense Markers and Acute-Phase Response to Salmonella Infection in Chickens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 2:175-85. [PMID: 26781240 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-010-9054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are a nutritional tool for disease prevention. It has been proposed that stimulation of immune response could affect the growth-promoting properties of antimicrobial growth promoters as well as the control of foodborne pathogens. The current study compares immune response in the blood of 280 non-infected and Salmonella-infected chickens fed either with the growth promoter avilamycin or with one of five probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which also showed growth-promoting properties. All of the probiotic strains stimulated superoxide anion production and the proliferation of leukocytes, while raising lysozyme and γ-globulin levels (by up to 65%, p < 0.01), which are important factors in native and cell-mediated immune defense against pathogens. In contrast, among the two strains examined, specific Salmonella antibodies were induced only by L. salivarius, and not by B. animalis, as assessed by the ELISA method and confirmed by an agglutination reaction (p < 0.05). In the avilamycin-fed group, both non-infected and infected chickens showed decreased levels of these immune markers (by 30%) and increased levels of ceruloplasmin by up to 35%. In contrast, the probiotics suppressed acute-phase response assessed by ceruloplasmin by up to 32%. This correlation implies that various antimicrobial feed additives have a distinct effect on immunomodulation, which may affect different mechanisms in the nutrition-related metabolism associated with the rate of weight gain in chickens. The data could contribute to the design of innovative antimicrobial feed additives in the food industry and consequently to well-being of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bielecka
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wanda Smoragiewicz
- Department of Biology Sciences, Université du Québec, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andrzej K Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roman Wójcik
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Biedrzycka
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Orłowski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Signe Kask
- EU Centre of Excellence CENEXFOOD, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animals, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Karska-Wysocki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniela Ham
- CHUM l'Hôtel-Dieu, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3830 rue St. Urbain, Pav. Jeanne Mance, Rm. 7-134, Montreal, QC, H2W 1T8, Canada.
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Yeh HY, Serrano KV, Acosta AS, Buhr RJ. Production of recombinant Salmonella flagellar protein, FlgK, and its uses in detection of anti-Salmonella antibodies in chickens by automated capillary immunoassay. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 122:27-32. [PMID: 26784737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Conventional immunoblot assays are a useful tool for specific protein identification, but tedious, labor-intensive and time-consuming. A capillary electrophoresis-based immunoblot assay so-called "Simple Western" was developed to enable the protein identification in an automatic manner. This communication describes the use of Simple Western for detecting anti-Salmonella FlgK antibodies from chicken sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yueh Yeh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605-2720, USA.
| | - Katherine Vargas Serrano
- Food Science and Technology Program, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus, P.O. Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 00681-9000, USA
| | - Aimee Silvestry Acosta
- Food Science and Technology Program, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus, P.O. Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 00681-9000, USA
| | - Richard J Buhr
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605-2720, USA
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3
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Beal RK, Smith AL. Antibody response toSalmonella: its induction and role in protection against avian enteric salmonellosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 5:873-81. [PMID: 17914920 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.5.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human enteritis resulting from the consumption of poultry products contaminated with serovars of Salmonella enterica remains a major public-health concern. Reducing food contamination by preventing or controlling infection in the chicken during rearing is an attractive solution. An accurate understanding of the mechanisms of immunity to Salmonella infection in the chicken will help to focus the development of vaccines for birds and prevent contaminated products from entering the human food chain. Infection is primarily restricted to the intestinal lumen when chickens are infected with S. enterica serovars Typhimurium or Enteritidis, where they persist for many weeks. High titers of Salmonella-specific antibodies are observed following infection and demonstrate a high degree of cross-reactivity against other serovars. However, depletion of B cells and, therefore, removal of the capacity for antibody production in the chicken does not exacerbate the infection following either primary or secondary challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Beal
- Institute for Animal Health, Enteric Immunology Group, Division of Immunology, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK.
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Barrow PA, Lovell MA. Experimental infection of egg-laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. Avian Pathol 2008; 20:335-48. [PMID: 18680027 DOI: 10.1080/03079459108418769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chickens were inoculated intravenously with 10(5) or 10(6) organisms. Heavy infection of the ovaries occurred and some infection persisted in this organ for several weeks. Most of the ovarian infections were confined to the interstitial tissues and not to the yolk contained in the large follicles. Infections of the ovary did not result from contamination from infected air sacs. None of 810 eggs laid contained S. enteritidis. Chickens infected orally gave similar results to those following intravenous inoculation although the number of isolations obtained from the caeca and cloaca were higher. S. enteritidis was isolated from two of 633 eggs in which the contents only were cultured and from 36 of 614 eggs in which both shell and contents were cultured. The serum IgG response to oral inoculation was monitored by an ELISA using a whole cell sonicate or lipopolysaccharide antigen. High titres of IgG were detected for 27 weeks after infection when the experiment was terminated. The experiments suggest that most infected eggs laid by 5. enteritidis-infected hens are surface-contaminated and do not result from infected ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- Houghton Laboratory, ARFC Institute for Animal Health, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
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Berchieri A, Iba AM, Barrow P. Examination by ELISA of sera obtained from chicken breeder and layer flocks showing evidence of fowl typhoid or pullorum disease. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:411-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Oral immunisation of laying hens with the live vaccine strains of TAD Salmonella vac E and TAD Salmonella vac T reduces internal egg contamination with Salmonella Enteritidis. Vaccine 2006; 24:6250-5. [PMID: 16842890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eggs are a major source of human infections with Salmonella. Therefore controlling egg contamination in laying hen flocks is one of the main targets for control programmes. A study was carried out to assess the effect of oral vaccination with TAD Salmonella vac E, TAD Salmonella vac T and with both vaccines TAD Salmonella vac E and TAD Salmonella vac T, on colonization of the reproductive tract and internal egg contamination of laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis. Three groups of 30 laying hens were vaccinated at 1 day, 6 weeks and 16 weeks of age with either one of the vaccine strains, or a combination of both vaccine strains, while a fourth group was left unvaccinated. At 24 weeks of age, the birds were intravenously challenged with 0.5 ml containing 5 x 10(7)cfu Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 S1400/94. The number of oviducts from which Salmonella was isolated, was significantly lower in the vaccinated than in the non-vaccinated hens at 3 weeks post-challenge. Significantly less egg contents were Salmonella positive in the birds vaccinated with TAD Salmonella vac E or TAD Salmonella vac T (12/105 batches of eggs in both groups) than in the unvaccinated birds (28/105 batches of eggs). Internal egg contamination in the hens vaccinated with both TAD Salmonella vac E and TAD Salmonella vac T was even more reduced, as over the whole experiment, only one batch of eggs was positive. In conclusion, these data indicate that vaccination of laying hens with these live vaccines could be considered as a valuable tool in controlling internal egg contamination.
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Oliveira GH, Berchieri Jr A, Montassier HJ. Chicken serologic response to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium assessed by Elisa. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2006000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Asheg AA, Fedorová V, Pistl J, Levkut M, Revajová V, Kolodzieyski L, Sevcíková Z, Pilipcinec E. Effect of low and high doses of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 on experimentally infected chicks. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 46:459-62. [PMID: 11899482 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chicks (1-d-old, three groups, each containing 50 chicks) were inoculated with 2 x 10(2) and 2 x 10(8) CFU of Salmonella enteritidis; the third group were kept as uninoculated control. Five birds from each group were euthanized at intervals from 6 h to 4 weeks post-inoculation (pi). In the low-dose group S. enteritidis was isolated from 60% cecal samples at 18 h pi, and from 20% of livers at 3 d pi. Individual variation in the frequency of S. enteritidis recovery was observed in this group. The clearance of salmonella from the organs was faster in the low-dose group, and salmonella was not isolated from the liver and cecum at 21 and at 27 d pi, respectively. However, in the high-dose group, S. enteritidis was isolated from all ceca and 80% of liver 6 h pi, and salmonella was detected in the cecum and liver throughout the experiment. Serous typhlitis and unabsorbed yolk sac were the most prevalent lesions in both groups. Granulomatous nodules in the cecum were found occasionally in some cases in both inoculated groups, which can play a role as reservoirs in carrier chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Asheg
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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Wysocki J, Dera-Tomaszewska B, Dziadziuszko H, Tokarska-Pietrzak E, Strzalkowski L, Glośnicka R. Agglutination assays and ELISA for detecting egg yolk antibodies in flocks naturally infected with Salmonella
Enteritidis. Vet Rec 2002; 151:304-5. [PMID: 12243276 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.10.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wysocki
- National Salmonella Centre, Department of Immunology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Gydnia, Poland
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Chart H, Pearce MC, Mellor D, Shaw DJ, Brown D. Immunoassays to detect the serum antibody response of cattle to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium definitive type 104 and following vaccination with Bovivac S. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:46-51. [PMID: 12067373 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To use ELISA and immunoblotting assays to examine the serum antibody response of cattle infected with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and following vaccination with Bovivac S. METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-nine cattle, including 16 shedding multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, were screened for serum antibodies binding to O=1, 4, 5, 12 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens before and after vaccination with Bovivac S. Sera with an ELISA reading of 0.9A405 or above were shown to contain antibodies, of the IgG-class only, to the LPS of Salmonella Typhimurium using immunoblotting. Prior to vaccination, only 11 cattle had serum IgG-class antibodies to the O=4, 5 LPS antigens, and of these one also had antibodies to outer membrane proteins and H=i flagellar antigens. Following vaccination, 87 out of 315 cattle developed serum antibodies to the LPS of Salmonella Typhimurium. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of infection of cattle with Salmonella Typhimurium was readily obtained with an LPS-based ELISA in association with an immunoblotting procedure, supplementing existing bacteriological procedures. This enabled the detection of an increase in the number of cattle with serum antibodies to Salmonella Typhimurium LPS following vaccination with Bovivac S. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The immunoassays described provided evidence of infection with Salmonella Typhimurium and served as a valuable adjunct to established bacteriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chart
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Division of Gastrointestinal Infections, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK.
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Gast RK, Nasir MS, Jolley ME, Holt PS, Stone HD. Serologic detection of experimental Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence polarization and enzyme immunoassay. Avian Dis 2002; 46:137-42. [PMID: 11922325 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0137:sdoese]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection of infected poultry flocks is essential for controlling eggborne transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to humans. The present study evaluated the detection of antibodies in the sera of experimentally infected chickens by a fluorescence polarization assay with a tracer prepared from the O-polysaccharide of S. enteritidis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an S. enteritidis flagellin antigen. In two trials, groups of specific-pathogen-free laying hens were infected orally with either 10(6) or 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) of S. enteritidis (phage type 13a) or with 10(8) CFU of Salmonella typhimurium. Serum samples were collected before inoculation and at five subsequent weekly intervals. Both assays successfully detected the majority of hens infected with S. enteritidis at either dose level, but they also identified a substantial number of hens infected with S. typhimurium as seropositive. The fluorescence polarization test detected S. enteritidis infection significantly more often and cross-reacted with sera from hens infected with S. typhimurium significantly less often than the ELISA. The fluorescence polarization assay also offered advantages in terms of speed and methodologic simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Nicholson TL, Bäumler AJ. Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium elicits cross-immunity against a Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis strain expressing LP fimbriae from the lac promoter. Infect Immun 2001; 69:204-12. [PMID: 11119507 PMCID: PMC97873 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.1.204-212.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of fimbrial phase variation in Salmonella serotypes is currently unknown. Exposure to long polar (LP) fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium results in selection against lpf phase ON cells of serotype Enteritidis during a subsequent challenge, suggesting that fimbrial phase variation may be a mechanism to evade cross-immunity between Salmonella serotypes. This notion was tested by assessing the effect of an immune response against serotype Typhimurium LP fimbriae on colonization of mice with a serotype Enteritidis mutant in which the lpf promoter region was replaced with the Escherichia coli lac promoter. During a challenge with a serotype Enteritidis mutant carrying the lac promoter in front of the lpf operon, significantly lower numbers were recovered from organs and feces of mice previously immunized with an lpf phase ON culture of serotype Typhimurium than from mice not previously exposed to LP fimbriae. Immunization with the lpf phase ON culture of serotype Typhimurium elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with a purified gluthathione-S-transferase-LpfA fusion protein of serotype Enteritidis. These data suggested that cross-immunity against LP fimbrial proteins cannot be evaded if phase variation on the transcriptional level is prevented by expressing the lpf operon from the lac promoter. These data hence support the idea that phase variation of LP fimbriae is a mechanism to evade cross-immunity between serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Nicholson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Desmidt M, Ducatelle R, Mast J, Goddeeris BM, Kaspers B, Haesebrouck F. Role of the humoral immune system in Salmonella enteritidis phage type four infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 63:355-67. [PMID: 9656424 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of avian humoral immunity in the clearance of S. enteritidis was evaluated through bursectomy. After oral inoculation of bursectomized and sham-treated chickens with S. enteritidis, faecal excretion of S. enteritidis was examined. Organs were collected weekly until six weeks post-inoculation (pi) for bacteriological enumeration. Antibody isotypes in serum and bile were quantified by ELISA. Faecal excretion of S. enteritidis was significantly lower in controls from 13 days pi. Numbers of S. enteritidis in caeca from controls were significantly decreased from three weeks pi. Numbers of S. enteritidis were significantly decreased at two weeks pi in the spleen and the liver and at six weeks pi in the liver. Antibodies to S. enteritidis peaked at two weeks pi in controls and were absent in bursectomized chickens. These findings indicate that elimination of S. enteritidis partly depends on humoral immunity. The intestinal humoral response appeared more effective than the systemic humoral response for elimination of S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desmidt
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gast RK, Porter RE, Holt PS. Assessing the sensitivity of egg yolk antibody testing for detecting Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens. Poult Sci 1997; 76:798-801. [PMID: 9181610 DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.6.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of infected commercial poultry flocks has become a pivotal component of efforts to reduce the incidence of egg-associated transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to humans. To assess the sensitivity with which testing for specific antibodies in egg yolks can be applied to detect S. enteritidis infection in laying chickens, groups of hens were orally inoculated with either 10(3), 10(5), or 10(7) cfu of a phage type 13a strain of S. enteritidis. Eggs from these hens were collected for 4 wk after inoculation and yolk samples were tested for antibodies to S. enteritidis flagella by ELISA. All hens that were inoculated with 10(7) cfu of S. enteritidis were detected as infected by the egg yolk ELISA when eggs were tested individually, as were up to 66 and 35% of hens inoculated with 10(5) or 10(3) cfu, respectively. Even when yolks from infected hens were diluted 1:10 in yolk from uninfected hens, specific antibodies could still be found in eggs from 31% of hens given 10(7) cfu of S. enteritidis and 13% of hens given 10(3) cfu. These results demonstrate that egg yolk antibody testing can provide a highly sensitive indication of prior exposure to S. enteritidis, and should accordingly be useful for verifying the effectiveness of programs designed to reduce the incidence of S. enteritidis infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gast
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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15
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Nicholas RA, Santini FG, Clark KM, Palmer NM, De Santis P, Bashiruddin JB. A comparison of serological tests and gross lung pathology for detecting contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in two groups of Italian cattle. Vet Rec 1996; 139:89-93. [PMID: 8843640 DOI: 10.1136/vr.139.4.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Western and dot blotting techniques were compared with complement fixation tests (CFT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mycoplasma culture and gross lung pathology to detect Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), in two groups of Italian cattle. None of the animals showed any clinical signs before slaughter. In group A, seven of the 20 cattle had characteristic lung lesions of acute and chronic CBPP but only six were positive by CFT. Western blotting detected antibody in eight of the animals, of which six had lesions and significant CFT titres (> 50 per cent fixation at a serum dilution of 1/10) and two had neither. In group B, seven of the 17 cattle had lesions characteristic of CBPP, and 12 were seropositive by CFT. Western blotting detected antibody in 13 of the animals including one which had a negative CFT titre. The ELISA was less sensitive than either CFT or Western blotting, detecting antibody in five animals in group A and nine animals in group B. The dot blotting test correlated well with Western blotting but gave a small number of ambiguous results. The causative organism was isolated from four of the 20 cattle in group A and six of the 17 cattle in group B.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Nicholas
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
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16
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Desmidt M, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, de Groot PA, Verlinden M, Wijffels R, Hinton M, Bale JA, Allen VM. Detection of antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis in sera and yolks from experimentally and naturally infected chickens. Vet Rec 1996; 138:223-6. [PMID: 8686137 DOI: 10.1136/vr.138.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4, was developed for the detection of antibodies to salmonella. Sera and yolks from chickens infected experimentally with S enteritidis showed strong positive reactions. Cross-reactions occurred with sera from chickens inoculated with S typhimurium or S gallinarum. Cross-reactions were weak with sera from chickens infected with five strains of other Enterobacteriaceae. The ELISA was tested with sera and yolks from commercial poultry flocks which were bacteriologically negative for salmonella or infected with salmonella serotypes belonging to serogroup D or to other serogroups. The serological reactions were strong in most flocks infected with S enteritidis and were weaker in flocks infected with S typhimurium. In some flocks infected with these serotypes no antibodies were detected. The correct setting of the cut-off value of the optical density in the ELISA makes it possible to discriminate between chickens which are infected with S enteritidis and chickens which are not infected with S enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desmidt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Belgium
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17
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Cooper GL, Thorns CJ. Evaluation of SEF14 fimbrial dot blot and flagellar western blot tests as indicators of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Vet Rec 1996; 138:149-53. [PMID: 8677603 DOI: 10.1136/vr.138.7.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The serological responses to Salmonella enteritidis flagella (H: g,m) and its fimbrial antigen SEF14 were evaluated as indicators of infection in chickens and to confirm serological results obtained by an ELISA using S enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (O: 9,12) as the detecting antigen. The SEF14 antigen and flagella were extracted from S enteritidis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper for use in Western and dot blot tests. Antisera to 19 salmonella serotypes including S enteritidis were raised in rabbits and their cross reactivity to the flagellar and SEF14 antigens was evaluated. Cross reactivity with the SEF14 antigen was found in one antiserum, raised against S blegdam, and to flagella in eight of 19 antisera raised against various salmonella serotypes, most of which shared the flagellar factors g or m with S enteritidis. The intensity of cross reaction to flagella was strongest in S derby and S blegdam antisera. Antisera raised in chickens against S typhimurium and S panama did not cross react in either test, and neither did pooled sera from eight-week-old salmonella-free, broiler breeder parent chickens. Field sera from two commercial flocks with no history of salmonella infection were negative when tested by the LPS ELISA. These sera were also negative when tested by the flagellar and SEF14 blots. S enteritidis infection in a commercial laying flock was detected initially when the sera were tested by the LPS ELISA and confirmed in individual and pooled sera by the SEF14 and flagellar tests. S enteritidis PT4 was isolated from this flock post mortem.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Cooper
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
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Chart H, Waghorn DJ, Rowe B. Serological detection of patients infected with Salmonella enteritidis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(94)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Chart H, Waghorn DJ, Rowe B. Serological response of patients infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(94)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Barrow PA. Serological diagnosis of Salmonella serotype enteritidis infections in poultry by ELISA and other tests. Int J Food Microbiol 1994; 21:55-68. [PMID: 8155479 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Serological methods have increasingly been used for the detection of invasive Salmonella serotypes including enteritidis in poultry. Different types of ELISA, particularly indirect or double antibody-blocking assays using a variety of antigens such as lipopolysaccharide, flagella and SEF14 fimbrial antigen are used as part of control programmes in a number of countries. There are many advantages to using such assays for preliminary screening of flocks prior to using bacteriological culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire, England, UK
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21
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Chart H, Conway D, Rowe B. Outer membrane characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 growing in chickens. Epidemiol Infect 1993; 111:449-54. [PMID: 7903640 PMCID: PMC2271258 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800057174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type 4 (SE4) were grown in the peritoneal cavities of chickens, and without subculture on laboratory media examined for inducible in vivo phenotypic characteristics. These bacteria expressed three major outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of 33, 35 and 36 kilodaltons (kDa), and iron regulated OMPs of 74, 78 and 81 kDa. Bacteria growing in vivo did not express flagella, or fimbriae with a subunit molecular mass of 14 kDa (14 kDa fimbriae). Two OMPs of 55 and 23 kDa, expressed during culture in nutrient broth, were repressed during growth in chickens. Possession of a 38 MDa 'mouse virulence' plasmid did not influence the expression of OMPs, flagella or fimbriae. It was concluded that strains of SE4 growing in chicken tissues, use an enterobactin mediated iron uptake system to obtain ferric ions, do not express flagella or 14 kDa fimbriae and appear not to express novel OMPs involved in survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chart
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK
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22
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Failure of patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome to produce Immunoglobulin G antibodies to Escherichia coli O157 lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(93)90005-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Furrer B, Baumgartner A, Bommeli W. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against Salmonella enteritidis in chicken blood or egg yolk. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:191-200. [PMID: 8219490 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tracing of flock infection remains one of the most serious unsolved problems of controlling salmonellosis in poultry. In order to overcome this problem, a serological test kit for the detection of antibody to Salmonella enteritidis (1, 9, 12:[f], g, m, [p]:[1, 7]) in chicken flocks was developed. In this study, samples of antisera and the yolk of eggs from different chicken flocks were tested with the ELISA kit, and the resulting flock profiles were compared. The test system clearly allowed a differentiation between flocks which were positive and flocks which were negative for S. enteritidis. Sera from stocks infected with S. typhimurium (1, 4, (5), 12:i:1, 2) or S. heidelberg (1, 4, (5), 12:r, 1, 2) were also analysed in order to determine the relative cross-reactivity in the test. No false-positive results could be shown in the case of S. heidelberg; cross-reactions with antibodies against S. typhimurium were found in 2.5% to 10% of the samples from a particular flock. The test kit could also be used for the analysis of egg yolk samples without time-consuming purification procedures. Specific antibodies were detected in high dilutions of positive egg yolks, thus enabling a rapid screening for S. enteritidis-positive chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Furrer
- Dr. Bommeli AG, Liebefeld, Switzerland
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24
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Gast RK, Beard CW. Research to understand and control Salmonella enteritidis in chickens and eggs. Poult Sci 1993; 72:1157-63. [PMID: 8321820 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0721157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When it became evident that the association of human Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreaks with the consumption of contaminated Grade A eggs posed a threat to public health and to the economic viability of the egg industry, research programs were rapidly initiated to investigate the many unanswered questions about SE in eggs and chickens. Research efforts have focused on the dynamics of deposition, survival, and growth of SE in eggs, the pathogenesis of SE in chickens, strategies for detecting SE-infected flocks, opportunities for intervening to prevent infection, the sources of SE in laying flocks, options for effectively cleaning poultry houses, and the epidemiology of SE infections of humans and chickens. This research has provided a substantially better understanding of the SE problem in poultry, but many further questions about the basis for and the prevention of eggborne transmission of SE remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gast
- USDA, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605
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25
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Brito JR, Hinton M, Stokes CR, Pearson GR. The humoral and cell mediated immune response of young chicks to Salmonella typhimurium and S. Kedougou. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1993; 149:225-34. [PMID: 8334505 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Day old chicks were inoculated with either Salmonella typhimurium or S. Kedougou as representative examples of an invasive and a non-invasive strain respectively. The titres of IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies were determined, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the bile, serum and homogenates of intestinal mucosa each week up to 5 weeks of age. Statistically significant increases in antibodies were detected in the bile (IgA and IgG) and the intestinal mucosa and serum (IgG and IgM) 1 week after the birds were inoculated with S. typhimurium. In contrast, only a limited response was recorded for S. kedougou 4 weeks after challenge commenced. The birds appeared capable of eliminating systemic infection with S. typhimurium as they grew older although a cell mediated immune response was demonstrated in less than half the birds aged 4 or 5 weeks. The demonstration of only a limited serological response to S. kedougou indicates that serological testing may have a limited role in monitoring flocks for infection with non-invasive serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, Langford, Avon, UK
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26
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Baay MF, Huis in 't Veld JH. Alternative antigens reduce cross-reactions in an ELISA for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 74:243-7. [PMID: 8468257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two alternative antigens for the use in detection of antibodies to salmonellas were investigated: firstly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from members of the D2 group, having antigens O: 9, 46, and flagella antigens. Whereas LPS from the D2 group did not discriminate sufficiently with control sera, flagella antigens reacted specifically with antibodies directed to serotype specific H antigens. When flagella antigens were used to screen sera from birds of commercial flocks, however, cross-reactivity between flagella antigens was observed. When both LPS and flagella antigens were used to screen sera from chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis, the sera gave higher titres with flagella antigens during the early stages of infection, and titres with flagella antigens dropped earlier after infection had ended than titres with lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Baay
- Department of the Science of Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Gast RK. Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens by culturing pools of egg contents. Poult Sci 1993; 72:267-74. [PMID: 8441730 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0720267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine whether Salmonella enteritidis could be detected efficiently in pooled samples of the contents of eggs laid by experimentally infected hens. In Experiment 1, groups of laying hens were orally inoculated with either 10(4) or 10(6) S. enteritidis cells. In Experiment 2, one-third of the hens in each group were orally inoculated with 10(6) S. enteritidis cells. At 2 wk postinoculation, culturing egg pools yielded positive results at frequencies similar to those obtained by culturing fecal samples, culturing internal organs, or testing for specific serum antibodies. Culturing fecal samples detected a higher percentage of exposed hens than egg pool culturing at 1 and 3 wk, and serum antibody tests were superior at 3 and 4 wk. In Experiment 1, more than 46% of the hens inoculated with 10(6) S. enteritidis cells laid at least one contaminated egg during the 2nd wk postinoculation. In Experiment 2, over 34% of the hens produced at least one contaminated egg during the 2nd wk postinoculation, but very few contaminated egg pools were identified during the 3rd and 4th wk. Bacteriological culturing of pooled egg contents for S. enteritidis, therefore, can apparently provide an effective method for assessing the potential public health threat posed by a flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605
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28
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Kles V, Morin M, Humbert F, Lalande F, Guittet M, Bennejean G. Diagnostic sérologique des salmonelloses aviaires: Mise au point d'un test ELISA utilisant des antigènes adsorbés à l'aide de sérums anticolibacillaires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1993.tb00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Barrow PA. ELISAs and the serological analysis of Salmonella infections in poultry: a review. Epidemiol Infect 1992; 109:361-9. [PMID: 1468521 PMCID: PMC2271946 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800050354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Large increases in the number of cases of human food-poisoning caused by salmonella have occurred in several countries in recent years. In England and Wales the annual number of bacteriologically confirmed cases rose from 10665 in 1981 to 30112 in 1990 and it is generally accepted that these figures are underestimates. The reasons for the unprecedented increase are largely unknown but may include increases in the consumption of convenience foods, poultry, and poultry products, together with a dramatic increase inSalmonella enteritidisinfections in poultry.S. enteritidisandS. typhimuriumare now the predominant serotypes both in human disease and in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, England
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30
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Chart H, Baskerville A, Humphrey TJ, Rowe B. Serological responses of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by different routes. Epidemiol Infect 1992; 109:297-302. [PMID: 1397118 PMCID: PMC2271916 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially reared chickens were challenged with Salmonella enteritidis phage-type (PT) 4 by aerosol, or via the conjunctiva. Inhalation of 2.9 x 10(2) or 4.2 x 10(3) S. enteritidis resulted in the production of IgG antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. enteritidis PT4. When the aerosol inoculum was increased to 2.4 x 10(5) bacteria per bird the antibody produced were predominantly of the IgM-class. Chickens challenged with 10(3) S. enteritidis PT4 via the conjunctiva mounted only a poor immune response. Increasing the challenge dose to 10(8) S. enteritidis resulted in the production of high-titre serum antibodies of both the IgG and IgM classes. Results from this study suggest that aerosols containing small numbers of S. enteritidis PT4 might be responsible for intraflock infection of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chart
- Division of Enteric Pathogens, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, UK
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31
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Poppe C, Johnson RP, Forsberg CM, Irwin RJ. Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella in laying hens and eggs from flocks with Salmonella in their environment. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1992; 56:226-32. [PMID: 1423059 PMCID: PMC1263543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven Canadian layer flocks with Salmonella enteritidis in their environment were investigated to determine the numbers of hens infected with S. enteritidis, the localization of S. enteritidis in organs of infected hens and the numbers of S. enteritidis-infected eggs produced by two affected flocks. By a microagglutination test (MAT) using S. pullorum antigens, these flocks had more seropositive hens (mean 51.9 +/- 16.9%) than two Salmonella-free flocks (mean 13.0 +/- 4.2%). Culture of tissues of 580 hens (433 seropositive) from the seven flocks detected 26 (4.5%) S. enteritidis-infected hens from two flocks. In one flock, 2/150 hens were infected with S. enteritidis phage type (PT) 8, which was confined to the ceca, and no Salmonella spp. were isolated from 2520 eggs (one day's lay). In the second flock, where 24/150 hens were infected with S. enteritidis PT13, extraintestinal infection was found in nine hens and involved the ovaries and/or oviduct in two hens. Salmonella enteritidis PT13 was isolated from one sample of egg contents and from one sample of cracked shells from among 14,040 eggs (one day's lay) from this flock. The overall prevalence of S. enteritidis-contaminated eggs from the two flocks with infected hens was less than 0.06%. Other Salmonella spp. isolated were S. heidelberg from 58 hens (10%), and S. hadar, S. mbandaka and S. typhimurium from one hen (0.2%) each. The MAT with antigens of S. pullorum had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 24% for detecting S. enteritidis-infected hens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Poppe
- Agriculture Canada, Health of Animals Laboratory, Guelph, Ontario
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32
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Nicholas RA. Serological response of chickens naturally infected with Salmonella typhimurium detected by ELISA. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1992; 148:241-8. [PMID: 1617398 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Four laying flocks of chickens in Britain, each with a history of Salmonella typhimurium infection, were investigated serologically and bacteriologically. Blood samples were taken from identified birds from a single house on each site and sent to the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge for serological examination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and rapid slide agglutination test (RST) using stained S. pullorum. The identified birds were taken to the local Veterinary Investigation Centre for bacteriological examination. On site A no salmonellae were recovered from birds in the house chosen for serological examination. Of these birds approximately 20% had antibodies to S. typhimurium in ELISA which used either a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or heat-extract (HE) antigen from S. typhimurium. S. typhimurium was recovered from birds in one other of the four houses on the same site; these birds were not tested serologically. On site B, S. typhimurium was isolated from 8% of the birds examined. Of the total tested serologically, a third to half were seropositive by S. typhimurium ELISA using the LPS and HE antigen respectively. A small proportion of birds was seropositive by S. enteritidis ELISA and RST. No salmonellae were isolated from the other two sites although about 10% of birds tested on site C were seropositive in S. typhimurium ELISA. Cross-reactions were seen between S. typhimurium antigens in the ELISA and experimentally prepared antiserum to S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis ELISA was generally more specific although cross-reacting antibodies were detected in sera from birds on sites A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Nicholas
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, Surrey
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33
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Barrow PA. Further observations on the serological response to experimental Salmonella typhimurium in chickens measured by ELISA. Epidemiol Infect 1992; 108:231-41. [PMID: 1582466 PMCID: PMC2271995 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800049712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An indirect ELISA developed for the serological detection of Salmonella typhimurium in chickens using lipopolysaccharide as detecting antigen has been evaluated further in experimental infections. Following oral infection of 24-week-old laying hens with an invasive strain of S. typhimurium, high titres of specific circulating IgG were induced which were maintained for 20 weeks. Similar IgG titres were found in egg yolk. When 4-day-old chickens were infected high antibody titres persisted for 45 weeks. Chickens inoculated orally or intramuscularly with different numbers of S. typhimurium organisms showed graded serum IgG responses to LPS. The IgG titres in experimentally infected in-bred lines of chickens which showed greater genetic resistance to salmonella infection were significantly lower than those found in more susceptible lines. Oral and intramuscular infection with 18 different types of enterobacteria, including avian pathogenic E. coli, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and citrobacter-like organisms possessing some salmonella LPS (none possessed the O-4 antigen) and flagella antigens, did not induce S. typhimurium LPS-specific IgG responses. Chickens infected orally with rough or non-flagellate mutants of S. typhimurium did not induce high titres of LPS or flagella-specific IgG respectively. Sera obtained from S. typhimurium-infected chickens showed much higher titres against S. typhimurium LPS than with those antigens from other serotypes, including S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- AFRC-Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire
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34
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Gast RK, Beard CW. Evaluation of a chick mortality model for predicting the consequences of Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens. Poult Sci 1992; 71:281-7. [PMID: 1546038 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0710281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of four domestic Salmonella enteritidis (SE) isolates were compared in experimentally infected chicks and laying hens. The pathogenicity of each strain for 1-day-old chicks was determined by recording postinoculation mortality. The effects of the SE strains on adult hens were measured in terms of changes in total egg production, the frequency of production of SE-contaminated eggs, the dissemination of SE to internal organs, and the elicitation of a specific antibody response. Significant differences in the consequences of infection with different SE strains were observed in mortality rates among chicks and in total egg production, the frequency of production of contaminated eggs, and the serum antibody response among laying hens. The usefulness of a chick mortality model for predicting the probable frequency of production of contaminated eggs by laying hens infected with particular SE strains was then further evaluated by infecting chicks and laying hens with four other field isolates of SE. Although significant differences between SE strains were observed in both chick mortality and the frequency of production of contaminated eggs by hens, a strong correlation between these two parameters was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605
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35
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McLeod S, Barrow P. Lipopolysaccharide-specific IgG in egg yolk from two chicken flocks infected with Salmonella enteritidis. Lett Appl Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Chart H, Rowe B. Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins ofSalmonella enteritidisPT4 are not involved in protection from experimental infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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37
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Humphrey TJ, Whitehead A, Gawler AH, Henley A, Rowe B. Numbers of Salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 106:489-96. [PMID: 2050203 PMCID: PMC2271858 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800067546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 5700 hens eggs from 15 flocks naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis were examined individually for the presence of the organism in either egg contents or on shells. Thirty-two eggs (0.6%) were positive in the contents. In the majority, levels of contamination were low. Three eggs, however, were found to contain many thousands of cells. In eggs where it was possible to identify the site of contamination, the albumen was more frequently positive than the yolk. Storage at room temperature had no significant effect on the prevalence of salmonella-positive eggs but those held for more than 21 days were more likely (P less than 0.01) to be heavily contaminated. In batches of eggs where both shells and contents were examined, 1.1% were positive on the former site and 0.9% in the latter.
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38
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Gast RK, Beard CW. Detection of Salmonella serogroup D-specific antibodies in the yolks of eggs laid by hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis. Poult Sci 1991; 70:1273-6. [PMID: 1852702 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0701273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs laid by hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis were assayed for the presence of Serogroup D-specific yolk antibodies. Yolk antibodies were detected with S. enteritidis and Salmonella pullorum antigens in the microantiglobulin test as early as 9 days after inoculation of hens with S. enteritidis. Yolk antibody titers reached peak levels at 3 to 5 wk postinoculation and remained at detectable levels for at least 7 wk postinoculation in eggs from both orally inoculated and horizontally contact-exposed hens. Eggs laid by hens from commercial flocks implicated in epidemiological investigations of human S. enteritidis outbreaks were also tested. Serogroup D-specific yolk antibodies were detected in 5 to 22% of eggs from hens in houses identified as infected by bacteriological culturing of internal organs of hens for S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30605
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39
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Humphrey TJ, Chart H, Baskerville A, Rowe B. The influence of age on the response of SPF hens to infection with Salmonella enteritidis PT4. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 106:33-43. [PMID: 1825197 PMCID: PMC2271838 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800056429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
When Specific Pathogen-Free hens were infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by direct administration into the crop, the age of the bird at infection was found to have an effect on both pathogenesis and antibody response. Birds at 20 weeks of age showed no adverse signs and developed high titres of antibodies of the IgM class, while those which were 1 year old at infection developed relatively little antibody and had acute septicaemia, with 6 of 10 birds either dying or having to be humanely destroyed. The implication of these results for the control of salmonella infections in poultry is discussed.
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