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French NP, Thomas KM, Amani NB, Benschop J, Bigogo GM, Cleaveland S, Fayaz A, Hugho EA, Karimuribo ED, Kasagama E, Maganga R, Melubo ML, Midwinter AC, Mmbaga BT, Mosha VV, Mshana FI, Munyua P, Ochieng JB, Rogers L, Sindiyo E, Swai ES, Verani JR, Widdowson MA, Wilkinson DA, Kazwala RR, Crump JA, Zadoks RN. Population Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Isolated from Humans with Diarrhea and from Poultry, East Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:2079-2089. [PMID: 39320160 PMCID: PMC11431929 DOI: 10.3201/eid3010.231399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are global public health concerns. Africa is estimated to have the world's highest incidence of campylobacteriosis and a relatively high prevalence of AMR in Campylobacter spp. from humans and animals. Few studies have compared Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and poultry in Africa using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We explored the population structure and AMR of 178 Campylobacter isolates from East Africa, 81 from patients with diarrhea in Kenya and 97 from 56 poultry samples in Tanzania, collected during 2006-2017. Sequence type diversity was high in both poultry and human isolates, with some sequence types in common. The estimated prevalence of multidrug resistance, defined as resistance to >3 antimicrobial classes, was higher in poultry isolates (40.9%, 95% credible interval 23.6%-59.4%) than in human isolates (2.5%, 95% credible interval 0.3%-6.8%), underlining the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in livestock systems.
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Saleha A, Mead G, Ibrahim A. Campylobacter jejuniin poultry production and processing in relation to public health. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19980004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Saleha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G.C. Mead
- Department of Farm Animal and Equine Medicine and Surgery, The Royal Veterinary College, Boltons Park, Hawkshead Road, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 1NB, UK
| | - A.L. Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sindiyo E, Maganga R, Thomas KM, Benschop J, Swai E, Shirima G, Zadoks RN. Food Safety, Health Management, and Biosecurity Characteristics of Poultry Farms in Arusha City, Northern Tanzania, Along a Gradient of Intensification. East Afr Health Res J 2018; 2:168-180. [PMID: 34308188 PMCID: PMC8279270 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj-d-18-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the growth, urbanisation, and changing consumption patterns of Tanzania's human population, new livestock production systems are emerging. Intensification of poultry production may result in opportunities and threats for food safety, such as improved awareness of biosecurity or increasing prevalence of foodborne pathogens including nontyphoidal Salmonella or Campylobacter spp. We conducted a semiquantitative analysis of poultry production systems in northern Tanzania, with emphasis on biosecurity, health management practices, and prevalence of foodborne pathogens, to gain insight into potential associations between intensification and food safety. METHODS Interviews were conducted with managers of 40 poultry farms, with equal representation of 4 production systems (extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive production with indigenous chickens, and broiler farming). Per farm, up to 10 birds (total, 386) were tested for cloacal shedding of nontyphoidal Salmonella, with a subset of farms tested for Campylobacter. Data were analysed using univariate statistics, and results were discussed during feedback workshops with participating farmers and extension officers. RESULTS Clear differences existed between farm types with regard to implementation of biosecurity and health management practices and use of extension services. By contrast, prevalence of foodborne pathogens (6 of 40 farms or 15% for nontyphoidal Salmonella and 13 of 26 farms or 50% for Campylobacter spp.) was not farm-type specific, indicating that it is driven by other factors. Across farming systems, knowledge and awareness of the presence of antimicrobials in poultry feed and the need to abide by post-treatment withdrawal times were limited, as was access to impartial professional advice regarding treatment. CONCLUSION Different control measures may be needed to protect poultry health compared to public health, and improvements in information provision may be needed for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sindiyo
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ruth Maganga
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emmanuel Swai
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Carron M, Chang YM, Momanyi K, Akoko J, Kiiru J, Bettridge J, Chaloner G, Rushton J, O’Brien S, Williams N, Fèvre EM, Häsler B. Campylobacter, a zoonotic pathogen of global importance: Prevalence and risk factors in the fast-evolving chicken meat system of Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006658. [PMID: 30102697 PMCID: PMC6122836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a leading foodborne zoonosis worldwide, and is frequently associated with handling and consumption of poultry meat. Various studies indicate that Campylobacter causes a substantial human disease burden in low to middle-income countries, but data regarding the organism's epidemiology in countries like Kenya are scarce. In sub-Saharan Africa, 3.8 million deaths of children under-5 years of age are reported annually. Of those, 25% are caused by diarrheal diseases, and Campylobacter is one of the most frequently isolated bacteria from diarrheic children. With the growth of urban conglomerates, such as Kenya's capital, Nairobi, changes in diets, food production systems, and retailing dynamics, it is likely that exposure and susceptibility to this pathogen will change. Therefore, the importance of Campylobacter disease burden in Kenya may increase further. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Nairobi's small-scale chicken farms and meat retailers, and 2) to identify potential risk factors associated with its presence in those sites. The prevalence data provides the first detailed baseline for this pathogen in the urban Kenyan context. The risk factors provide context-specific insights for disease managers. A cross-sectional study of broiler, indigenous chicken farms, and chicken meat retailers, was conducted in a peri-urban, low to middle-income area (Dagoretti), and a very-low income informal settlement (Kibera) of Nairobi. Chicken faeces were collected using one pair of boot socks per farm, and 3 raw chicken meat samples were purchased per retailer. Samples were cultured for viable Campylobacter spp. using mCCDA, followed by blood agar plates in aerobic/microaerobic conditions for prevalence calculations. A questionnaire-based survey on sanitary, sourcing and selling practices was conducted at each site for risk factor identification using logistic regression analyses. A total of 171 farm premises and 53 retailers were sampled and interviewed. The prevalence results for Campylobacter spp. were between 33 to 44% for broiler and indigenous chicken farms, 60% and 64% for retailers, in Dagoretti and Kibera, respectively. Univariable logistic regression showed an association between Campylobacter spp. presence and the easiness of cleaning the display material used by the retailer. Restricting access to the flock was also associated with the pathogen's presence. Multivariable logistic regression identified the selling of defrosted meat as a retailer risk factor (OR: 4.69; 95% CI: 1.31-19.97), calling for more investigation of the reported repetitive freezing-thawing processes and cold chain improvement options. At the farm-level, having a pen floor of material not easy to clean was found to increase the risk (OR: 2.31; 95%CI: 1.06-5.37). The relatively high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. across different areas and value chain nodes indicates a clear human exposure risk. The open nature of both small-scale broiler and indigenous chicken production practices with low biosecurity, hygiene and informal transactions, likely plays a role in this. While gradual improvement of farm biosecurity is recommended, risk factors identified suggest that consumer education and enforcement of basic food safety principles at the retailer end of the food continuum represent key targets for risk reduction in informal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Carron
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health (LCIRAH), London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kelvin Momanyi
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Animal and Human Health Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Animal and Human Health Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judy Bettridge
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Animal and Human Health Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Chaloner
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah O’Brien
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Animal and Human Health Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health (LCIRAH), London, United Kingdom
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Allen VM, Ridley AM, Harris JA, Newell DG, Powell L. Influence of production system on the rate of onset of Campylobacter colonization in chicken flocks reared extensively in the United Kingdom. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:30-9. [PMID: 21337195 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.537306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Because thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are common in chicken flocks reared extensively, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were carried out on organic and free-range farms to determine the onset of colonisation (lag phase) and likely sources of flock infection. 2. For 14 organic and 14 free range flocks, there was a difference in lag phases, with the former being colonized at a mean of 14·1 d in comparison with 31·6 d for the latter. Whereas most free-range flocks became colonized when released on to pasture, those reared organically were usually colonized at the housed brooding stage. 3. Further study of organic flocks on three farms over 7 successive crop cycles confirmed that colonisation was strongly influenced by the prevailing husbandry conditions and was not a consequence of the length of the rearing period. 4. Molecular epidemiological investigations on a farm showing the shortest lag phase, using PFGE typing with two different restriction enzymes (SmaI and KpnI) and flaA SVR sequence typing, revealed that potential sources of colonisation for organic chickens were already present on the farm at the time of chick placement. Such sources included the ante area of the brooding house, surrounding pasture and other livestock being kept on the farm. 5. Overall, the study demonstrated that, under UK conditions, the prevalence of colonisation was greater in extensive flocks (95-100%) than it was for conventional broilers (55%), similar to the situation in other countries, but all three management systems showed comparable levels of caecal carriage in positive birds (log(10)/g 6·2-6·7).
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Allen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK.
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Miraglia D, Ranucci D, Branciari R, Cioffi A, Mammoli R, Cenci Goga BT, Avellini P. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken hybrids with different growth rates, reared according to conventional and "free-range" production methods. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31 Suppl 1:381-4. [PMID: 17682919 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Miraglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biopatologiche e Igiene delle Produzioni Animali e Alimentari - Sezione di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale - Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via San Costanzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
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Loc Carrillo CM, Connerton PL, Pearson T, Connerton IF. Free-range layer chickens as a source of Campylobacter bacteriophage. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 92:275-84. [PMID: 17387630 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-007-9156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage specific for Campylobacter were isolated from chicken excreta collected from established free-range layer breed stock. Bacteriophage were either propagated on a Campylobacter jejuni host with broad susceptibility to bacteriophage (NCTC 12662) or on Campylobacter isolates from the same samples. Campylobacters were confirmed as being C. jejuni and or C. coli, using a combination of standard biochemical tests and PCR analysis with genus and species specific primers. The bacteriophage displayed differential patterns of susceptibility against reference NCTC strains and contemporary C. jejuni /C. coli isolates from chicken excreta. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the phage possessed icosahedral heads and rigid contractile tails. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the bacteriophage genomes to be double stranded DNA in the range of 140 kb in size and the restriction enzyme patterns of the DNAs indicate they are genetically related members of the Myoviridae family. This study showed that Campylobacter bacteriophage could easily be isolated from free-range chickens and form part of their normal microbiological biota of environmentally exposed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Loc Carrillo
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Mdegela RH, Nonga HE, Ngowi HA, Kazwala RR. Prevalence of thermophilic campylobacter infections in humans, chickens and crows in Morogoro, Tanzania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:116-21. [PMID: 16629722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter infections in humans, chickens and crows was determined in a cross-sectional study that was carried out in urban and rural areas of Morogoro region, Tanzania during the period of January 2003 to December 2004. A total of 632 human stool samples, 536 cloacal swabs from local and broiler chickens and 22 intestinal contents from crows were screened for presence of thermophilic campylobacters using Skirrow's protocol. Representative Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human and chicken samples were also analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a definitive identification method. The overall prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters was 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2-11.9), 69.8% (95% CI: 65.7-73.6) and 72.7% (95% CI: 49.8-89.3) in humans, chickens and crows respectively. In humans, 59 thermophilic campylobacters were isolated of which 96.6% were C. jejuni and 3.4%Campylobacter coli. There was a significantly (P<0.001) higher prevalence in young individuals (16%) than in adults (7%). Of 341 isolates from chickens, 91.2% were C. jejuni and 8.8% were C. coli. A significantly (P<0.05) higher infection rate was observed in rural local chicken (76%) than in broilers (60%). In crows, of 16 isolates, 93.8% were C. jejuni and 6.2% were C. coli. Definitive identification of C. jejuni by PCR revealed positive results in 74.1% of 243 analysed isolates. Findings in this study indicate high prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in humans, chickens and crows in Morogoro, and a higher infection rate of C. jejuni than that of C. coli in different animal species. Age of humans and location of chickens were identified as risk factors for thermophilic Campylobacter infections. Positive isolates to biochemical tests that indicated negative results on PCR indicates the additional value of PCR for definitive diagnosis of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mdegela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Cardinale E, Tall F, Guèye EF, Cisse M, Salvat G. Risk factors for Campylobacter spp. infection in Senegalese broiler-chicken flocks. Prev Vet Med 2004; 64:15-25. [PMID: 15219966 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to identify the risk factors for Campylobacter infection in Senegalese broiler flocks. Seventy broiler farms were studied around Dakar from January 2000 to December 2001 around Dakar. A questionnaire was administered to the farmers, and samples of fresh droppings were taken to assess the flocks' Campylobacter status. About 63% of the flocks were infected by Campylobacter spp.; Campylobacter jejuni was the most-prevalent species (P < 0.05). An elevated risk of Campylobacter infection was associated with other animals (mainly laying hens, cattle and sheep) being bred in the farm, the farm staff not wearing their work clothing exclusively in the poultry houses, uncemented poultry-house floors and the use of cartons that transport chicks from the hatchery to the farm as feed plates (rather than specifically designed feed plates). Alternatively, thorough cleaning and disinfection of poultry-house surroundings and manure disposal outside the farm were associated with decreased flock risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cardinale
- Programme Productions Animales, CIRAD-EMVT TA 30/A, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier 5, France.
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Keener K, Bashor M, Curtis P, Sheldon B, Kathariou S. Comprehensive Review of Campylobacter and Poultry Processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2004; 3:105-116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cox N, Stern N, Musgrove M, Bailey J, Craven S, Cray P, Buhr R, Hiett K. Prevalence and Level of Campylobacter in Commercial Broiler Breeders (Parents) and Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/11.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Stern NJ, Fedorka-Cray P, Bailey JS, Cox NA, Craven SE, Hiett KL, Musgrove MT, Ladely S, Cosby D, Mead GC. Distribution of Campylobacter spp. in selected U.S. poultry production and processing operations. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1705-10. [PMID: 11726147 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted of 32 broiler flocks on eight different farms, belonging to four major U.S. producers. The farms were studied over I complete calendar year. Overall, 28 (87.5%) of the flocks became Campylobacter positive, and only four (12.5%) remained negative throughout the 6- to 8-week rearing period. In the majority of flocks, sampled every 2 weeks throughout production, Campylobacter-positive fecal and cecal samples were not detected until 4 to 8 weeks of age. In only six of the flocks were environmental samples found to be positive before shedding of Campylobacter was detected in the birds. Even in some of the Campylobacter-negative flocks, contamination of the rearing environment was positive for Campylobacter but did not result in the birds subsequently excreting the organism. These findings are discussed in relation to U.S. husbandry practices and present uncertainty about sources of Campylobacter infection for poultry flocks. Birds were often transported to the processing plant in coops that were already contaminated with Campylobacter, and the organisms were sometimes found in samples of scald water and chill water. After chilling, the proportions of Campylobacter-positive carcasses from different producers ranged from 21.0 to 40.9%, which is lower than in other studies, and possible reasons are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Stern
- Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677, USA.
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Heuer OE, Pedersen K, Andersen JS, Madsen M. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter in organic and conventional broiler flocks. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 33:269-74. [PMID: 11559399 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the flock prevalence and to estimate the within flock prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks from different rearing systems, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to selected antimicrobial substances. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and sixty broiler flocks originating from organic, conventional and extensive indoor production farms were investigated for the presence of Campylobacter at the time of slaughter. Campylobacter isolates from a subsample of positive flocks were subjected to susceptibility testing. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 100% of organic broiler flocks, from 36.7% of conventional broiler flocks and from 49.2% of extensive indoor broiler flocks. Six of 62 Campylobacter isolates were resistant to one or more of the antimicrobials tested. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the special characteristics of organic broiler production provide a high prevalence of Campylobacter-positive flocks. Antimicrobial resistance was scarce among Campylobacter isolates from all rearing systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Organic broiler flocks constitute a strong potential for introduction of Campylobacter to the processing line upon arrival at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Heuer
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
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Wedderkopp A, Gradel KO, Jørgensen JC, Madsen M. Pre-harvest surveillance of Campylobacter and Salmonella in Danish broiler flocks: a 2-year study. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 68:53-9. [PMID: 11545220 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(01)00463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In national surveillance programmes of broiler flocks carried out in Denmark during 1998 and 1999, 89,110 samples for Campylobacter representing 8911 broiler flocks were taken at 10 different abattoirs, and 44,550 samples for Salmonella were taken from the same flocks in the broiler houses at the farms. Of the swabs, 42.5% were Campylobacter positive. Most positive samples were found during July, August and September, while the lowest number of positive samples were found during January, February, March and April. Of the flocks, 5.5% were Salmonella positive, but no seasonal variation was observed. For each flock, the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella was recorded in order to estimate the possible correlation between colonisation with the two pathogens. In conclusion, no significant effects on intensive cleaning and disinfection procedures on Campylobacter occurrence could be demonstrated, and no significant correlation between occurrence of Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in Danish broilers could be demonstrated which is in contrast to previous observations on concurrent colonisation of broilers with these two zoonotic pathogens.
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Evans SJ, Sayers AR. A longitudinal study of campylobacter infection of broiler flocks in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2000; 46:209-23. [PMID: 10913805 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One hundred flocks associated with five integrated poultry companies were monitored for one production cycle to investigate risk factors for campylobacter infection of poultry broiler flocks. Bacteriological samples were collected from one house of birds on each site at weekly intervals from 3 to 4 weeks of age until the birds were infected with campylobacter or the flock was depopulated (whichever was sooner). Environmental samples were obtained from 20 houses after cleansing and disinfection of the site before chick arrival. Conventional methods were used for the isolation of campylobacter. Questionnaires were used to collect information on potential risk factors for campylobacter infection. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to assess the influence of various exposures on the age at which the flock was infected with campylobacter. More than 40% of flocks were infected with campylobacter by the time the chicks were 4 weeks old and >90% by 7 weeks. Infection spread rapidly to most birds in a flock. Infection was not predictable by campylobacter status of the last flock reared on the site. (However, because most flocks were infected, the power to detect such an association was poor.) There was no evidence of environmental survival of campylobacters in broiler houses after adequate cleansing and disinfection. The most important predictors of protection from campylobacter were related to effective hygiene barriers (such as housing birds in buildings in a good state of repair, appropriate usage of disinfectant boot dips and a high standard of cleansing and disinfection of the drinking-water equipment). There was no evidence that rodents were a source of infection (but most sites operated effective vermin-control programmes).
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Evans
- Epidemiology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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