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Zhong D, Wahaab A, Zheng J, Zhang J, Ma Z, Wei J. Development of Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strips for Rapid Detection and Surveillance of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Dogs across Shanghai, China. Viruses 2024; 16:258. [PMID: 38400034 PMCID: PMC10892515 DOI: 10.3390/v16020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute encephalitis in humans and is of major public health concern in most Asian regions. Dogs are suitable sentinels for assessing the risk of JEV infection in humans. A neutralization test (NT) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used for the serological detection of JEV in dogs; however, these tests have several limitations, and, thus, a more convenient and reliable alternative test is needed. In this study, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (ICS), using a purified recombinant EDIII protein, was established for the serological survey of JEV infection in dogs. The results show that the ICSs could specifically detect JEV antibodies within 10 min without cross-reactions with antibodies against other canine viruses. The test strips could detect anti-JEV in serum with dilution up to 640 times, showing high sensitivity. The coincidence rate with the NT test was higher than 96.6%. Among 586 serum samples from dogs in Shanghai examined using the ICS test, 179 (29.98%) were found to be positive for JEV antibodies, and the high seropositivity of JEV in dogs in China was significantly correlated with the season and living environment. In summary, we developed an accurate and economical ICS for the rapid detection of anti-JEV in dog serum samples with great potential for the surveillance of JEV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Zhong
- Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201600, China;
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
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Park SL, Huang YJS, Lyons AC, Ayers VB, Hettenbach SM, McVey DS, Noronha LE, Burton KR, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Infection of Feral Phenotype Swine with Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:645-652. [PMID: 37672628 PMCID: PMC10698774 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus and the leading cause of pediatric encephalitis in the Asian Pacific region. The transmission cycle primarily involves Culex spp. mosquitoes and Ardeid birds, with domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) being the source of infectious viruses for the spillover of JEV from the natural endemic transmission cycle into the human population. Although many studies have concluded that domestic pigs play an important role in the transmission cycle of JEV, and infection of humans, the role of feral pigs in the transmission of JEV remains unclear. Since domestic and feral pigs are the same species, and because feral pig populations in the United States are increasing and expanding geographically, the current study aimed to test the hypothesis that if JEV were introduced into the United States, feral pigs might play a role in the transmission cycle. Materials and Methods: Sinclair miniature pigs, that exhibit the feral phenotype, were intradermally inoculated with JEV genotype Ib. These pigs were derived from crossing miniature domestic pig with four strains of feral pigs and were used since obtaining feral swine was not possible. Results: The Sinclair miniature pigs became viremic and displayed pathological outcomes similar to those observed in domestic swine. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we conclude that in the event of JEV being introduced into the United States, feral pig populations could contribute to establishment and maintenance of a transmission cycle of JEV and could lead to the virus becoming endemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Amy C. Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Susan M. Hettenbach
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - D. Scott McVey
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Leela E. Noronha
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Burton
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Kobayashi D, Kuwata R, Kimura T, Faizah AN, Azerigyik FA, Higa Y, Hayashi T, Sawabe K, Isawa H. Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus RNA in Host-Questing Ticks in Japan, 2019-2020. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:tpmd210700. [PMID: 35405649 PMCID: PMC9209924 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne virus, causes severe clinical symptoms in humans in the Asian-Pacific region, where it circulates in a primary transmission cycle among Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus), and wading birds. We report here an anomalous result that mosquito-borne JEV was detected in unfed host-questing ticks collected from the field in Japan. JEV genomic RNA was detected in four pools of Haemaphysalis flava nymphs collected in November and December 2019, and March 2020, when Cx. tritaeniorhynchus adults were not presumed to be active. Moreover, JEV antigenomic RNA was detected in some JEV-positive tick samples, suggesting virus replication in ticks. However, taken together with no infectious virus isolated, the possibility that the antigenomic RNA was derived from the undigested bloodmeal source in ticks cannot be ruled out. Thus, the role of the ticks as a natural reservoir for JEV remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Meat Inspection Center of Ehime Prefecture, Ehime, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu C, Zhang W, Pan Y, Wang G, Yin Q, Fu S, Li F, He Y, Xu S, Wang Z, Liang G, Nie K, Wang H. A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Japanese Encephalitis From 1934 to 2020. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:833701. [PMID: 35155284 PMCID: PMC8829047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.833701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The disease is mainly an epidemic in Asia and has been studied for nearly 90 years. To evaluate the research trends of JE, 3,023 English publications between 1934 and 2020 were retrieved and analyzed from the Web of Science database using indicators for publication, country or territory, citation, journal, author and affiliation, keyword co-occurrence cluster, and strongest citation bursts detection. The results of the bibliometric analysis and the visualization tools show that the number of annual publications on JE has been increasing. JE has been continuously studied in the USA and also many Asian countries, such as Japan, China, India, and South Korea; however, only a few publications have high citations. The main research groups of JE in the last 5 years were in China, Japan, and the UK. The keyword co-occurrence analysis and the strongest citation bursts detection revealed that most studies focused on the pathogenic mechanism of JEV, control of outbreaks, and immunization with JE vaccine. The research maps on JE obtained by our analysis are expected to help researchers effectively explore the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Pan
- Saint John’s Preparatory School, Collegeville, MN, United States
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Ningxia Nervous System Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Nie
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huanyu Wang, ; Kai Nie,
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Huanyu Wang, ; Kai Nie,
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Migliore S, Puleio R, Gaglio G, Vicari D, Seminara S, Sicilia ER, Galluzzo P, Cumbo V, Loria GR. A Neglected Parasite: Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, First Report in Feral Pigs in a Natural Park of Sicily (Southern Italy). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659306. [PMID: 33996983 PMCID: PMC8113388 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanitary management and population control of feral pigs remains a major problem in public health, particularly in natural parks where hunting is prohibited and the extensive farming of livestock is common. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus is a zoonotic parasite species with a worldwide distribution of which the natural definitive hosts are primarily pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa). The present study describes the main anatomo-pathological and parasitological findings in the first case of M. hirudinaceus in feral pigs in the Madonie park in Sicily (Southern Italy). Overall, 52 acanthocephalans were collected from the small intestine of four infected feral pigs. The prevalence among the 36 examined animals was 11.1% with a mean Abundance (mA) and mean Intensity (mI) of 1.4 and 13, respectively. Pathological examination revealed grossly visible nodules on the external surface of the intestines, corresponding to the proboscis of M. hirudinaceus attached deeply into the intestinal wall. In these sites, severe inflammatory reactions in the tissue involved and the destruction of normal intestinal architecture, as well as necrosis and ulceration in the mucosa, submucosa, and part of the muscolaris mucosae were described. This is the first official report of this neglected zoonosis in Italy, in particular in a natural park where the extensive farming of domestic pigs is practiced. This could favor the spread of this parasite in domestic animals and the environment, increasing the accidental risk of infection in human residents of these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Migliore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Parassitologia (CIRPAR), Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Seminara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Paola Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Cumbo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
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Hameed M, Wahaab A, Nawaz M, Khan S, Nazir J, Liu K, Wei J, Ma Z. Potential Role of Birds in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Zoonotic Transmission and Genotype Shift. Viruses 2021; 13:357. [PMID: 33668224 PMCID: PMC7996159 DOI: 10.3390/v13030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is primarily prevalent in Asia. JEV is a Flavivirus, classified into a single serotype with five genetically distinct genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype III (GIII) had been the most dominant strain and caused numerous outbreaks in the JEV endemic countries until 1990. However, recent data shows the emergence of JEV genotype I (GI) as a dominant genotype and it is gradually displacing GIII. The exact mechanism of this genotype displacement is still unclear. The virus can replicate in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts to maintain its zoonotic life cycle; pigs and aquatic wading birds act as an amplifying/reservoir hosts, and the humans and equines are dead-end hosts. The important role of pigs as an amplifying host for the JEV is well known. However, the influence of other domestic animals, especially birds, that live in high abundance and close proximity to the human is not well studied. Here, we strive to briefly highlight the role of birds in the JEV zoonotic transmission, discovery of birds as a natural reservoirs and amplifying host for JEV, species of birds susceptible to the JEV infection, and the proposed effect of JEV on the poultry industry in the future, a perspective that has been neglected for a long time. We also discuss the recent in vitro and in vivo studies that show that the newly emerged GI viruses replicated more efficiently in bird-derived cells and ducklings/chicks than GIII, and an important role of birds in the JEV genotype shift from GIII to GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jawad Nazir
- Vaccinologist/Head Virology, Tréidlia Biovet Pty Ltd. Units, Seven Hills, NSW 2147, Australia;
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.L.)
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Yeo G, Chan S, How CB, Humaidi M, Lim XF, Mailepessov D, Chong CS, Phua-Lam SG, Lee R, Hapuarachchi HC, Ng LC, Yap G. Molecular Analysis of the Bloodmeals of Culex spp. Mosquitoes at Natural Habitats in Singapore to Investigate the Potential Risk of Japanese Encephalitis Virus and West Nile Virus Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:703-714. [PMID: 32931404 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are arboviruses primarily transmitted by Culex spp. mosquitoes. Birds are the primary hosts for JEV and WNV. Recent WNV outbreaks in Europe and United States and their association with migratory birds highlight the importance of understanding the feeding host preference of potential vectors for outbreak preparedness, especially in nonendemic settings. Singapore is nonendemic to JEV and WNV, but is a stopover site for migratory birds of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Therefore, we elucidated the feeding host range of Culex spp. mosquitoes captured in four natural (bird) habitats in Singapore from January 2011 to December 2012. We characterized feeding host DNA in field-caught mosquitoes using a PCR sequencing-based assay targeting the mitochondrial gene regions. Of 22,648 mosquitoes captured, 21,287 belonged to the Culex vishnui subgroup. The host DNA analysis showed that mosquitoes from the Cx. vishnui subgroup are opportunistic biters, feeding on a range of birds and mammals. Cx. vishnui subgroup, Culex sitiens and Culex bitaeniorhynchus, was primarily ornithophagic, although they fed opportunistically on mammals, including humans. Culex gelidus and Culex quinquefasciatus, in contrast, fed mainly on mammals. The presence of ornitho- and anthropophilic mosquito vectors and susceptible avian and mammalian hosts poses a risk spill-over transmission of JEV and WNV among humans, should these viruses be introduced through migratory birds and establish persistent transmission in resident birds and animal hosts in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Yeo
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Chan
- Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Beng How
- Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahathir Humaidi
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Seng Chong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Gek Phua-Lam
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth Lee
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Yap
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
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Ladreyt H, Durand B, Dussart P, Chevalier V. How Central Is the Domestic Pig in the Epidemiological Cycle of Japanese Encephalitis Virus? A Review of Scientific Evidence and Implications for Disease Control. Viruses 2019; 11:E949. [PMID: 31618959 PMCID: PMC6832429 DOI: 10.3390/v11100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of human vaccines, Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia. Pigs are described as the main amplifying host, but their role in JE epidemiology needs to be reassessed in order to identify and implement efficient control strategies, for both human and animal health. We aimed to provide a systematic review of publications linked to JE in swine, in terms of both individual and population characteristics of JE virus (JEV) infection and circulation, as well as observed epidemiological patterns. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to select and analyze relevant articles from the Scopus database, 127 of which were included in the review. Pigs are central, but the implication of secondary hosts cannot be ruled out and should be further investigated. Although human vaccination cannot eradicate the virus, it is clearly the most important means of preventing human disease. However, a better understanding of the actual involvement of domestic pigs as well as other potential JEV hosts in different JEV epidemiological cycles and patterns could help to identify additional/complementary control measures, either by targeting pigs or not, and in some specific epidemiological contexts, contribute to reduce virus circulation and protect humans from JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
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CAUSES OF DEATH AND DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN MISAKI FERAL HORSES ( EQUUS CABALLUS) IN SOUTHERN JAPAN, 2015-17. J Wildl Dis 2019. [PMID: 31112466 DOI: 10.7589/2018-10-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We performed postmortem examinations on seven Misaki feral horses (Equus caballus) and evaluated Misaki feral horses, Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax), domestic pigs (Sus scrofa), and wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) from 2015 to 2017 in Cape Toi, Kushima, Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan, for antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Strongylus vulgaris infection with severe arterial lesions and hemomelasma ilei was present in all necropsied horses. We frequently found intestinal ulcers, perihepatitis filamentosa, and poor body condition. We recorded degenerative arthropathy in metacarpophalangeal joints in two cases and a fracture of the rib with diaphragmatic rupture in one case. A total of 73% (177/242) of horses were seropositive for JEV as tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI). The HI data also revealed that 74% (59/80) of the wild boars, 67% (60/90) of the pigs, and 29% (22/75) of the wild monkeys were seropositive for JEV. Our findings showed that Strongylus spp. are still a risk to horses in this region, and that environmental factors such as topographic location of the pasture and steep slope may have caused of degenerative arthropathy and bone fracture. Our results showed that JEV is endemic in Japan. The wild boars and pigs were presumed to act as strong amplifiers and sources of infection, with subsequent risk to humans.
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Yap G, Lim XF, Chan S, How CB, Humaidi M, Yeo G, Mailepessov D, Kong M, Lai YL, Okumura C, Ng LC. Serological evidence of continued Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in Singapore nearly three decades after end of pig farming. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:244. [PMID: 31101069 PMCID: PMC6525359 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Singapore used to report an annual average of 14 cases of Japanese encephalitis, but ever since the abolishment of pig farms in the early 1990s, the local incidence rate for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections has reduced drastically. Studies done in the early 2000s demonstrated the presence of JEV-specific antibodies in animals such as wild boars, dogs, chickens and goats on the offshore island and peripheral parts of the Singapore, indicative of prior JEV exposure. A JEV wildlife and sentinel chicken surveillance system was initiated in 2010 through to 2017 to study the animal host seroprofiles. Results A total of 12/371 (3.23%) of resident bird samples, 24/254 (9.45%) of migratory bird samples and 10/66 (15.16%) of wild boar samples were positive for the presence of JEV antibodies. Seroconversions in sentinel chickens were observed at two time points. Through this study, two sites with active transmission of JEV amongst avian or porcine hosts were identified. Conclusions JEV transmission in animal hosts has continued despite the phasing out of pig farming nearly thirty years ago; however, the public health risk of transmission remains low. Environmental management for mosquito population remains key to keeping this risk low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Yap
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Mahathir Humaidi
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Gladys Yeo
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcella Kong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Ling Lai
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Komiya T, Toriniwa H, Matsumura T, Takegami T, Nakayama T. Epidemiological study on Japanese encephalitis virus distribution in Ishikawa prefecture, Japan, by serological investigation using wild boar sera. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:903-905. [PMID: 31019149 PMCID: PMC6612490 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-seven specimens of wild boar sera were collected from August 2016 to March 2018 in
Ishikawa prefecture, Japan. Thirty-two specimens (86.5%) were positive for neutralizing
antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Eight specimens (21.6%) were
positive for IgM antibodies against JEV. One sample was obtained from a wild boar captured
in February during the winter season. Four other serum specimens obtained during the
winter season were positive using a JEV gene-specific PCR assay. Based on IgM and PCR
assays, wild boars were infected with JEV during the winter season, suggesting that the
prevalence of JEV antibodies in wild boars in Ishikawa is high and JEV activity is
possible during winter in this region. In addition, wild boars may play an important role
in the infection cycle of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Komiya
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Hiroko Toriniwa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumura
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takegami
- Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Kitasato Institute for Life Science, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato Ward, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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12
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Shimoda H, Hayasaka D, Yoshii K, Yokoyama M, Suzuki K, Kodera Y, Takeda T, Mizuno J, Noguchi K, Yonemitsu K, Minami S, Kuwata R, Takano A, Maeda K. Detection of a novel tick-borne flavivirus and its serological surveillance. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:742-748. [PMID: 30902589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus that causes severe neurological symptoms in humans, has been found in Hokkaido, Japan. In the present study, we detected sequences from a novel tick-borne flavivirus, designated Yamaguchi virus (YGV), in liver and serum samples obtained from a wild boar in the Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that YGV belongs to the TBEV complex and is closely related to Langat virus (LGTV). YGV was also detected by specific RT-PCR from 20 in 378 pools of ticks (2923 ticks) collected in Yamaguchi and Wakayama prefectures and from seven in 46 wild boar captured in Wakayama. The major ticks infected with YGV belong to the genus Haemaphysalis. Unfortunately, YGV could not be isolated from any samples from the RT-PCR positive wild boar or ticks. Therefore, ELISA for detection of antibodies against YGV was established using LGTV, and surveillance was performed among wild boar in 10 different prefectures on Honshu Island, the main island of Japan. The results showed that the seroprevalence of tick-borne flavivirus infection in the Wakayama and Hyogo prefectures of western Japan was significantly higher than that in the other prefectures, while antibodies against tick-borne flavivirus were not detected in any wild boar in the Tochigi prefecture in the eastern part of Japan. In addition, wild raccoons or masked palm civets in the Hyogo prefecture did not possess detectable antibodies against tick-borne flaviviruses. In conclusion, YGV appears to be maintained primarily among wild boar and ticks in the western part of Japan. YGV is the second flavivirus (after Japanese encephalitis virus) shown to be circulating on Honshu Island in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita-18 Nishi-9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yokoyama
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Science, University of Hyogo, 940 Sawano, Aogaki-cho, Tamba, Hyogo, 669-3842, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Hikiiwa Park Center, 1629 Inari-cho, Tanabe, Wakayama, 646-0051, Japan
| | - Yuuji Kodera
- Center for Weed and Wildlife Management, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomioya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeda
- Center for Weed and Wildlife Management, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomioya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan; Natural Parks Foundation Nikko National Park, Yumoto, Nikko, Tochigi, 321-1662, Japan
| | - Junko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Keita Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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Miller RS, Sweeney SJ, Slootmaker C, Grear DA, Di Salvo PA, Kiser D, Shwiff SA. Cross-species transmission potential between wild pigs, livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans: implications for disease risk management in North America. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7821. [PMID: 28798293 PMCID: PMC5552697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species disease transmission between wildlife, domestic animals and humans is an increasing threat to public and veterinary health. Wild pigs are increasingly a potential veterinary and public health threat. Here we investigate 84 pathogens and the host species most at risk for transmission with wild pigs using a network approach. We assess the risk to agricultural and human health by evaluating the status of these pathogens and the co-occurrence of wild pigs, agriculture and humans. We identified 34 (87%) OIE listed swine pathogens that cause clinical disease in livestock, poultry, wildlife, and humans. On average 73% of bacterial, 39% of viral, and 63% of parasitic pathogens caused clinical disease in other species. Non-porcine livestock in the family Bovidae shared the most pathogens with swine (82%). Only 49% of currently listed OIE domestic swine diseases had published wild pig surveillance studies. The co-occurrence of wild pigs and farms increased annually at a rate of 1.2% with as much as 57% of all farms and 77% of all agricultural animals co-occurring with wild pigs. The increasing co-occurrence of wild pigs with livestock and humans along with the large number of pathogens shared is a growing risk for cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States.
| | - Steven J Sweeney
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Chris Slootmaker
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Daniel A Grear
- National Wildlife Health Center, United States Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Paul A Di Salvo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Deborah Kiser
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Stephanie A Shwiff
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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15
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke H, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán‐Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Japanese encephalitis (JE). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04948. [PMID: 32625600 PMCID: PMC7009931 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
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17
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Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:435-48. [PMID: 25848290 PMCID: PMC4373597 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s51168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of severe viral encephalitis that affects individuals in Asia, western Pacific countries, and northern Australia. Although 67,900 JE cases have been estimated among 24 JE epidemic countries annually, only 10,426 have been reported in 2011. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccine use in some countries, the JE incidence rate has decreased; however, serious outbreaks still occur. Understanding JE epidemics and identifying the circulating JE virus genotypes will improve JE prevention and control. This review summarizes the current epidemiology data in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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18
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Japanese encephalitis: epidemiology, prevention and current status of antiviral drug development. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.934222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Shimoda H, Saito A, Noguchi K, Terada Y, Kuwata R, Akari H, Takasaki T, Maeda K. Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 2014; 55:441-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Shimoda H, Mahmoud HYAH, Noguchi K, Terada Y, Takasaki T, Shimojima M, Maeda K. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1077-80. [PMID: 23519938 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, eighteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to recent Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype I were produced and characterized by plaque reduction neutralization test, western blot analysis, indirect immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All MAbs recognized only envelope (E) protein or conformational epitope of E and precursor membrane proteins. Two MAbs (7E5 and 3-3H8) possessed virus-neutralization activity, and their escape mutants possessed a change of glutamine to histidine at the position of 52 of E protein, suggesting that these neutralizing MAbs recognize the domain I-II hinge region of E protein. Five MAbs recognized all examined flaviviruses, and two were specific to JEV. These MAbs may be useful for differentiation and diagnosis of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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21
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Impoinvil DE, Baylis M, Solomon T. Japanese encephalitis: on the One Health agenda. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 365:205-47. [PMID: 22886540 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most well studied arthropod zoonotic diseases with human and animal research and their integration spanning 6-7 decades. JE research and policy in some Asian countries has epitomized the 'One Health' strategy of attainment of optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. However, despite significant mitigation of JE in some Asian countries primarily due to vaccination programs and infrastructural development, JE continues to be a major disease burden in the Asian region. Arthropod-borne zoonotic infections such as JE present some of the greatest challenges to animal and human health globally. Their emergence involves a complex interplay of vectors, hosts, environment, climate, and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the integrated management of infectious agents that affect both humans and animals is perhaps the most highly coveted strategy that public health policy makers aspire to attain in the twenty-first century. This is in response to the seemingly growing challenges of controlling the burden of emerging infectious diseases such as shrinking financial budgets and resources, increasing demand for public health deliverables, demographic shifts and mobility, global trade economies, and climate and landscape changes. Thus, while JE research and policy is an excellent example of the One Health strategy in action, further work is required to address the obstinate burden of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Impoinvil
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Liverpool University Climate and Infectious Diseases of Animals (LUCINDA group), University of Liverpool-Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
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22
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Development and application of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological survey of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in dogs. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:85-9. [PMID: 23046992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious acute encephalitis in humans and horses. Although dogs are good sentinels for assessing the risk of JEV infection to humans, a virus neutralization test has been the only method available for measuring the levels of JEV antibody in dogs. In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified viral particles as an antigen, was developed for serological survey of JEV infection in dogs. In dogs inoculated experimentally with JEV, the ELISA detected anti-JEV IgM 3 days after infection, with IgM levels peaking 7 days after infection. Anti-JEV IgG was detected 14 days after infection and peaked on 21-28 days after infection. Virus neutralization titers correlated with anti-JEV immunoglobulins measured by the ELISA. To test the utility of the new assay, the seroprevalence of JEV infection among 102 dogs in Kyushu, Japan, was examined by IgG ELISA and by virus neutralization. The correlation coefficient between the IgG ELISA and virus neutralization was 0.813 (p<0.001); comparison of the IgG ELISA and virus neutralization showed a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 98%, respectively. The IgG ELISA was used to survey dogs in Bangkok, Thailand and 51% of these dogs were found seropositive for JEV. These data suggest that in the capital city of Thailand, the risk of infection with JEV remains high.
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Wang F, Feng X, Zheng Q, Hou H, Cao R, Zhou B, Liu Q, Liu X, Pang R, Zhao J, Deng W, Chen P. Multiple linear epitopes (B-cell, CTL and Th) of JEV expressed in recombinant MVA as multiple epitope vaccine induces a protective immune response. Virol J 2012; 9:204. [PMID: 22985466 PMCID: PMC3511265 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccination might play an important role in the protective immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the immune characteristics of recombinant MVA carrying multi-epitope gene of JEV (rMVA-mep). The synthetic gene containing critical epitopes (B-cell, CTL and Th) of JEV was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pGEM-K1L, and the rMVA-mep was prepared. BALB/c mice were immunized with different dosages of purified rMVA-mep and the immune responses were determined in the form of protective response against JEV, antibodies titers (IgG1 and IgG2a), spleen cell lymphocyte proliferation, and the levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokines. The results showed that live rMVA-mep elicited strongly immune responses in dose-dependent manner, and the highest level of immune responses was observed from the groups immunized with 107 TCID50 rMVA-mep among the experimental three concentrations. There were almost no difference of cytokines and neutralizing antibody titers among 107 TCID50 rMVA-mep, recombinant ED3 and inactivated JEV vaccine. It was noteworthy that rMVA-mep vaccination potentiates the Th1 and Th2-type immune responses in dose-dependent manner, and was sufficient to protect the mice survival against lethal JEV challenge. These findings demonstrated that rMVA-mep can produce adequate humoral and cellular immune responses, and protection in mice, which suggested that rMVA-mep might be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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24
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Impoinvil DE, Baylis M, Solomon T. Japanese Encephalitis: On the One Health Agenda. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45792-4_243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Family Flaviviridae genus flavivirus contains numerous pathogenic viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, etc, which cause public health problems in the world. Since many mammals and birds can act as amplifying hosts and reservoir hosts in nature and those viruses are transmitted by haematophagous mosquitoes or ticks, those viruses could not be eradicated from the nature. In the recent few decades, the viral replication mechanism and the ultrastructure of viral proteins as well as the viral immune evasion mechanism have been elucidated extensively, leading to develop novel types of antivirals and vaccines. In this review, the flavivirus nature and epidemiology, replication mechanism, immune response and immune evasion, and antivirals and vaccines against flaviviruses were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine.
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Matsumoto J, Kako Y, Morita Y, Kabeya H, Sakano C, Nagai A, Maruyama S, Nogami S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:331-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Combating Japanese encephalitis: Vero-cell derived inactivated vaccines and the situation in Japan. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health threat in Asia, because of its high mortality and high incidence of psychoneurological sequelae in survivors. It is caused by JE virus (JEV) infection, transmitted by vector mosquitoes. The disease is vaccine preventable and has been well controlled in some countries. Since no specific antivirals have been approved, prevention with vaccine is important in this disease. This article provides a general overview of JE and JEV, but special focus has been put on recently developed Vero cell-derived formalin-inactivated JE vaccines, and the situation in Japan relating to these vaccines. In Japan, where JE has been well controlled, the strong governmental recommendation of the mouse brain-derived vaccine for routine immunization was suspended in 2005, owing to a patient suffering severe postvaccination events. In 2010, the recommendation was reinstated, targeting a limited population utilizing a Vero cell-derived vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
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A new inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine for adult travelers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009; 7:301-4. [PMID: 19747666 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines for Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine relate to an older mouse brain derived vaccine with an uncertain history of adverse events including delayed anaphylaxis. JE is widely distributed, including in urban areas. Underreporting is likely in many endemic countries, and atypical clinical forms exist. A new JE vaccine produced in Vero cells has become available, which appears equi-efficacious to the mouse brain derived vaccine. In development trials the new JE vaccine was as well tolerated as placebo. A review of existing guidelines for JE vaccine use in travelers should be considered.
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Burchard GD, Caumes E, Connor BA, Freedman DO, Jelinek T, Jong EC, von Sonnenburg F, Steffen R, Tsai TF, Wilder-Smith A, Zuckerman J. Expert opinion on vaccination of travelers against Japanese encephalitis. J Travel Med 2009; 16:204-16. [PMID: 19538583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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SUGIYAMA I, SHIMIZU E, NOGAMI S, SUZUKI K, MIURA Y, SENTSUI H. Serological Survey of Arthropod-Borne Viruses among Wild Boars in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1059-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yasuo MIURA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University
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31
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OHNO Y, SATO H, SUZUKI K, YOKOYAMA M, UNI S, SHIBASAKI T, SASHIKA M, INOKUMA H, KAI K, MAEDA K. Detection of Antibodies against Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Raccoons, Raccoon Dogs and Wild Boars in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1035-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito OHNO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Hiroshi SATO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | | | | | - Shigehiko UNI
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Takahiro SHIBASAKI
- Department of Animal Welfare and Livestock, Osaka Prefectural Government
| | - Mariko SASHIKA
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hisashi INOKUMA
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kazushige KAI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
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32
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Fei-fei G, Jian W, Feng X, Li-ping S, Quan-yun S, Jin-ping Z, Pu-yan C, Pei-hong L. Japanese encephalitis protein vaccine candidates expressing neutralizing epitope and M.T hsp70 induce virus-specific memory B cells and long-lasting antibodies in swine. Vaccine 2008; 26:5590-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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