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Rotavirus Strain Trends in United States, 2009–2016: Results from the National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System (NRSSS). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081775. [PMID: 36016397 PMCID: PMC9414880 DOI: 10.3390/v14081775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the introduction of vaccines, group A rotaviruses (RVA) were the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System (NRSSS) was established in 1996 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to perform passive RVA surveillance in the USA. We report the distribution of RVA genotypes collected through NRSSS during the 2009–2016 RVA seasons and retrospectively examine the genotypes detected through the NRSSS since 1996. During the 2009–2016 RVA seasons, 2134 RVA-positive fecal specimens were sent to the CDC for analysis of the VP7 and VP4 genes by RT-PCR genotyping assays and sequencing. During 2009–2011, RVA genotype G3P[8] dominated, while G12P[8] was the dominant genotype during 2012–2016. Vaccine strains were detected in 1.7% of specimens and uncommon/unusual strains, including equine-like G3P[8] strains, were found in 1.9%. Phylogenetic analyses showed limited VP7 and VP4 sequence variation within the common genotypes with 1–3 alleles/lineages identified per genotype. A review of 20 years of NRSSS surveillance showed two changes in genotype dominance, from G1P[8] to G3P[8] and then G3P[8] to G12P[8]. A better understanding of the long-term effects of vaccine use on epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of circulating RVA strains requires continued surveillance.
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Reverse Genetics Approach for Developing Rotavirus Vaccine Candidates Carrying VP4 and VP7 Genes Cloned from Clinical Isolates of Human Rotavirus. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01374-20. [PMID: 33087468 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01374-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVs) are a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and children younger than 5 years. Currently available RV vaccines were adapted from wild-type RV strains by serial passage of cultured cells or by reassortment between human and animal RV strains. These traditional methods require large-scale screening and genotyping to obtain vaccine candidates. Reverse genetics is a tractable, rapid, and reproducible approach to generating recombinant RV vaccine candidates carrying any VP4 and VP7 genes that provide selected antigenicity. Here, we developed a vaccine platform by generating recombinant RVs carrying VP4 (P[4] and P[8]), VP7 (G1, G2, G3, G8, and G9), and/or VP6 genes cloned from human RV clinical samples using the simian RV SA11 strain (G3P[2]) as a backbone. Neutralization assays using monoclonal antibodies and murine antisera revealed that recombinant VP4 and VP7 monoreassortant viruses exhibited altered antigenicity. However, replication of VP4 monoreassortant viruses was severely impaired. Generation of recombinant RVs harboring a chimeric VP4 protein for SA11 and human RV gene components revealed that the VP8* fragment was responsible for efficient infectivity of recombinant RVs. Although this system must be improved because the yield of vaccine viruses directly affects vaccine manufacturing costs, reverse genetics requires less time than traditional methods and enables rapid production of safe and effective vaccine candidates.IMPORTANCE Although vaccines have reduced global RV-associated hospitalization and mortality over the past decade, the multisegmented genome of RVs allows reassortment of VP4 and VP7 genes from different RV species and strains. The evolutionary dynamics of novel RV genotypes and their constellations have led to great genomic and antigenic diversity. The reverse genetics system is a powerful tool for manipulating RV genes, thereby controlling viral antigenicity, growth capacity, and pathogenicity. Here, we generated recombinant simian RVs (strain SA11) carrying heterologous VP4 and VP7 genes cloned from clinical isolates and showed that VP4- or VP7-substituted chimeric viruses can be used for antigenic characterization of RV outer capsid proteins and as improved seed viruses for vaccine production.
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Reslan L, Mishra N, Finianos M, Zakka K, Azakir A, Guo C, Thakka R, Dbaibo G, Lipkin WI, Zaraket H. The origins of G12P[6] rotavirus strains detected in Lebanon. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33331815 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The G12 rotaviruses are an increasingly important cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. Seven human G12P[6] rotavirus strains were detected in stool samples from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in Lebanon during a 2011-2013 surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture-based high-throughput viral-sequencing method, and further characterized based on phylogenetic analyses with global RVA and vaccine strains. Based on the complete genomic analysis, all Lebanese G12 strains were found to have Wa-like genetic backbone G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetically, these strains fell into two clusters where one of them might have emerged from Southeast Asian strains and the second one seems to have a mixed backbone between North American and Southeast Asian strains. Further analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to available vaccine strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the complete genome-based characterization of G12P[6] emerging in Lebanon. Additional studies will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of G12 rotaviruses spreading in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Reslan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Marc Finianos
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kimberley Zakka
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amanda Azakir
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Riddhi Thakka
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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Norovirus and rotavirus in children hospitalised with diarrhoea after rotavirus vaccine introduction in Burkina Faso. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e245. [PMID: 32998792 PMCID: PMC7592103 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies report norovirus as the new leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children after the global introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Burkina Faso introduced general rotavirus vaccination with the oral pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq in November 2013 and quickly reached a vaccine coverage of >90%. This study describes detection rates, clinical profiles and the molecular epidemiology of norovirus and rotavirus infections in 146 children aged <5 years with severe acute gastroenteritis in Ouagadougou, consecutively enrolled from a hospital between January 2015 and December 2015. Virus detection was performed with an antigen test or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping was performed by nucleotide sequencing or multiplex PCR. Rotavirus was found in 14% and norovirus in 20% of faecal samples. Norovirus infection was significantly more associated with severe dehydration compared to rotavirus (P < 0.001). Among genotyped norovirus samples 48% (12/25) belonged to GII.4 which caused significantly more diarrhoeal episodes than non-GII.4 genotypes (P = 0.01). The most common rotavirus genotypes were G2P[4] (30%), G12P[6] (25%) and G12P[8] (20%). Fifty percent of the rotavirus positive children were infected with fully or partly heterotypic strains. In conclusion, this study found a higher proportion of norovirus causing more severe symptoms in children with diarrhoea in Burkina Faso after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination.
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Ianiro G, Micolano R, Di Bartolo I, Scavia G, Monini M. Group A rotavirus surveillance before vaccine introduction in Italy, September 2014 to August 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30994104 PMCID: PMC6470368 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.15.1800418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children, causing ca 250,000 deaths worldwide, mainly in low-income countries. Two proteins, VP7 (glycoprotein, G genotype) and VP4 (protease-sensitive protein, P genotype), are the basis for the binary RVA nomenclature. Although 36 G types and 51 P types are presently known, most RVA infections in humans worldwide are related to five G/P combinations: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8]. Aim This study aimed to characterise the RVA strains circulating in Italy in the pre-vaccination era, to define the trends of circulation of genotypes in the Italian paediatric population. Methods Between September 2014 and August 2017, after routine screening in hospital by commercial antigen detection kit, 2,202 rotavirus-positive samples were collected in Italy from children hospitalised with AGE; the viruses were genotyped following standard European protocols. Results This 3-year study revealed an overall predominance of the G12P[8] genotype (544 of 2,202 cases; 24.70%), followed by G9P[8] (535/2,202; 24.30%), G1P[8] (459/2,202; 20.84%) and G4P[8] (371/2,202; 16.85%). G2P[4] and G3P[8] genotypes were detected at low rates (3.32% and 3.09%, respectively). Mixed infections accounted for 6.49% of cases (143/2,202), uncommon RVA strains for 0.41% of cases (9/2,202). Conclusions The emergence of G12P[8] rotavirus in Italy, as in other countries, marks this genotype as the sixth most common human genotype. Continuous surveillance of RVA strains and monitoring of circulating genotypes are important for a better understanding of rotavirus evolution and genotype distribution, particularly regarding strains that may emerge from reassortment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Micolano
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scavia
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Kung YH, Chi H, Liu CC, Huang YC, Huang YC, Wu FT, Huang LM. Hospital-based surveillance of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and rotavirus strains in young Taiwanese children. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1158-1166. [PMID: 32359880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Rotavirus remains a leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis-related hospitalization. Surveillance studies have revealed that several major rotaviral genotypes are responsible for most cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). This study aimed to understand the characteristics of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) caused by rotavirus in young children in Taiwan. METHODS Ten hospitals in Taiwan were subjected to prospective hospital-based AGE surveillance during 2014-2017, and children younger than 5 years old who were hospitalized due to AGE were enrolled in the study. Medical and demographic variables were recorded and analyzed, and stool specimens were collected for rotavirus identification and genotyping via real-time RT-PCR. Non-rotavirus AGE age-matched controls were enrolled. RESULTS Surveillance identified 4747 young children hospitalized with AGE during this study period. The median age of these patients was 2.0 years. Rotavirus was detected in stool samples from 518 patients (10.9%). The prevalent months of RVGE in 2014, 2015, and 2017, wherein the rotavirus positivity rates exceeded 30%. The most common serotypes were G3P[8] (303/518, 58.9%) and G1P[8] (86/518, 16.6%). The percentage of G3P[8] increased from 4.9% in 2014 to 74.3% in 2016 (P < 0.0001), whereas the percentage of G1P[8] decreased from 61.0% in 2014 to 22.5% in 2015 (P < 0.0001). Compared with G3P[8], G1P[8] was associated with a significantly higher C-reactive protein level (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Rotavirus remains a notable pathogenic etiology of childhood AGE and the G3P[8] serotype was dominant in Taiwan. This study highlighted the importance of rotavirus surveillance to ensure protective effectiveness against the circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsin Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzy Wu
- Department of Health, Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Díez-Domingo J, Garcés-Sánchez M, Giménez-Sánchez F, Colomina-Rodríguez J, Martinón-Torres F. What have we learnt about rotavirus in Spain in the last 10 years? ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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8
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Arana A, Jere KC, Chaguza C, Montes M, Alkorta M, Iturriza-Gomara M, Cilla G. Molecular epidemiology of G12 rotavirus strains during eight consecutive epidemic seasons in the Basque Country (North of Spain), 2010–2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Díez-Domingo J, Garcés-Sánchez M, Giménez-Sánchez F, Colomina-Rodríguez J, Martinón-Torres F. [What have we learnt about rotavirus in Spain in the last 10 years?]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2019; 91:166-179. [PMID: 30971385 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines against rotavirus (RV) have been available in Spain since 2006, but they are neither recommended nor financed by the National Health System. Nevertheless, through recommendations of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics vaccination has achieved intermediate coverage. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic literature review was performed on studies carried out in Spain in the last 12 years (2006-2018) on RV infection and vaccination. RESULTS A total of 43 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The disease burden in children less than 5 years in the Primary Care setting ranged from 15 to 19 cases per 1,000 children, and between 120 and 480 cases per 100,000 in the hospital setting, which has a significant economic and social impact. Vaccines against RV have shown an effectiveness of between 83% and 96%, and an impact of up to 70% in reducing hospital admissions, which is dependent on the achieved vaccine coverage. New research lines are identified, such as the role of the rotavirus vaccine and protection against seizures or the impact on the gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS The current available information supports the significant burden of rotavirus disease in Spain and the high effectiveness of the available vaccines. This evidence should allow for an updated re-evaluation of the national recommendations on rotavirus vaccination.
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Hungerford D, Allen DJ, Nawaz S, Collins S, Ladhani S, Vivancos R, Iturriza-Gómara M. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus genotype distribution and diversity in England, September 2006 to August 2016. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1700774. [PMID: 30755297 PMCID: PMC6373066 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.6.1700774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRotavirus vaccination with the live-attenuated monovalent (a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain) two-dose Rotarix vaccine was introduced in England in July 2013. Since then, there have been significant reductions in rotavirus gastroenteritis incidence.AimWe assessed the vaccine's impact on rotavirus genotype distribution and diversity 3 years post-vaccine introduction.MethodsEpidemiological and microbiological data on genotyped rotavirus-positive samples between September 2006 and August 2016 were supplied by EuroRotaNet and Public Health England. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression adjusting for year, season and age was used to quantify changes in genotype prevalence in the vaccine period. Genotype diversity was measured using the Shannon's index (H') and Simpson's index of diversity (D).ResultsWe analysed genotypes from 8,044 faecal samples. In the pre-vaccine era, G1P[8] was most prevalent, ranging from 39% (411/1,057) to 74% (527/709) per year. In the vaccine era, G1P[8] prevalence declined each season (35%, 231/654; 12%, 154/1,257; 5%, 34/726) and genotype diversity increased significantly in 6-59 months old children (H' p < 0.001: D p < 0.001). In multinomial analysis, G2P[4] (adjusted multinomial odds ratio (aMOR): 9.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.02-12.90), G3P[8] (aMOR: 2.83; 95% CI: 2.17-3.81), G12P[8] (aMOR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.62-3.73) and G4P[8] (aMOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02-1.96) significantly increased relative to G1P[8].ConclusionsIn the context of reduced rotavirus disease incidence, genotype diversity has increased, with a relative change in the dominant genotype from G1P[8] to G2P[4] after vaccine introduction. These changes will need continued surveillance as the number and age of vaccinated birth cohorts increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hungerford
- The Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Field Epidemiology Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Liverpool, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David J Allen
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sameena Nawaz
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Collins
- Immunisation Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- Field Epidemiology Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Liverpool, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- The Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Pellegrinelli L, Ianiro G, Pariani E, Monini M, Ruggeri FM, Binda S. Molecular characterization of rotavirus disclosed the first introduction of G12P[8] strain in northern Italy. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This paper discusses the unexpected findings from the RotaNet-Italy hospital-based surveillance study carried out in northern Italy. Materials & methods: From September 2015 to August 2016, 51 rotavirus-A (RVA) positive fecal samples were collected from children aged less than 15 years, who were hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Lombardy, northern Italy. Results: Molecular characterization revealed the predominance of the uncommon G12P[8] RVA strain, which was detected in 49% of cases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these G12 strains clustered into lineage 3. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study on the G12P[8] genotype’s introduction in northern Italy. Our findings emphasize the importance of the surveillance of RVA gastroenteritis with the aim of obtaining new insight into the unusual newly emerging RVA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Wylie KM, Stanley KM, TeKippe EM, Mihindukulasuriya K, Storch GA. Resurgence of Rotavirus Genotype G12 in St. Louis During the 2014-2015 Rotavirus Season. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:346-351. [PMID: 27988496 PMCID: PMC5907883 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis. Rotavirus vaccination has dramatically reduced rotavirus occurrence; however, we have noticed mild to moderate recurrences in the St. Louis area in alternate years. In 2013, we found rotavirus genotype G12 to be the dominant strain in the St. Louis region. In this study, we again determined the distribution of genotypes and ascertained vaccine history in patients infected with rotavirus G12 during the 2014-15 season. METHODS Samples submitted to the St. Louis Children's Hospital Microbiology Laboratory were tested for rotavirus using an antigen assay. We determined the VP7 genotype using amplicon sequence analysis. We determined genome sequences using high-throughput sequencing. We evaluated rotavirus immunization records when available. RESULTS Of 30 typed viruses from 2014-15, 29 were G12 (97%). Whole-genome sequencing revealed few changes from G12 viruses analyzed in 2012-13. VP4 and VP7 sequences were >99% identical to previously sequenced G12 strains from St. Louis, and immune epitopes were conserved. Vaccination histories were available from 17 patients. Of these, 4 had been vaccinated, 3 had received incomplete vaccination or had a vaccine history that could not be confirmed, and 10 had not been vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS G12 re-emerged as the predominant rotavirus genotype in 2014-15, comprising a higher percentage of cases than in 2012-13. The majority of patients with G12 and available vaccination histories were unvaccinated. There was no genomic evidence to indicate that the G12 strains in St. Louis had evolved to escape vaccine protection. Our work emphasizes the need for continued surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics,The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Erin McElvania TeKippe
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Gregory A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics,Correspondence: G. A. Storch, MD, The Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine Campus Box 8208, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 ()
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Japhet MO, Famurewa O, Iturriza-Gomara M, Adesina OA, Opaleye OO, Niendorf S, Bock CT, Mas Marques A. Group A rotaviruses circulating prior to a national immunization programme in Nigeria: Clinical manifestations, high G12P[8] frequency, intra-genotypic divergence of VP4 and VP7. J Med Virol 2017; 90:239-249. [PMID: 28906005 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nigeria having approximately 50 000 Rotavirus A (RVA) deaths annually is yet to introduce RVA vaccine into routine national immunization; therefore surveillance of RVA strains circulating before vaccine introduction is essential in evaluating impact of the intervention. Stool samples and sociodemographic data of diarrhoeic children, <5 years were collected between August 2012 and December 2013. While a high prevalence of RVA infection (47.6%; 49/103) was observed by quantitative reverse transcription real time PCR, only 25% (26/103) had high RVA genome concentrations and were antigen positive. G and P types were obtained for 31 and 37 samples respectively. G12P[8] strains were predominant (30.6%; 16/31); Other genotypes found included G9, G3, G2 and P[4], P[6], P[8]. A G12 + G2/P[8] + P[6] mixed infection was detected. The P[8] genotype showed divergence with strains distributed in lineage III and IV. Compared to the vaccines, changes in antigenic sites of VP8* and VP7 were found. The finding of the G2P[6] genotype combination and emergence of G12 strains support observations in most of the recent RVA studies from Africa. P[6] is common in many African countries, in contrast to countries in Europe and the Americas. In conclusion, this study shows the circulation of other RVA genotypes compared to the common RVA genotypes in Nigeria. PCR results should be interpreted with caution to avoid significant bias from samples with low RVA genome concentrations. These findings provide important information on the detection and molecular epidemiology of RVA prior to vaccination and contribute as a baseline for future evaluations after possible vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O Japhet
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.,Department of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oladiran Famurewa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Kings University, Ode-omu, Osun State
| | | | - Olufisayo A Adesina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluyinka O Opaleye
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria
| | - Sandra Niendorf
- Department of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Thomas Bock
- Department of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Mas Marques
- Department of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Durmaz R, Bakkaloglu Z, Unaldi O, Karagoz A, Korukluoglu G, Kalaycioglu AT, Acar S, Kilic S. Prevalence and diversity of rotavirus A genotypes cirulating in Turkey during a 2-year sentinel surveillance period, 2014-2016. J Med Virol 2017; 90:229-238. [PMID: 28892173 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus A (RVA) is the main etiological agent of watery diarrhea among children under 5 years of age worldwide. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and diversity of RVA genotypes circulating in Turkey during a 2-year sentinel surveillance study. A total of 1639 rotavirus antigen-positive stool samples were obtained from children younger than 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus G and P genotypes were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with consensus primers for the VP7 and VP4 genes, followed by semi-nested type-specific multiplex PCR. Rotavirus RNA was detected in 1396 (85.3%) of the samples tested. The highest detection rate (38.2%) was obtained among children in the 0-12 months age group, followed by children in the 13-24 months age group (36.2%). The most prevalent genotype was G1P[8] (24.6%) followed by G3P[8] (19.6%), G9P[8] (12.2%), G2P[4] (9.5%), G2P[8] (6.5%), and G4P[8] (4.8%). The proportions of uncommon and mixed genotypes were 21.5% and 1.14%, respectively. The large number of genotypes observed, including common, uncommon, and mixed types, indicates a high heterogeneity of RVA strains circulating in Turkey. The current study also exhibited dramatic fluctuations on the prevalences of the common genotypes, with increases in G3 and G1 and decreases in G9 and G2 from 2014-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Durmaz
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Bakkaloglu
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Unaldi
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alper Karagoz
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- Virology Reference Central Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atila T Kalaycioglu
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sumeyra Acar
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Applied Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Kilic
- Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Nakagomi T, Do LP, Agbemabiese CA, Kaneko M, Gauchan P, Doan YH, Jere KC, Steele AD, Iturriza-Gomara M, Nakagomi O, Cunliffe NA. Whole-genome characterisation of G12P[6] rotavirus strains possessing two distinct genotype constellations co-circulating in Blantyre, Malawi, 2008. Arch Virol 2016; 162:213-226. [PMID: 27718073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A strains detected in diarrhoeal children commonly possess any one of the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9, with a recent increase in G12 detection globally. G12P[6] strains possessing short RNA (DS-1-like) and long RNA (Wa-like) migration patterns accounted for 27 % of the strains circulating in Blantyre, Malawi, between 2007 and 2008. To understand how the G12P[6] strains with two distinct genetic backgrounds emerged in Malawi, we conducted whole-genome analysis of two long-RNA and two short-RNA strains. While the former had a typical Wa-like genotype constellation of G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, the latter was found to have G12-P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M1-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2: a VP3 gene mono-reassortant on the DS-1-like backbone. Phylogenetic and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses showed that the short-RNA G12P[6] strains were generated around 2006 by reassortment between an African Wa-like G12P[6] strain donating three genes (the VP7, VP4, and VP3 genes) and a G2P[4] strain similar to the one circulating in Thailand or the United States of America that donated the remaining eight genes. On the other hand, the long-RNA strains were generated as a result of reassortment events within Wa-like G12 and non-G12 strains commonly circulating in Africa; only the VP4 gene was from a Malawian G8P[6] strain. In conclusion, this study uncovered the evolutionary pathways through which two distinct G12P[6] strains emerged in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - L P Do
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C A Agbemabiese
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - M Kaneko
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - P Gauchan
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Y H Doan
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K C Jere
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A D Steele
- Vaccines and Immunization, PATH, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.,MRC Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, MEDUNSA, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Iturriza-Gomara
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - O Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N A Cunliffe
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Bowen MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Esona MD, Teel EN, Gautam R, Sturgeon M, Azimi PH, Baker CJ, Bernstein DI, Boom JA, Chappell J, Donauer S, Edwards KM, Englund JA, Halasa NB, Harrison CJ, Johnston SH, Klein EJ, McNeal MM, Moffatt ME, Rench MA, Sahni LC, Selvarangan R, Staat MA, Szilagyi PG, Weinberg GA, Wikswo ME, Parashar UD, Payne DC. Rotavirus Strain Trends During the Postlicensure Vaccine Era: United States, 2008-2013. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:732-8. [PMID: 27302190 PMCID: PMC5075963 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a significant cause of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) has conducted active surveillance for RVA at pediatric hospitals and emergency departments at 3-7 geographically diverse sites in the United States since 2006. METHODS Over 6 consecutive years, from 2008 to 2013, 1523 samples from NVSN sites that were tested positive by a Rotaclone enzyme immunoassay were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for genotyping. RESULTS In the 2009, 2010, and 2011 seasons, genotype G3P[8] was the predominant genotype throughout the network, with a 46%-84% prevalence. In the 2012 season, G12P[8] replaced G3P[8] as the most common genotype, with a 70% prevalence, and this trend persisted in 2013 (68.0% prevalence). Vaccine (RotaTeq; Rotarix) strains were detected in 0.6%-3.4% of genotyped samples each season. Uncommon and unusual strains (eg, G8P[4], G3P[24], G2P[8], G3P[4], G3P[6], G24P[14], G4P[6], and G9P[4]) were detected sporadically over the study period. Year, study site, and race were found to be significant predictors of genotype. CONCLUSIONS Continued active surveillance is needed to monitor RVA genotypes in the United States and to detect potential changes since vaccine licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Rashi Gautam
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Carol J Baker
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Julie A Boom
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James Chappell
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary E Moffatt
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Marcia A Rench
- Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Mary A Staat
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | | | | | - Mary E Wikswo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel C Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Arana A, Montes M, Jere KC, Alkorta M, Iturriza-Gómara M, Cilla G. Emergence and spread of G3P[8] rotaviruses possessing an equine-like VP7 and a DS-1-like genetic backbone in the Basque Country (North of Spain), 2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:137-144. [PMID: 27370571 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In March 2015, an atypical G3P[8] rotavirus with an equine-like VP7 gene was detected in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain) and spread contributing significantly to the seasonal epidemic. The strain was identified in fecal samples collected from 68 patients, mainly children from rural and urban settings with acute gastroenteritis, representing 14.9% of the 455 rotavirus strains genotyped between July 2014 and June 2015. Seven patients (10.3%) were hospitalized. Full genome analysis of six of these strains revealed a DS-1-like genotype constellation, G3-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2, and showed that most genome segments shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity with strains isolated in Japan, Thailand, Australia and the Philippines. The strains of Gipuzkoa were similar to novel G3P[8] reassortant rotaviruses with an equine-like VP7 gene and a DS-1-like genetic backbone that emerged in the Asia-Pacific Region in 2013. The study highlights the circulation of these atypical rotaviruses outside the Asia-Pacific Region of origin, and their emergence in a European Region. Due to their unusual genotype constellation, these strains pose a challenge for the rotavirus strain surveillance, since G-/P-typing, the most commonly used classification system, cannot identify this type of intergenogroup reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Arana
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Milagrosa Montes
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Miriam Alkorta
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gómara
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gustavo Cilla
- Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital - Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain; Biomedical Research Centre Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), San Sebastián, Spain.
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18
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De Grazia S, Dóró R, Bonura F, Marton S, Cascio A, Martella V, Bányai K, Giammanco GM. Complete genome analysis of contemporary G12P[8] rotaviruses reveals heterogeneity within Wa-like genomic constellation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:85-93. [PMID: 27353490 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G12 rotaviruses are globally emergent rotaviruses causing severe childhood gastroenteritis. Little is known about the evolution and diversity of G12P[8] rotaviruses and the possible role that widespread vaccine use, globally, has had on their emergence. In Sicily, Italy, surveillance activity for rotaviruses has been conducted uninterruptedly since 1985, thus representing a unique observatory for the study of human rotaviruses in the pre- and post-vaccine era. G12 rotaviruses were first detected only in 2012 and between 2012 and 2014 they accounted for 8.7% of all rotavirus-associated infections among children, with peaks of 27.8% in 2012/2013 and 21% in 2014. We determined and analyzed the full-genome of 22 G12P[8] rotaviruses collected during the 2012-2014. Although all G12P[8] rotaviruses exhibited a typical Wa-like genotype constellation (G12P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1), phylogenetic analysis allowed distinguishing either two or three (sub)lineages in each genome segment. On the basis of the segregation patterns into lineages/sublineages, 20 G12P[8] rotaviruses could be grouped into three stable major genomic sub-constellations, whilst two strains displayed unique genome architectures, likely due to ressortment with co-circulating strains. Altogether, these findings indicate that the onset and prolonged circulation of G12 rotaviruses was due to repeated introductions of different G12 rotaviruses circulating globally. Importantly, as regional rotavirus vaccination was initiated in 2012 reaching a 45% coverage in newborns in 2014, a correlation between the appearance and spread of G12 rotaviruses and the enacted vaccination program could not be drawn. Constant epidemiologic surveillance remains important to monitor the epidemiological dynamics of human rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Grazia
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Renáta Dóró
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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19
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de Rougemont A, Kaplon J, Fremy C, Legrand-Guillien MC, Minoui-Tran A, Payan C, Vabret A, Mendes-Martins L, Chouchane M, Maudinas R, Huet F, Dubos F, Hober D, Lazrek M, Bouquignaud C, Decoster A, Alain S, Languepin J, Gillet Y, Lina B, Mekki Y, Morfin-Sherpa F, Guigon A, Guinard J, Foulongne V, Rodiere M, Avettand-Fenoel V, Bonacorsi S, Garbarg-Chenon A, Gendrel D, Lebon P, Lorrot M, Mariani P, Meritet JF, Schnuriger A, Agius G, Beby-Defaux A, Oriot D, Colimon R, Lagathu G, Mory O, Pillet S, Pozzetto B, Stephan JL, Aho S, Pothier P. Clinical severity and molecular characteristics of circulating and emerging rotaviruses in young children attending hospital emergency departments in France. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:737.e9-737.e15. [PMID: 27287887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. A prospective surveillance network has been set up to investigate the virological and clinical features of RVA infections and to detect the emergence of potentially epidemic strains in France. From 2009 to 2014, RVA-positive stool samples were collected from 4800 children <5 years old attending the paediatric emergency units of 16 large hospitals. Rotaviruses were then genotyped by RT-PCR with regard to their outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7. Genotyping of 4708 RVA showed that G1P[8] strains (62.2%) were predominant. The incidence of G9P[8] (11.5%), G3P[8] (10.4%) and G2P[4] (6.6%) strains varied considerably, whereas G4P[8] (2.7%) strains were circulating mostly locally. Of note, G12P[8] (1.6%) strains emerged during the seasons 2011-12 and 2012-13 with 4.1% and 3.0% prevalence, respectively. Overall, 40 possible zoonotic reassortants, such as G6 (33.3%) and G8 (15.4%) strains, were detected, and were mostly associated with P[6] (67.5%). Analysis of clinical records of 624 hospitalized children and severity scores from 282 of them showed no difference in clinical manifestations or severity in relation to the genotype. The relative stability of RVA genotypes currently co-circulating and the large predominance of P[8] type strains may ensure vaccine effectiveness in France. The surveillance will continue to monitor the emergence of new reassortants that might not respond to current vaccines, all the more so as all genotypes can cause severe infections in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Rougemont
- Centre National de Référence des virus entériques, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Dijon, France; UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - J Kaplon
- Centre National de Référence des virus entériques, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Dijon, France
| | - C Fremy
- Centre National de Référence des virus entériques, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Dijon, France
| | | | | | - C Payan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, France
| | - A Vabret
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, France
| | | | - M Chouchane
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - R Maudinas
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - F Huet
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - F Dubos
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, France
| | - D Hober
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, France
| | - M Lazrek
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, France
| | - C Bouquignaud
- Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, France
| | - A Decoster
- Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, France
| | - S Alain
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, France
| | - J Languepin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, France
| | | | - B Lina
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Y Mekki
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | | | - A Guigon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Orléans, France
| | - J Guinard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Orléans, France
| | - V Foulongne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, France
| | - M Rodiere
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, France
| | | | - S Bonacorsi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | | | - D Gendrel
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - P Lebon
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - M Lorrot
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - P Mariani
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - J-F Meritet
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | | | - G Agius
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - A Beby-Defaux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - D Oriot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, France
| | - R Colimon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, France
| | - G Lagathu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, France
| | - O Mory
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France
| | - S Pillet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France
| | - B Pozzetto
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France
| | - J-L Stephan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France
| | - S Aho
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - P Pothier
- Centre National de Référence des virus entériques, Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Dijon, France; UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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20
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Medici MC, Tummolo F, Martella V, Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Chezzi C, Magrì A, Fehér E, Marton S, Calderaro A, Bányai K. Whole genome sequencing reveals genetic heterogeneity of G3P[8] rotaviruses circulating in Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:253-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Abstract
SUMMARYGenotype G12 strains are now considered to be the sixth most prevalent human rotaviruses worldwide. In two Sicilian cities, Palermo and Messina, surveillance of rotavirus circulation performed since 1985 and 2009, respectively, did not detect G12 strains until 2012. From 2012 to 2014 rotavirus infection was detected in 29·7% of 1647 stool samples collected from children admitted for acute gastroenteritis to three Sicilian hospitals in Palermo, Messina and Ragusa. In 2012, G12P[8] was first detected in Palermo and then in Messina where it represented the second most frequent genotype (20% prevalence) after G1P[8]. Thereafter, G12 strains continued to circulate in Sicily, showing a marked prevalence in Ragusa (27·8%) in 2013 and in Palermo (21%) and Messina (16·6%) in 2014. All but one of the Sicilian G12 strains carried a P[8] VP4 genotype, whereas the single non-P[8] rotavirus strain was genotyped as G12P[9]. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 and VP4 sequences allowed distinction of several genetic lineages and separation of the G12P[8] strains into three cluster combinations. These findings indicate independent introductions of G12 rotavirus strains in Sicily in recent years.
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22
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Leshem E, Parashar U. Use of Surveillance Data to Assess the Impact of Vaccination on Circulating Rotavirus Strains. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:e90-2. [PMID: 26582888 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Leshem
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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Neves MAO, Pinheiro HHC, Silva RSU, Linhares AC, Silva LD, Gabbay YB, Silva MCM, Loureiro ECB, Soares LS, Mascarenhas JDP. High prevalence of G12P[8] rotavirus strains in Rio Branco, Acre, Western Amazon, in the post-rotavirus vaccine introduction period. J Med Virol 2015; 88:782-9. [PMID: 26466923 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to provide a molecular characterization of circulating rotavirus (RVA) strains in Rio Branco, Acre, in the post-rotavirus vaccination period, particularly with regard to the emerging, increasingly prevalent G12P[8] genotype. A total of 488 fecal specimens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic children were obtained between January and December 2012. RVA detection was initially performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, followed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers. RVA was detected in 18.3% (44/241) of the children with acute diarrhea and in 1.2% (3/247) of the non-diarrheic children (P < 0.001), with overall RVA-positivity of 9.6% (47/488). The most common genotype was G2P[4] with 43.2% (19/44) of the diarrheic cases, followed by G12P[8] (27.3%, 12/44), G3P[6] (18.2%, 8/44), G3P[8] (4.5%, 2/44), and G12P[6] (2.3%, 1/44). G12 samples belonged to lineage III and were from children aged 4-52 months. All of these children had acute diarrhea associated with fever (83.3%, 10/12) and vomiting (66.7%, 8/12). Most of the cases occurred in August (58.3%, 7/12), 75% (9/12) of which having received the full vaccination scheme with Rotarix™. For the first time G12 was reported at relative high prevalence in Brazil. Our findings warrant further monitoring studies on the molecular characterization of circulating RVA strains after rotavirus vaccine introduction in Brazil and elsewhere, since the occurrence of either unusual our emerging genotypes may pose a challenge to vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara A O Neves
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, University of State of Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Rita S U Silva
- Municipality Secretary of Health of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Linhares
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana D Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone B Gabbay
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mônica C M Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo C B Loureiro
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveilance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Pará, Brazil
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Evolution of human G4P[8] group A rotavirus strains circulating in Italy in 2013. Virus Res 2015; 204:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Large increase of rotavirus diarrhoea in the hospital setting associated with emergence of G12 genotype in a highly vaccinated population in Nicaragua. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:603.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Yamamoto SP, Kaida A, Ono A, Kubo H, Iritani N. Detection and characterization of a human G9P[4] rotavirus strain in Japan. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1311-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji P. Yamamoto
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Iritani
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences; Osaka Japan
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27
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Ianiro G, Delogu R, Baba M, Oderinde BS, Dawurung J, Ruggeri FM, Fiore L. Molecular characterization of group A rotavirus strains detected in children with diarrhea admitted to Nigerian hospitals in 2013. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1511-7. [PMID: 25772575 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children worldwide and cause up to 455,000 deaths annually, mostly in developing countries. During 2013, 66 RVAs from children with AGE admitted to four Nigerian hospitals were investigated. The G3P[6], G1P[8] and G2P[4] genotypes predominated. The VP7 and/or VP4 genes of 18 G3P[6]/[8]/[4], six G2P[4], three G12P[8]/[4], and two G1P[8] RVA strains were sequenced. The G3P[6] strains belonged to lineage G3-III and were different from G3 strains widespread in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial sequence conservation, suggesting continuing evolution and genomic reassortment but no zoonotic RVA transmission from animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ianiro
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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28
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Delogu R, Ianiro G, Camilloni B, Fiore L, Ruggeri FM. Unexpected spreading of G12P[8] rotavirus strains among young children in a small area of central Italy. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1292-302. [PMID: 25758365 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is associated mainly with the five genotypes G1,3,4,9P[8] and G2P[4] that are common worldwide, but emerging strains including G6, G8, and G12 are also reported sporadically. G12P[8] rotavirus was observed unexpectedly to spread in a limited area of Italy during the rotavirus surveillance season 2012-2013. All strains were genotyped for VP7 and VP4 and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Amino acid sequences of antigenic regions were compared with vaccine and field strains. G12P[8] strains were detected in the stools of 52 of 69 (75%) children infected with rotavirus in the central Italian region of Umbria. All G12 strains belonged to lineage III, and presented the P[8] genotype. Sequence analysis showed close nucleotide identity of both VP4 and VP7 genes among Umbria G12P[8] strains. The VP7 gene was also similar to other G12 strains circulating in different years and countries, and the VP4 gene was closely related to other local and global P[8] strains possessing different G-types. Overall findings suggest either the introduction and evolution of a G12 VP7 gene into the local Wa-like rotavirus population or the spreading of a strain novel for the area. Comparison of the VP8* and VP7 antigenic regions showed high conservation between the amino acid sequences of Umbria G12P[8] strains, and revealed various substitutions in the VP8* antigenic regions between the Italian G12P[8] strains and RotaTeq™ and Rotarix™ vaccine strains. The sudden and unexpected emergence of G12P[8] rotavirus confirms that these strains have the potential to become a sixth common genotype across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Delogu
- National Center for Research & Evaluation of Immunobiologicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Camilloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Fiore
- National Center for Research & Evaluation of Immunobiologicals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Page AL, Jusot V, Mamaty AA, Adamou L, Kaplon J, Pothier P, Djibo A, Manzo ML, Toure B, Langendorf C, Collard JM, Grais RF. Rotavirus surveillance in urban and rural areas of Niger, April 2010-March 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:573-80. [PMID: 24655441 PMCID: PMC3966376 DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of rotavirus epidemiology is necessary to make informed decisions about vaccine introduction and to evaluate vaccine impact. During April 2010–March 2012, rotavirus surveillance was conducted among 9,745 children <5 years of age in 14 hospitals/health centers in Niger, where rotavirus vaccine has not been introduced. Study participants had acute watery diarrhea and moderate to severe dehydration, and 20% of the children were enrolled in a nutrition program. Of the 9,745 children, 30.6% were rotavirus positive. Genotyping of a subset of positive samples showed a variety of genotypes during the first year, although G2P[4] predominated. G12 genotypes, including G12P[8], which has emerged as a predominant strain in western Africa, represented >80% of isolates during the second year. Hospitalization and death rates and severe dehydration among rotavirus case-patients did not differ during the 2 years. The emergence of G12P[8] warrants close attention to the characteristics of associated epidemics and possible prevention measures.
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Hokororo A, Kidenya BR, Seni J, Mapaseka S, Mphahlele J, Mshana SE. Predominance of rotavirus G1[P8] genotype among under-five children with gastroenteritis in Mwanza, Tanzania. J Trop Pediatr 2014; 60:393-6. [PMID: 24859323 PMCID: PMC4481713 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed stool samples from underfives with gastroenteritis for rotavirus infection between January 2010 and June 2011. A total of 393 stool specimens were examined for rotavirus infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hundred selected positive specimens were genotyped using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Out of 393 underfives, 194 (49.4%) had rotavirus infection, with 96.9% of infected underfives being <2 years. Underfives infected with rotavirus had prolonged hospital stay than those without rotavirus infection (P = 0.0001). G1 was the most predominant G type (59%) followed by G8 (13%) while P[8] was the most predominant P type (25%). In single-type infection, common G-P combinations were G1P[8] (24%) and G1P[6] (17%). Common mixed infections were G1/G8 (16%) and P4/P8 (13%). G1 genotype is common among underfives with gastroenteritis in Mwanza. Diversity of genotypes causing gastroenteritis in Mwanza necessitates a continuous surveillance after the introduction of RotaRix® vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfine Hokororo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Bugando Medical Centre, P.O.Box 1370, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Benson R. Kidenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jeremiah Seni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Seheri Mapaseka
- Department of Virology, University of Limpopo, College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 173, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Department of Virology, University of Limpopo, College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 173, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Stephen E. Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O.Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Full genomic characterization of a novel genotype combination, G4P[14], of a human rotavirus strain from Barbados. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:524-9. [PMID: 25251674 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has carried out rotavirus surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Here we report the characterization of human rotavirus with the novel G-P combination of G4P[14], detected through PAHO surveillance in Barbados. Full genome sequencing of strain RVA/Human-wt/BRB/CDC1133/2012/G4P[14] revealed that its genotype is G4-P[14]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. The possession of a Genogroup 1 (Wa-like) backbone distinguishes this strain from other P[14] rotavirus strains. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that this strain was likely generated by genetic reassortment between human, porcine and possibly other animal rotavirus strains and identified 7 lineages within the P[14] genotype. The results of this study reinforce the potential role of interspecies transmission in generating human rotavirus diversity through reassortment. Continued surveillance is important to determine if rotavirus vaccines will protect against strains that express the P[14] rotavirus genotype.
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Review of global rotavirus strain prevalence data from six years post vaccine licensure surveillance: is there evidence of strain selection from vaccine pressure? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:446-61. [PMID: 25224179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.
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Leshem E, Lopman B, Glass R, Gentsch J, Bányai K, Parashar U, Patel M. Distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine after its introduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:847-56. [PMID: 25082561 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns exist about whether monovalent (RV1) and pentavalent (RV5) rotavirus vaccines provide adequate protection against diverse strains and whether vaccine introduction will lead to selective pressure. We aimed to investigate the distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific rotavirus vaccine effectiveness after vaccine introduction. METHODS We did a systematic review of published work to assess the strain-specific effectiveness of RV1 and RV5 rotavirus vaccines. We classified strains as homotypic, partly heterotypic, and fully heterotypic based on the amount of antigen-matching between strain and vaccine. When studies reported vaccine effectiveness against single antigens (G-type or P-type), we categorised them as either single-antigen vaccine type or single-antigen non-vaccine type. Our primary outcome was strain-specific vaccine effectiveness, comparing effectiveness of homotypic strains with fully or partly heterotypic strains. A secondary outcome was the prevalence of rotavirus strains after vaccine introduction. We estimated pooled odds ratios using random-effect regression models, stratified by country income level and vaccine type, and tested for differences in strain-specific vaccine effectiveness. We assessed strain distribution trends from surveillance reports. FINDINGS In high-income countries, RV1 pooled vaccine effectiveness was 94% (95% CI 80-98) against homotypic strains, 71% (39-86) against partly heterotypic strains, and 87% (76-93) against fully heterotypic strains. In middle-income settings, respective pooled data were 59% (36-73), 72% (58-81), and 47% (28-61). In high-income countries, RV5 vaccine effectiveness was 83% (78-87) against homotypic strains, 82% (70-89) against single-antigen vaccine type strains, 82% (70-89) against partly heterotypic strains, and 75% (47-88) against single-antigen non-vaccine type strains. In middle-income settings, RV5 vaccine effectiveness was 70% (58-78) against single-antigen vaccine type strains, 37% (10-56) against partly heterotypic strains, and 87% (38-97) against single-antigen non-vaccine type strains. No difference was noted in vaccine effectiveness for either RV1 or RV5 in any setting (all p>0·05). Prevalent strains in countries using RV1 were G2P[4] (2198 of 4428, 50%) and G1P[8] (953, 22%), and those in countries using RV5 were G1P[8] (1280 of 3875, 33%) and G2P[4] (1169, 30%). Sustained predominance of a single strain was not recorded. INTERPRETATION RV1 and RV5 exert similar effectiveness against homotypic and heterotypic rotavirus strains. Persistence of specific strains was not recorded, suggesting vaccine-induced selective pressure did not occur. Expansion of rotavirus surveillance efforts to low-income countries and ongoing surveillance are crucial to identify emergence of new strains and to assess strain-specific vaccine effectiveness in various settings. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Leshem
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ben Lopman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roger Glass
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jon Gentsch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manish Patel
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Midgley S, Böttiger B, Jensen TG, Friis-Møller A, Person LK, Nielsen L, Barzinci S, Fischer TK. Human group A rotavirus infections in children in Denmark: detection of reassortant G9 strains and zoonotic P[14] strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:114-20. [PMID: 25038295 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of severe childhood gastroenteritis are group A rotaviruses, and they have been found to be associated with ∼40% of the annual gastroenteritis-associated hospitalizations in young Danish children <5years of age (Fischer et al., 2011). In this study, we investigated the diversity of rotavirus strains circulating among young children <5years of age, presenting with gastroenteritis disease either at the general practitioner or in the hospital, during the period 2009-2013. A total of 831 rotavirus positive stool samples were genotyped in the study period, and the majority of samples (74%) were from hospitalized children. G and P genotypes were successfully determined for 826 of samples, with G1P[8] being the most commonly detected genotype. Detection of G1 showed a decreasing trend over time, and an inverse trend was seen for the emerging G9P. The common human genotypes (G1/G3/G4/G9P[8] and G2P[4]) were detected in the majority of samples (n=733, 88.2%). Rare genotype combinations such as G6P[14] were detected in <1% of samples. Rare genotype strains and strains which failed to amplify in genotyping RT-PCR were subjected to genetic characterization by sequencing one or all of the following genes; VP7, VP4, VP6 and NSP4. Sequences of sufficient length and quality were available for all 4 genes for 28 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that reassortant G9P[4] strains circulated with 3 different genotype combinations. As rotavirus vaccines are not widely used in Denmark or its neighboring countries, the diversity of rotavirus strains identified in this study most likely reflects naturally occurring selection pressures and viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Midgley
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Böttiger
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - T G Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - A Friis-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - L K Person
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - S Barzinci
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T K Fischer
- Section for Virus Surveillance and Research, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Rotavirus G12 in Spain: 2004–2006. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Buesa J, Martínez-Costa C. Rotavirus infections, vaccines and virus variability. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:277-9. [PMID: 24684849 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Buesa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain
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