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Henriot P, Castry M, Luong Nguyen LB, Shimakawa Y, Jean K, Temime L. Meta-analysis: risk of hepatitis C virus infection associated with hospital-based invasive procedures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:558-569. [PMID: 35758763 PMCID: PMC9543323 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare settings, where invasive procedures are frequently performed, may play an important role in the transmission dynamics of blood-borne pathogens when compliance with infection control precautions is suboptimal. AIMS To understand and quantify the role of hospital-based invasive procedures on hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify recent studies reporting association measures of HCV infection risk that are linked to iatrogenic procedures. Based on expert opinion, invasive procedures were categorised into 10 groups for which pooled measures were calculated. Finally, the relationship between pooled measures and the country-level HCV prevalence or the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) index was assessed by meta-regression. RESULTS We included 71 studies in the analysis. The most frequently evaluated procedures were blood transfusion (66 measures) and surgery (43 measures). The pooled odds ratio (OR) of HCV infection varied widely, ranging from 1.46 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.88) for dental procedures to 3.22 (1.7-6.11) for transplantation. The OR for blood transfusion was higher for transfusions performed before 1998 (3.77, 2.42-5.88) than for those without a specified/recent date (2.20, 1.77-2.75). In procedure-specific analyses, the HCV infection risk was significantly negatively associated with the HAQ for endoscopy and positively associated with HCV prevalence for endoscopy and surgery. CONCLUSIONS Various invasive procedures were significantly associated with HCV infection. Our results provide a ranking of procedures in terms of HCV risk that may be used for prioritisation of infection control interventions, especially in high HCV prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Henriot
- MESuRS LaboratoryConservatoire National des Arts et MétiersParisFrance
- PACRI UnitConservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | | | | | - Yusuke Shimakawa
- PACRI UnitConservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies ÉmergentesInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Kévin Jean
- MESuRS LaboratoryConservatoire National des Arts et MétiersParisFrance
- PACRI UnitConservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Laura Temime
- MESuRS LaboratoryConservatoire National des Arts et MétiersParisFrance
- PACRI UnitConservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/Institut PasteurParisFrance
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Ali Khan A, Munir M, Miraj F, Imran S, Arif Siddiqi D, Altaf A, Khan AJ, Chandir S. Examining unsafe injection practices associated with auto-disable (AD) syringes: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3247-3258. [PMID: 33989509 PMCID: PMC8381785 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1911514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Auto-disable (AD) syringes are specifically designed to prevent syringe reuse. However, the notion that specific AD syringe designs may be unsafe due to reuse concerns related to the syringe's activation point has surfaced. We conducted a systematic review for evidence on the association between AD syringe design and syringe reuse, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), or blood borne virus (BBV) transmission. We found no evidence of an association between AD syringe design and unsafe injection practices including syringe reuse, AEFIs, or BBVs. Authors of three records speculated about the possibility of AD syringe reuse through intentionally defeating the disabling mechanism, and one hinted at the possibility of reuse of larger-than-required syringes, but none reported any actual reuse instance. In contrast to AD syringes, standard disposable syringes continue to be reused; therefore, the global health community should expand the use of AD syringes in both immunization and therapeutic context as an essential strategy for curbing BBV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Subhash Chandir
- IRD Global, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Scott N, Win TM, Tidhar T, Htay H, Draper B, Aung PTZ, Xiao Y, Bowring A, Kuschel C, Shilton S, Kyi KP, Naing W, Aung KS, Hellard M. Hepatitis C elimination in Myanmar: Modelling the impact, cost, cost-effectiveness and economic benefits. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 10:100129. [PMID: 34327345 PMCID: PMC8315611 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Myanmar has set national hepatitis C (HCV) targets to achieve 50% of people diagnosed and 50% treated by 2030. The WHO has additional targets of reducing incidence by 80% and mortality by 65% by 2030. We aimed to estimate the impact, cost, cost-effectiveness and net economic benefit of achieving these targets. Methods Mathematical models of HCV transmission, disease progression and the care cascade were calibrated to 15 administrative regions of Myanmar. Cost data were collected from a community testing and treatment program in Yangon. Three scenarios were projected for 2020-2030: (1) baseline (current levels of testing/treatment); and testing/treatment scaled up sufficiently to reach (2) the national strategy targets; and (3) the WHO targets. Findings Without treatment scale-up, 333,000 new HCV infections and 97,000 HCV-related deaths were estimated to occur in Myanmar 2020-2030, with HCV costing a total $100 million in direct costs (testing, treatment, disease management) and $10.4 billion in lost productivity. In the model, treating 55,000 people each year was sufficient to reach the national strategy targets and prevented a cumulative 40,000 new infections (12%) and 25,000 HCV-related deaths (25%) 2020-2030. This was estimated to cost a total $189 million in direct costs ($243 per DALY averted compared to no treatment scale-up), but only $9.8 billion in lost productivity, making it cost-saving from a societal perspective by 2024 with an estimated net economic benefit of $553 million by 2030. Reaching the WHO targets required further treatment scale-up and additional direct costs but resulted in greater longer-term benefits. Interpretation Current levels of HCV testing and treatment in Myanmar are insufficient to reach the national strategy targets. Scaling up HCV testing and treatment in Myanmar to reach the national strategy targets is estimated to generate significant health and economic benefits. Funding Gilead Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Scott
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thin Mar Win
- Burnet Institute Myanmar, Second floor, 226U Wisara Road, Wizaaya Plaza, Bahan Township, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tom Tidhar
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hla Htay
- Burnet Institute Myanmar, Second floor, 226U Wisara Road, Wizaaya Plaza, Bahan Township, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Bridget Draper
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phyo Thu Zar Aung
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yinzong Xiao
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Bowring
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Kuschel
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sonjelle Shilton
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khin Pyone Kyi
- Myanmar Liver Foundation, 33-35, First Floor, Pathein Street, KyunTaw (Middle) Ward, Sanchaung Township, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Win Naing
- Department of Hepatology, 500 bedded Specialty Hospital, University of Medicine, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khin Sanda Aung
- National Hepatitis Control Program, Myanmar Ministry of Health, Myanmar
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute Melbourne, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Rd, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
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Yasmeen H, Hasnain S. Epidemiology and risk factors of transfusion transmitted infections in thalassemia major: a multicenter study in Pakistan. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2019; 41:316-323. [PMID: 31399357 PMCID: PMC6978535 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood transfusion-transmitted infections in individuals suffering from beta-thalassemia have been reported in Pakistan, but the information on their sociodemographic and clinical determinants is lacking. This study aims to describe the prevalence, as well as the factors, contributing in blood transfusion-transmitted infections. Method Between December 2011 and December 2013, in a non-probable sampling, 350 thalassemia patients were recruited in Lahore, Multan, Karachi and Peshawar, Pakistan. Subjects were screened for transfusion-transmitted infections. Results A seropositive rate of 36.5% was observed; males (94, 73.4%) and females (34, 26.6%). Among several risk factors associated with transfusion-transmitted infections, province (p = 0.001), gender (p = 0.003), age (p < 0.03), education (p < 0.00), degree of consanguinity (p = 0.05), age at fetal blood test (p = 0.005), fetal hemoglobin levels (p = 0.005), death due to thalassemia (p = 0.001) and iron-related complications (p = 0.04) showed significant correlation. Participants with an age >10 years were significantly more prone to seropositivity than those aged ≤10 years. Moreover, the ferritin level was also significantly higher in those aged >10 years than in those ≤10 years. It was observed that males had a higher seroprevalence rate (94, 73.4%) than females (34, 26.6%). The most prevalent transfusion-transmitted infections was the hepatitis C virus, with 115 cases (89.8%). Conclusion A high prevalence rate of HCV in subjects with transfusion-dependent thalassemia is linked with insufficient facilities, poor management and compromised socioeconomic status. Therefore, more multicenter studies covering cities from different regions of the country are needed in order to develop preventive measurements at the regional and national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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Benova L, Awad SF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Estimate of vertical transmission of Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan in 2007 and 2012 birth cohorts. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:1177-1183. [PMID: 28662284 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite a combination of high Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence, a large adult population and high fertility, no published estimates of the scale and contribution of vertical transmission to HCV incidence in Pakistan exist. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of new HCV infections occurring in Pakistan as a result of vertical transmission. We adapted a published mathematical model based on HCV antibody and viraemia prevalence, fertility rates, risk of HCV vertical transmission and children mortality rates to estimate the number of infections in the 2007 and 2012 birth cohorts nationally and in four subnational regions. We estimated that 19 708 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 15 941-23 819) children were vertically infected by HCV in 2007 and 21 676 (95% UI: 17 498-26 126) in 2012. The majority of these cases (72.9% and 72.5% in 2007 and 2012, respectively) occurred in Punjab. We estimated that vertical transmission as a mode of exposure accounted for a quarter of HCV infections among children under 5 years of age (25.2% in 2007 and 24.0% in 2012). CONCLUSION Our results showed that one in 260 children born in Pakistan in 2007 and 2012 acquired HCV vertically. While currently no interventions during pregnancy and childbirth are recommended to reduce this risk, prevention, testing and treatment strategies should be considered to reduce the burden of vertical HCV infections among young children. Other routes of transmission appear to contribute the majority of HCV infections among children and must also be clarified and urgently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Benova
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susanne Faissal Awad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,College of Public Health, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Waldram A, McKerr C, Gobin M, Adak G, Stuart JM, Cleary P. Control selection methods in recent case-control studies conducted as part of infectious disease outbreaks. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30:465-71. [PMID: 25762171 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful investigation of national outbreaks of communicable disease relies on rapid identification of the source. Case-control methodologies are commonly used to achieve this. We assessed control selection methods used in recently published case-control studies for methodological and resource issues to determine if a standard approach could be identified. Neighbourhood controls were the most frequently used method in 53 studies of a range of different sizes, infections and settings. The most commonly used method of data collection was face to face interview. Control selection issues were identified in four areas: method of identification of controls, appropriateness of controls, ease of recruitment of controls, and resource requirements. Potential biases arising from the method of control selection were identified in half of the studies assessed. There is a need to develop new ways of selecting controls in a rapid, random and representative manner to improve the accuracy and timeliness of epidemiological investigations and maximise the effectiveness of public health interventions. Innovative methods such as prior recruitment of controls could improve timeliness and representativeness of control selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Waldram
- Field Epidemiology Service Liverpool, Public Health England, Liverpool, UK,
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