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Di Bari C, Venkateswaran N, Fastl C, Gabriël S, Grace D, Havelaar AH, Huntington B, Patterson GT, Rushton J, Speybroeck N, Torgerson P, Pigott DM, Devleesschauwer B. The global burden of neglected zoonotic diseases: Current state of evidence. One Health 2023; 17:100595. [PMID: 37545541 PMCID: PMC10400928 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, most of which are classified as "neglected". By affecting both humans and animals, zoonoses pose a dual burden. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) metric quantifies human health burden since it combines mortality and morbidity. This review aims to describe and analyze the current state of evidence on neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs) burden and start a discussion on the current understanding of the global burden of NZDs. We identified 26 priority NZDs through consulting three international repositories for national prioritization exercises. A systematic review of global and national burden of disease (BoD) studies was conducted using pre-selected databases. Data on diseases, location and DALYs were extracted for each eligible study. A total of 1887 records were screened, resulting in 74 eligible studies. The highest number of BoD was found for non-typhoidal salmonellosis (23), whereas no estimates were found for West Nile, Marburg and Lassa fever. Geographically, the highest number of studies was performed in the Netherlands (11), China (5) and Iran (4). The number of BoD retrieved mismatched the perceived importance in national prioritization exercises. For example, anthrax was considered a priority NZD in 65 countries; however, only one national study estimating BoD was retrieved. By summing the available global estimates, the selected NZDs caused at least 21 million DALYs per year, a similar order of magnitude to (but less than) the burden due to foodborne disease (included in the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group). The global burden of disease landscape of NZDs remains scattered. There are several priority NZDs for which no burden estimates exist, and the number of BoD studies does not reflect national disease priorities. To have complete and consistent estimates of the global burden of NZDs, these diseases should be integrated in larger global burden of disease initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Di Bari
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Narmada Venkateswaran
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Christina Fastl
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delia Grace
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal Sciences, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Ben Huntington
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
- Pengwern Animal Health Ltd, 259 Wallasey Village, Wallasey Wirral, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Grace T. Patterson
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Insititute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Paul Torgerson
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David M. Pigott
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- GBADs programme, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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2
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De Rooij MMT, Van Leuken JPG, Swart A, Kretzschmar MEE, Nielen M, De Koeijer AA, Janse I, Wouters IM, Heederik DJJ. A systematic knowledge synthesis on the spatial dimensions of Q fever epidemics. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:14-25. [PMID: 30402920 PMCID: PMC7379662 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From 2007 through 2010, the Netherlands experienced the largest Q fever epidemic ever reported. This study integrates the outcomes of a multidisciplinary research programme on spatial airborne transmission of Coxiella burnetii and reflects these outcomes in relation to other scientific Q fever studies worldwide. We have identified lessons learned and remaining knowledge gaps. This synthesis was structured according to the four steps of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA): (a) Rapid source identification was improved by newly developed techniques using mathematical disease modelling; (b) source characterization efforts improved knowledge but did not provide accurate C. burnetii emission patterns; (c) ambient air sampling, dispersion and spatial modelling promoted exposure assessment; and (d) risk characterization was enabled by applying refined dose–response analyses. The results may support proper and timely risk assessment and risk management during future outbreaks, provided that accurate and structured data are available and exchanged readily between responsible actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna M T De Rooij
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P G Van Leuken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam E E Kretzschmar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Julius Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aline A De Koeijer
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar Janse
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Torgerson PR, Rüegg S, Devleesschauwer B, Abela-Ridder B, Havelaar AH, Shaw AP, Rushton J, Speybroeck N. zDALY: An adjusted indicator to estimate the burden of zoonotic diseases. One Health 2018; 5:40-45. [PMID: 29911164 PMCID: PMC6000816 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of human diseases in populations, or for an individual, is frequently estimated in terms of one of a number of Health Adjusted Life Years (HALYs). The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a widely accepted HALY metric and is used by the World Health Organization and the Global Burden of Disease studies. Many human diseases are of animal origin and often cause ill health and production losses in domestic animals. The economic losses due to disease in animals are usually estimated in monetary terms. The monetary impact on animal health is not compatible with HALY approaches used to measure the impact on human health. To estimate the societal burden of zoonotic diseases that have substantial human and animal disease burden we propose methodology which can be accommodated within the DALY framework. Monetary losses due to the animal disease component of a zoonotic disease can be converted to an equivalent metric using a local gross national income per capita deflator. This essentially gives animal production losses a time trade-off for human life years. This is the time required to earn the income needed to replace that financial loss. This can then be assigned a DALY equivalent, termed animal loss equivalents (ALE), and added to the DALY associated with human ill health to give a modified DALY. This is referred to as the "zDALY". ALEs could also be estimated using willingness-to-pay for animal health or survey tools to estimate the replacement time value for animals with high societal or emotional value (for example pets) that cannot be calculated directly using monetary worth. Thus the zDALY estimates the impact of a zoonotic disease to animal and human health. The losses due to the animal disease component of the modified DALY are straightforward to calculate. A number of worked examples such as echinococcosis, brucellosis, Q fever and cysticercosis from a diverse spectrum of countries with different levels of economic development illustrate the use of the zDALY indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüegg
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux champs, 30, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra P.M. Shaw
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- A P Consultants, 22 Walworth Enterprise Centre, Duke Close, Andover SP10 5AP, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux champs, 30, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Kremer J, Mutters NT, Karck M, Last K. Pulmonary Valve Prosthesis Endocarditis Caused By Coxiella burnetii. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Rep 2018; 7:e47-e49. [PMID: 30505643 PMCID: PMC6264925 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1675841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative bacterium assigned to the family of Rickettsiaceae . Less than 1% of Q-fever infection leads to infective endocarditis (IE). Cases of reported pulmonary valve (PV) prosthesis endocarditis are scarce. Case Description A patient with a PV prosthesis endocarditis caused by Coxiella burnetii was seeking asylum in Germany. Prosthesis replacement was performed. All obtained blood cultures showed no growth as well as microbiological cultures of the prosthetic valve tissue. A polymerase chain reaction analysis on the explanted prosthesis detected DNA of Coxiella spp. Conclusion Diagnosing IE caused by Coxiella burnetii requires an interdisciplinary effort from both clinicians and microbiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Kremer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Universitatsklinikum Heidelberg Chirurgische Klinik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nico Tom Mutters
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Centre—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Universitatsklinikum Heidelberg Chirurgische Klinik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Last
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Keijmel SP, Delsing CE, Bleijenberg G, van der Meer JWM, Donders RT, Leclercq M, Kampschreur LM, van den Berg M, Sprong T, Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Knoop H, Bleeker-Rovers CP. Effectiveness of Long-term Doxycycline Treatment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Fatigue Severity in Patients with Q Fever Fatigue Syndrome (Qure Study): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:998-1005. [PMID: 28329131 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 20% of patients with acute Q fever will develop chronic fatigue, referred to as Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFS). The objective of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of either long-term treatment with doxycycline or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing fatigue severity in patients with QFS. Methods Adult patients were included who met the QFS criteria according to the Dutch guideline: a new onset of severe fatigue lasting ≥6 months with significant disabilities, related to an acute Q fever infection, without other somatic or psychiatric comorbidity explaining the fatigue. Using block randomization, patients were randomized between oral study medication and CBT (2:1) for 24 weeks. Second, a double-blind randomization between doxycycline (200 mg/day, once daily) and placebo was performed in the medication group. Primary outcome was fatigue severity at end of treatment (EOT; week 26), assessed with the Checklist Individual Strength subscale Fatigue Severity. Results Of 155 patients randomized, 154 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (doxycycline, 52; placebo, 52; CBT, 50). At EOT, fatigue severity was similar between doxycycline (40.8 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 37.3-44.3]) and placebo (37.8 [95% CI, 34.3-41.2]; difference, doxycycline vs placebo, -3.0 [97.5% CI, -8.7 to 2.6]; P = .45). Fatigue severity was significantly lower after CBT (31.6 [95% CI, 28.0-35.1]) than after placebo (difference, CBT vs placebo, 6.2 [97.5% CI, .5-11.9]; P = .03). Conclusions CBT is effective in reducing fatigue severity in QFS patients. Long-term treatment with doxycycline does not reduce fatigue severity in QFS patients compared to placebo. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01318356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Keijmel
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corine E Delsing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Bleijenberg
- Expert Centre for Chronic Fatigue, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier T Donders
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Leclercq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom Sprong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marrigje H Nabuurs-Franssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Knoop
- Expert Centre for Chronic Fatigue, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
- Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Fatigue following Acute Q-Fever: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155884. [PMID: 27223465 PMCID: PMC4880326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term fatigue with detrimental effects on daily functioning often occurs following acute Q-fever. Following the 2007-2010 Q-fever outbreak in the Netherlands with over 4000 notified cases, the emphasis on long-term consequences of Q-fever increased. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of all relevant available literature, and to identify knowledge gaps regarding the definition, diagnosis, background, description, aetiology, prevention, therapy, and prognosis, of fatigue following acute Q-fever. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted through searching Pubmed, Embase, and PsycInfo for relevant literature up to 26th May 2015. References of included articles were hand searched for additional documents, and included articles were quality assessed. RESULTS Fifty-seven articles were included and four documents classified as grey literature. The quality of most studies was low. The studies suggest that although most patients recover from fatigue within 6-12 months after acute Q-fever, approximately 20% remain chronically fatigued. Several names are used indicating fatigue following acute Q-fever, of which Q-fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) is most customary. Although QFS is described to occur frequently in many countries, a uniform definition is lacking. The studies report major health and work-related consequences, and is frequently accompanied by nonspecific complaints. There is no consensus with regard to aetiology, prevention, treatment, and prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Long-term fatigue following acute Q-fever, generally referred to as QFS, has major health-related consequences. However, information on aetiology, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of QFS is underrepresented in the international literature. In order to facilitate comparison of findings, and as platform for future studies, a uniform definition and diagnostic work-up and uniform measurement tools for QFS are proposed.
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van Leuken JPG, Swart AN, Droogers P, van Pul A, Heederik D, Havelaar AH. Climate change effects on airborne pathogenic bioaerosol concentrations: a scenario analysis. AEROBIOLOGIA 2016; 32:607-617. [PMID: 27890966 PMCID: PMC5106502 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-016-9435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The most recent IPCC report presented further scientific evidence for global climate change in the twenty-first century. Important secondary effects of climate change include those on water resource availability, agricultural yields, urban healthy living, biodiversity, ecosystems, food security, and public health. The aim of this explorative study was to determine the range of expected airborne pathogen concentrations during a single outbreak or release in a future climate compared to a historical climatic period (1981-2010). We used five climate scenarios for the periods 2016-2045 and 2036-2065 defined by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and two conversion tools to create hourly future meteorological data sets. We modelled season-averaged airborne pathogen concentrations by means of an atmospheric dispersion model and compared these data to historical (1981-2010) modelled concentrations. Our results showed that modelled concentrations were modified several percentage points on average as a result of climate change. On average, concentrations were reduced in four out of five scenarios. Wind speed and global radiation were of critical importance, which determine horizontal and vertical dilution. Modelled concentrations decreased on average, but large positive and negative hourly averaged effects were calculated (from -67 to +639 %). This explorative study shows that further research should include pathogen inactivation and more detailed probability functions on precipitation, snow, and large-scale circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. G. van Leuken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. N. Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - A. van Pul
- Environment and Safety (M&V), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - D. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Havelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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Belfroid E, Hautvast JLA, Hilbink M, Timen A, Hulscher MEJL. Selection of key recommendations for quality indicators describing good quality outbreak response. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:166. [PMID: 25888491 PMCID: PMC4397715 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance of recommended control measures is necessary for quick and uniform infectious disease outbreak control. To assess whether these procedures are performed, a valid set of quality indicators (QIs) is required. The goal of this study was to select a set of key recommendations that can be systematically translated into QIs to measure the quality of infectious disease outbreak response from the perspective of disaster emergency responders and infectious disease control professionals. METHODS Applying the Rand modified Delphi procedure, the following steps were taken to systematically select a set of key recommendations: extraction of recommendations from relevant literature; appraisal of the recommendations in terms of relevance through questionnaires to experts; expert meeting to discuss recommendations; prioritization of recommendations through a second questionnaire; and final expert meeting to approve the selected set. Infectious disease physicians and nurses, policymakers and communication experts participated in the expert group (n=48). RESULTS In total, 54 national and international publications were systematically searched for recommendations, yielding over 200 recommendations. The Rand modified Delphi procedure resulted in a set of 65 key recommendations. The key recommendations were categorized into 10 domains describing the whole response pathway from outbreak recognition to aftercare. CONCLUSION This study provides a set of key recommendations that represents 'good quality of response to an infectious disease outbreak'. These key recommendations can be systematically translated into QIs. Organizations and professionals involved in outbreak control can use these QIs to monitor the quality of response to infectious disease outbreaks and to assess in which domains improvement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Belfroid
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Academic Collaborative Centre AMPHI, Department of Primary and Community Care, PO box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,National Coordination Centre for Communicable Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeannine L A Hautvast
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Academic Collaborative Centre AMPHI, Department of Primary and Community Care, PO box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirrian Hilbink
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Aura Timen
- National Coordination Centre for Communicable Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Marlies E J L Hulscher
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ruiz S, Wolfe DN. Vaccination against Q fever for biodefense and public health indications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:726. [PMID: 25566235 PMCID: PMC4267281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a disease that is often spread to humans via inhalational exposure to the bacteria from contaminated agricultural sources. Outbreaks have been observed all over the world with larger foci generating interest in vaccination programs, most notably in Australia and the Netherlands. Importantly, exposure rates among military personnel deployed to the Middle East can be relatively high as measured by seroconversion to C. burnetii-specific antibodies. Q fever has been of interest to the biodefense community over the years due to its low infectious dose and environmental stability. Recent advances in cell-free growth and genetics of C. burnetii also make this organism easier to culture and manipulate. While there is a vaccine that is licensed for use in Australia, the combination of biodefense- and public health-related issues associated with Q fever warrant the development of a safer and more effective vaccine against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruiz
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Daniel N Wolfe
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fort Belvoir, VA USA
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