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Chavan NA, Rani VS, Shinde P, Shinde M, Pavani S, Srinath M, Mehreen SF, Reddy PS, Lavania M. Identification of coxsackievirus A-24 GIV C5 strain as the cause of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in Hyderabad, India in 2022. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32254. [PMID: 38947457 PMCID: PMC11214445 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is frequently the cause for acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) epidemics. AHC can result from adenoviruses, with enterovirus 70 and coxsackievirus A24 being the primary agents. AHC was initially identified in Ghana in 1969, caused by enterovirus 70 and leading to a global pandemic. Since 2000, outbreaks of AHC linked to coxsackievirus A24 variant have been documented in Spain, Pakistan, Singapore, India, Korea, and China. A sudden surge of conjunctivitis cases reported in October 2022 in and out of the Hyderabad region. This infection presented with usual symptoms of redness of the eyes, discharge, pain in the eyes and crusting. Occular swab samples from 110 patients were collected in order to identify and characterize the virus that was causing the epidemic. We examined adenovirus, enterovirus, COVID-19 and Herpes Simplex Virus by using commercially kits available at the hospital. Conserved regions in the enteroviral 5'-UTR and VP2 gene were analyzed further for characterization of serotype at the National apex laboratory. None of them was found positive except Enterovirus in 16.36 % (18/110) of the patients. From enterovirus-positive samples, the coxsackievirus A24 was observed in all 18 positive samples. These clinical isolates constitute a new lineage cluster associated with genotype IV-C5, according to additional sequencing of the full-length VP2 genes and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. In conclusion, the current outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Hyderabad, India was traced to the coxsackievirus A24 strain GIV C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan A. Chavan
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vannavada Sudha Rani
- Viral Research and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Shinde
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manohar Shinde
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanka Pavani
- Viral Research and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mote Srinath
- Viral Research and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syeda Fakiha Mehreen
- Viral Research and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad, India
| | - Palkonda Shashikala Reddy
- Viral Research and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mallika Lavania
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Boro P, Gongo T, Ori K, Kamki Y, Ete N, Jini M, Jampa L, Patgiri SJ, Sarmah N, Siddique AI, Bhattacharjee CK, Bali NK, Borkakoty B. An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to Coxsackievirus A24 in a residential school, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh: July 2023. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 48:100549. [PMID: 38395257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE An acute conjunctivitis outbreak was investigated at a residential school in Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India, in July 2023. We aimed to identify the etiological agent and assess any complications in follow-up cases. METHODS We used a structured questionnaire to record clinical findings and followed up with cases one-month post-conjunctivitis. Sixty-one cases were examined and eight conjunctival and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected after obtaining informed consent from guardians/school authorities. We screened for 33 viral and bacterial pathogens using an IVD-approved Real-time PCR assay. Further, the samples were subjected to nucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS Among 465 screened students and staff, 80 individuals (approximately 17.2%) showed acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis symptoms among which 61 cases were available for clinical examination. We identified the Enterovirus responsible by targeted sequencing using next-generation sequencing. The etiological agent was found to be Coxsackievirus A24, a member of Enterovirus C, in seven out of eight samples subjected to sequencing. Common symptoms included conjunctival hyperemia and foreign body sensation (100%), bilateral eye involvement (73.8%), eye pain (70%), watery discharge (49.2%), and eyelid swelling (38%). Only 6.5% had purulent discharge. Most cases resolved within 5-6 days, with only 9.8% reporting abdominal symptoms post-conjunctivitis. No serious complications occurred within one month. Throat swabs aided in diagnosing enterovirus infections alongside eye swabs. CONCLUSIONS The outbreak of acute conjunctivitis was caused by Coxsackievirus A24, a member of Enterovirus C. Cases resolved spontaneously within 6-7 days, with no severe complications. Collecting oropharyngeal swabs alongside conjunctival swabs could improve enteroviral conjunctivitis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Boro
- Department of Community Medicine, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Tojum Gongo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Kimo Ori
- Department of Community Medicine, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Yompe Kamki
- Department of Microbiology, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Nyai Ete
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Moji Jini
- Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Saurav Jyoti Patgiri
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE region (ICMR-RMRC NE), Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - Neelanjana Sarmah
- Regional VRDL, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE region (ICMR-RMRC NE), Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - Aktarul Islam Siddique
- Regional VRDL, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE region (ICMR-RMRC NE), Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - Chandra Kanta Bhattacharjee
- Regional VRDL, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE region (ICMR-RMRC NE), Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
| | - Nargis K Bali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sher-I Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Regional VRDL, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre for NE region (ICMR-RMRC NE), Dibrugarh, 786010, Assam, India.
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Moreni G, van Eijk H, Koen G, Johannesson N, Calitz C, Benschop K, Cremer J, Pajkrt D, Sridhar A, Wolthers K. Non-Polio Enterovirus C Replicate in Both Airway and Intestine Organotypic Cultures. Viruses 2023; 15:1823. [PMID: 37766230 PMCID: PMC10537321 DOI: 10.3390/v15091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (EV) belonging to species C, which are highly prevalent in Africa, mainly among children, are poorly characterized, and their pathogenesis is mostly unknown as they are difficult to culture. In this study, human airway and intestinal organotypic models were used to investigate tissue and cellular tropism of three EV-C genotypes, EV-C99, CVA-13, and CVA-20. Clinical isolates were obtained within the two passages of culture on Caco2 cells, and all three viruses were replicated in both the human airway and intestinal organotypic cultures. We did not observe differences in viral replication between fetal and adult tissue that could potentially explain the preferential infection of infants by EV-C genotypes. Infection of the airway and the intestinal cultures indicates that they both can serve as entry sites for non-polio EV-C. Ciliated airway cells and enterocytes are the target of infection for all three viruses, as well as enteroendocrine cells for EV-C99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moreni
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Hetty van Eijk
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Gerrit Koen
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Nina Johannesson
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Kimberley Benschop
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment, RIVM, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeroen Cremer
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment, RIVM, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
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Othman I, Slama I, Mastouri M, Bailly JL, Aouni M. First detection and characterization of EV-A71 and a new genogroup of CVA-24 causing neurological disease in Tunisia. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Molecular characterization of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A24 (CVA-24) strains isolated during neurological diseases surveillance activities in Tunisian patients. Materials & methods: Specimens were obtained from two Tunisian children and analyzed for enterovirus with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). We sequenced the whole genome of strains detected. Results: The EV-A71 sequence reported was assigned to subgenogroup C2 with a high nucleotide sequence identity to other EV-A71 C2 detected in other countries, which suggests virus migration. Interestingly, in the VP1 coding region, the Tunisian CV-A24 strain displayed high sequence divergence from other CV-A24, which confirms that it represents a new genogroup. Conclusion: This is the first report of EV-A71 in Tunisia and the first report of a CV-A24 strain causing aseptic meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Othman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ichrak Slama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
- Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculty of Pharmacy, LMGE CNRS 6023, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France
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Liu R, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang X, Zhou F. Epidemiological trends and sociodemographic factors associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in mainland China from 2004 to 2018. Virol J 2022; 19:34. [PMID: 35232483 PMCID: PMC8889670 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is classified as a class C notifiable infectious disease in China and poses a great threat to public health. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological trends and hotspots of AHC in mainland China. Sociodemographic factors that could contribute to early warning of AHC were further explored. Methods Yearly and monthly incidences of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis by date and region from 2004 to 2018 were extracted from the Data Center of China Public Health Science. Joinpoint regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis were performed to explore the epidemiological trends and hotspots of AHC. A generalized linear model was then applied to explore the relationship between sociodemographic factors and AHC incidence. Results The average annual AHC incidence was 3.58/100,000 in mainland China. The first-level spatial and temporal aggregation areas were distributed in Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Chongqing, Hubei, Anhui, and Zhejiang, with gathering times from 2010/1/1 to 2010/12/31 (RR = 20.13, LLR = 474,522.89, P < 0.01). After 2010, the AHC incidence was stable (APC = − 8.37, 95% CI: − 23.02–9.06). However, it was significantly increased in low- and middle-income provinces (AAPC = 10.65, 95% CI: 0.62–21.68, AAPC = 11.94, 95% CI: 0.62–24.53). The peak of AHC occurred during the August to October period. Children who age 0–3 years are identified as high-risk group with AHC incidence significantly increased (APC = 31.54, 95% CI: 0.27–72.56). Birth rate, population ages 0–14 (% of total population), passenger traffic, and urban population (% of total population) were positively associated with the AHC incidence, while per capita gross domestic product was negatively associated with the AHC incidence. Conclusion Overall, the AHC incidence was stable after 2010 in China, but it was significantly increased in low- and middle-income provinces. Regions with a high birth rate, population ages 0–14 (% of the total population), passenger traffic, urban population (% of the total population) and low per capita gross domestic product are at high risk of incidences of AHC. In the future, public health policy and resource priority for AHC in regions with these characteristics are necessary. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01758-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Institute of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 35 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 35 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xihui Huang
- Subject Teaching (English), College of Foreign Languages, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Institute of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 35 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Zhang L, Jiang H, Wang K, Yuan Y, Fu Q, Jin X, Zhao N, Huang X, Wang S, Zhang T, Yao K, Chan TC, Xu W, Liu S. Long-term effects of weather condition and air pollution on acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in China: A nationalwide surveillance study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111616. [PMID: 34233156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global climate change could have potential impact on enterovirus (EV)-induced infectious diseases. However, the environmental factors promoting acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) circulation remain inconclusive. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between the environment and AHC. METHODS We retrieved the monthly counts and incidence of AHC, meteorological variables and air quality in mainland China between 2013 and 2018. Exposure risks were evaluated by multivariate distributed lag nonlinear models. RESULTS A total of 219,599 AHC cases were reported in 31 provinces of China, predominantly in southern and central China, seasonally increased in summer. AHC incidence increased by 7% between 2013 and 2018, from 2.6873 to 2.7570 per 100,000 people. A moderate positive correlation was seen between AHC and monthly mean temperature, relative humidity (RH) and precipitation. Each unit increment was associated with a relative risk for AHC of 1.058 at 17°-32 °C at lag 0 months, 1.017 at 65-71% RH at lag 1.4 months, and 1.039 at 400-569 mm at lag 2.4 months. By contrast, a negative correlation was seen between monthly ambient NO2 and AHC. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to higher mean temperature, RH and precipitation were associated with an increased risk of AHC. The general public, especially susceptible populations, should pay close attention to weather changes and take protective measures in advance to any AHC outbreak as the above situations occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China; Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241002, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Supen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Nanjing Jiliang Information Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Provice, 210002, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China.
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Wangli Xu
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310051, China.
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Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Ocular Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0007019. [PMID: 34076493 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00070-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety and complexity of ocular infections have increased significantly in the last decade since the publication of Cumitech 13B, Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Infections (L. D. Gray, P. H. Gilligan, and W. C. Fowler, Cumitech 13B, Laboratory Diagnosis of Ocular Infections, 2010). The purpose of this practical guidance document is to review, for individuals working in clinical microbiology laboratories, current tools used in the laboratory diagnosis of ocular infections. This document begins by describing the complex, delicate anatomy of the eye, which often leads to limitations in specimen quantity, requiring a close working bond between laboratorians and ophthalmologists to ensure high-quality diagnostic care. Descriptions are provided of common ocular infections in developed nations and neglected ocular infections seen in developing nations. Subsequently, preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic aspects of laboratory diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are explored in depth.
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Fonseca MC, Pupo-Meriño M, García-González LA, Resik S, Hung LH, Muné M, Rodríguez H, Morier L, Norder H, Sarmiento L. Molecular evolution of coxsackievirus A24v in Cuba over 23-years, 1986-2009. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13761. [PMID: 32792520 PMCID: PMC7427094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a major causative agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks worldwide, yet the evolutionary and transmission dynamics of the virus remain unclear. To address this, we analyzed and compared the 3C and partial VP1 gene regions of CVA24v isolates obtained from five outbreaks in Cuba between 1986 and 2009 and strains isolated worldwide. Here we show that Cuban strains were homologous to those isolated in Africa, the Americas and Asia during the same time period. Two genotypes of CVA24v (GIII and GIV) were repeatedly introduced into Cuba and they arose about two years before the epidemic was detected. The two genotypes co-evolved with a population size that is stable over time. However, nucleotide substitution rates peaked during pandemics with 4.39 × 10-3 and 5.80 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year for the 3C and VP1 region, respectively. The phylogeographic analysis identified 25 and 19 viral transmission routes based on 3C and VP1 regions, respectively. Pandemic viruses usually originated in Asia, and both China and Brazil were the major hub for the global dispersal of the virus. Together, these data provide novel insight into the epidemiological dynamics of this virus and possibly other pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magilé C Fonseca
- Virology Department, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Novia del Mediodía Km 61/2, La Lisa, Marianao 13, P.O. Box: 601, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Mario Pupo-Meriño
- Departamento de Bioinformática, Centro de Matemática Computacional, Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas (UCI), Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis A García-González
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Sonia Resik
- Virology Department, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Novia del Mediodía Km 61/2, La Lisa, Marianao 13, P.O. Box: 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lai Heng Hung
- Virology Department, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Novia del Mediodía Km 61/2, La Lisa, Marianao 13, P.O. Box: 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mayra Muné
- Virology Department, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Novia del Mediodía Km 61/2, La Lisa, Marianao 13, P.O. Box: 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Hermis Rodríguez
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Center for Research, Diagnosis and Reference, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis Morier
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Biology Faculty, Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luis Sarmiento
- Immunovirology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis from 2004 to 2018 in Chongqing, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9286. [PMID: 32518362 PMCID: PMC7283237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chongqing is one of the five provinces in China that has the highest incidence of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). Data of AHC cases from 2004 to 2018 were obtained from National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System (NNDRIS). Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics; incidence maps were used to reflect incidence trends in each district; spatial autocorrelation was used to identify hotspot regions and spatiotemporal patterns of AHC outbreaks; spatiotemporal scan were conducted to identify AHC clusters. A total of 30,686 cases were reported with an annual incidence of 7.04 per 100,000. The incidence rates were high in 2007 and 2014, and large epidemics were observed in 2010 with the seasonal peak in September. Individuals aged 10–19 years, males, students and farmers were the prime high-risk groups. Except for 2012 and 2013, the spatial distribution of AHC did not exhibit significant global spatial autocorrelation. Local indicators of spatial association showed that the high-risk regions are Chengkou and Wuxi. The spatiotemporal scan indicated that all clusters occurred in September 2010, and the high-incidence clusters were mainly distributed in the northeast of Chongqing. The results could assist public health agencies to consider effective preventive measures based on epidemiological factors and spatiotemporal clusters in different regions.
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Liu H, Li C, Shao Y, Zhang X, Zhai Z, Wang X, Qi X, Wang J, Hao Y, Wu Q, Jiao M. Forecast of the trend in incidence of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in China from 2011-2019 using the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing (ETS) models. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:287-294. [PMID: 31953020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the demographic and distributive features of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). We constructed seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and exponential smoothing (ETS) models to predict its trend in incidence in mainland China and provided evidence for the government to formulate policies regarding AHC prevention. METHODS Data regarding the distribution and demographic characteristics of AHC in China from 2011-2016 were retrieved from the Public Health Scientific Data website. Monthly AHC data from January 2011 to June 2019 were used to establish and evaluate the SARIMA and ETS models. RESULTS During 2011-2016, a total of 213,325 cases were reported; 46.01% were farmers, patients aged ≤9 years had the highest risk, and the male:female ratio was 1.31:1. Guangxi and Guangdong had the highest number of reported AHC cases. The SARIMA (0, 0, 1) (2, 0, 0) 12 model with the minimum root mean squared error and mean absolute percentage error were finally selected for in-sample simulation. CONCLUSIONS AHC remains a serious public health problem in Southern and Eastern China that mainly affects farmers and children younger than 9 years. It is recommended that the health administration strengthen the publicity and education regarding AHC prevention among farmers and accelerate the development of related vaccines and treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yingqi Shao
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhao Zhai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xinye Qi
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanhua Hao
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qunhong Wu
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Mingli Jiao
- Department of Social Medicine, Health Management College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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11
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Sié A, Diarra A, Millogo O, Zongo A, Lebas E, Bärnighausen T, Chodosh J, Porco TC, Deiner MS, Lietman TM, Keenan JD, Oldenburg CE. Seasonal and Temporal Trends in Childhood Conjunctivitis in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:229-232. [PMID: 29761759 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute conjunctivitis follows a seasonal pattern. Although its clinical course is typically self-limited, conjunctivitis epidemics incur a substantial economic burden because of missed school and work days. This study investigated seasonal and temporal trends of childhood conjunctivitis in the entire country of Burkina Faso from 2013 to 2016, using routine monthly surveillance from 2,444 government health facilities. A total of 783,314 cases were reported over the 4-year period. Conjunctivitis followed a seasonal pattern throughout the country, with a peak in April. A nationwide conjunctivitis outbreak with a peak in September 2016 was noted (P < 0.001), with an excess number of cases first detected in June 2016. Nationwide passive surveillance was able to detect an epidemic 3 months before its peak, which may aide in allocation of resources for containment and mitigation of transmission in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Augustin Zongo
- National Health Information System, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Heidelberg Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Chodosh
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Travis C Porco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael S Deiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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12
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Zhang L, Zhao N, Huang X, Jin X, Geng X, Chan TC, Liu S. Molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by coxsackie A type 24 variant in China, 2004-2014. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45202. [PMID: 28332617 PMCID: PMC5362916 DOI: 10.1038/srep45202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand control interventions, the molecular epidemiology of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) was investigated from 2004 to 2014.A total of 613,485 AHC cases (annualized cases 55,771) with two deaths were included. Our findings showed that AHC was reported in all provinces, predominantly in Southern and Eastern China. The incidence rates were highest in 2007 (5.65/100,000) and 2010 (21.78/100,000) respectively. A clear seasonal pattern was identified with a peak from August to October. AHC cases occurred in all age groups; however, five to 14 years was the predominant group [23.06%, 133, 510/578,909]. The median age was 24 years (one month~97 years). The median duration from onset to diagnosis was 1.5 days, and there was no difference between the <15, 15~60 and >60-year-old patients [p = 0.0653]. The phylogenetic analysis of 100 nonstructural proteins (3C) and 84 structural proteins (VP1) revealed that AHC outbreaks were caused by Coxsackievirus A24 variant. Genotypes G4-c5a, G4-c5b, and G4-c3 co-circulated with both temporal and geographical overlaps. In conclusion, despite the overall steady decline in the number of AHC cases since the peak in 2010, it still remains a serious public health problem in Southern and Eastern China that targets on the school aged children under 15 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Na Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xingyi Geng
- Emergency Offices, Jinan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Center for Geographic Information Science, Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Laboratory Surveillance of Polio and Other Enteroviruses in High-Risk Populations and Environmental Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02872-16. [PMID: 28039136 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02872-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of poliomyelitis eradication, a reinforced supplementary laboratory surveillance of enteroviruses was implemented in Greece. Between 2008 and 2014, the Hellenic Polioviruses/Enteroviruses Reference Laboratory performed detailed supplementary surveillance of circulating enteroviruses among healthy individuals in high-risk population groups, among immigrants from countries in which poliovirus is endemic, and in environmental samples. In total, 722 stool samples and 179 sewage water samples were included in the study. No wild-type polioviruses were isolated during these 7 years of surveillance, although two imported vaccine polioviruses were detected. Enterovirus presence was recorded in 25.3 and 25.1% of stool and sewage water samples, respectively. Nonpolio enteroviruses isolated from stool samples belonged to species A, B, or C; coxsackievirus A24 was the most frequently identified serotype. Only enteroviruses of species B were identified in sewage water samples, including four serotypes of echoviruses and four serotypes of coxsackie B viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic relationships among virus isolates from sewage water samples and stool samples, which in most cases fell into the same cluster. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare enterovirus serotypes circulating in fecal specimens of healthy individuals and environmental samples, emphasizing the burden of enterovirus circulation in asymptomatic individuals at high risk. Given that Greece continues to receive a large number of short-term arrivals, students, migrants, and refugees from countries in which poliovirus is endemic, it is important to guarantee high-quality surveillance in order to maintain its polio-free status until global eradication is achieved.IMPORTANCE This article summarizes the results of supplementary poliovirus surveillance in Greece and the subsequent characterization of enteroviral circulation in human feces and the environment. The examination of stool samples from healthy refugees and other individuals in "high-risk" groups for poliovirus enables the identification of enterovirus cases and forms the basis for further investigation of the community-level risk of viral transmission. In addition, the examination of composite human fecal samples through environmental surveillance links poliovirus and nonpoliovirus isolates from unknown individuals to populations served by the sewage or wastewater system. Supplementary surveillance is necessary to comply with the prerequisites imposed by the World Health Organization for monitoring the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses, reemergence of wild polioviruses, or disappearance of all vaccine-related strains in order for countries such as Greece to maintain their polio-free status and contribute to global poliovirus eradication.
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14
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Circulation of multiple serotypes of highly divergent enterovirus C in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33595. [PMID: 27642136 PMCID: PMC5027535 DOI: 10.1038/srep33595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliomyelitis associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) is a serious public health issue in the post-eradication era, and the occurrence of recombinant cVDPVs emphasizes the need to elucidate enterovirus C (EV-C) epidemiology. Stool samples were collected from 826 healthy children in Southern Xinjiang in 2011 to investigate EV-C circulation and epidemiology. Thirty-six EV-Cs were isolated and assigned to eight EV-C serotypes by molecular serotyping, suggesting the circulation of diverse EV-Cs in Xinjiang. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Xinjiang EV-C strains had larger variation compared to the prototype and other modern strains. Additionally, the results showed unique characteristics of Xinjiang EV-Cs, such as the cytopathicity of CV-A1 strains to RD cells; the high divergence in CV-A11, CV-A13, CV-A17, and CV-A20 strains; the divergence of Xinjiang CV-A24 from AHC-related CV-A24 variant stains distributed worldwide; and the circulation of two novel EV-C serotypes (EV-C96 and EV-C99). Evaluations of this dense and diverse EV-C ecosystem will help elucidate the processes shaping enteroviral biodiversity. This study will improve our understanding of the evolution of enteroviruses and the recombination potential between polioviruses and other EV-Cs.
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15
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Yen YC, Chu PH, Lu PL, Lin YC, Shi YY, Chou LC, Wang CF, Lin YY, Su HJ, Lin CC, Zeng JY, Tyan YC, Ke GM, Chu PY. Phylodynamic Characterization of an Ocular-Tropism Coxsackievirus A24 Variant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160672. [PMID: 27529556 PMCID: PMC4987047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent phylodynamic studies have focused on using tree topology patterns to elucidate interactions among the epidemiological, evolutionary, and demographic characteristics of infectious agents. However, because studies of viral phylodynamics tend to focus on epidemic outbreaks, tree topology signatures of tissue-tropism pathogens might not be clearly identified. Therefore, this study used a novel Bayesian evolutionary approach to analyze the A24 variant of coxsackievirus (CV-A24v), an ocular-tropism agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Analyses of the 915-nucleotide VP1 and 690-nt 3Dpol regions of 21 strains isolated in Taiwan and worldwide during 1985-2010 revealed a clear chronological trend in both the VP1 and 3Dpol phylogenetic trees: the emergence of a single dominant cluster in each outbreak. The VP1 sequences included three genotypes: GI (prototype), GIII (isolated 1985-1999), and GIV (isolated after 2000); no VP1 sequences from GII strains have been deposited in GenBank. Another five genotypes identified in the 3Dpol region had support values >0.9. Geographic and demographic transitions among CV-A24v clusters were clearly identified by Bayes algorithm. The transmission route was mapped from India to China and then to Taiwan, and each prevalent viral population declined before new clusters emerged. Notably, the VP1 and 3Dpol genes had high nucleotide sequence similarities (94.1% and 95.2%, respectively). The lack of co-circulating lineages and narrow tissue tropism affected the CV-A24v gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Yen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liou-Ying, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Huan Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wei Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Ying Shi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Chou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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16
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Chen Y, Hong X. Effects of carvedilol reduce conjunctivitis through changes in inflammation, NGF and VEGF levels in a rat model. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1987-1992. [PMID: 27168839 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvedilol is a novel third generation β-blocker that acts as an antagonist of β and α adrenergic receptors, and is able to regulate various cell factors. In addition, it possesses antioxidant activity, is capable of reversing cardiac remodeling effects and has anti-arrhythmic effects. The present study aimed to investigate whether the effects of carvedilol were able to reduce conjunctivitis clinical scores. Initially, 24 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three equal groups as follows: Control group, model group and carvedilol group. The model and carvedilol group adult SD rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce conjunctivitis. In the carvedilol group, the eight SD rats with LPS-induced conjunctivitis also received 50 mg/kg/day of carvedilol for 4 weeks. Next, the effects carvedilol were assessed utilizing a system of clinical sign scores, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Finally, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed by western blotting. Carvedilol was observed to significantly reduce clinical sign scores in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01), and reduce IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α expression levels (P<0.01) in the LPS-induced rat model of conjunctivitis. Carvedilol was also able to significantly reduce the protein expression levels of NF-κB, and induce the protein expression levels of NGF and VEGF in the LPS-induced rat model of conjunctivitis (P<0.01). In conclusion, the effects of carvedilol may reduce conjunctivitis clinical scores through inflammation, NGF and VEGF in LPS-induced rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinhua Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Xianfei Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinhua Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are over 100 serotypes of human enteroviruses, which cause a spectrum of illnesses, including meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis and rash. Increasing incidence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in the Asia-Pacific region and recent outbreaks of enterovirus-associated disease, such as severe respiratory illness in the United States in 2014, highlight the threat of these viruses to human health. RECENT FINDINGS We describe recent outbreaks of human enteroviruses and summarize knowledge gaps regarding their burden, spectrum of diseases and epidemiology. SUMMARY Reported outbreaks of respiratory, neurological, skin and eye diseases associated with human enteroviruses have increased in frequency and size in recent years. Improved molecular diagnostics and genetic sequence analysis are beginning to reveal the complex dynamics of individual serotypes and genotypes, and their contribution to these outbreaks. However, the biological mechanisms underlying their emergence and transmission dynamics remain elusive. They are likely to involve changes in the virus, such as fitness, antigenicity, virulence or tropism, and in the human population, such as levels of sanitation and of homotypic and heterotypic immunity. Improvements in surveillance, serological surveys and detailed genetic and antigenic characterization of viral populations would help to elucidate these mechanisms. This will be important for the design of outbreak control and vaccine development strategies.
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18
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Langford MP, Anders EA, Burch MA. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: anti-coxsackievirus A24 variant secretory immunoglobulin A in acute and convalescent tear. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:1665-73. [PMID: 26392747 PMCID: PMC4574852 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s85358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the clinical course of a laboratory-acquired case of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) caused by coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v). Also, the anti-CA24v neutralizing activity and anti-CA24v immunoglobulin (Ig) G and secretory IgA (sIgA) in acute and convalescent tears and/or sera are presented. Case A 60-year-old male presented with acute-onset left eyelid edema, tearing, conjunctival erythema, pain, foreign body sensation, and subconjunctival hemorrhage 24 hours after suspected laboratory exposure. Bilateral conjunctivitis presented 24 hours later and resolved in 10 days. Methods Tear and blood samples were collected for virus isolation and neutralizing assays. CA24v-reactive IgG and sIgA in tear and/or serum samples were detected by immunofluorescent antibody analysis of ethanol-fixed virus-infected cells. Results Peak tear neutralization titers (1,000–1,500 U/mL) against the isolated virus occurred 1 day post-onset (po) of AHC. Tear neutralization titers became undetectable by the sixth day as serum neutralization titers became detectable on the ninth day po (60 U/mL), peaked by 21 days (3,000 U/mL), declined by 1 year to 200 U/mL, and remained at 30 U/mL 5 years po. Antibody to human IgG, IgA, and secretory component (sIgA) reacted with CA24v-infected cells treated with pooled acute tears collected 1–4 days po. Predominantly, sIgA was detected in CA24v-infected cells treated with tears collected 4 years and 5 years post-AHC, while convalescent serum contained predominantly anti-CA24v IgG. Conclusion AHC was confirmed by CA24v isolation, tear anti-CA24v neutralizing activity, and seroconversion. The detection of CA24v-reactive IgG, sIgA, and neutralizing activity in tears collected 1–4 days po of AHC supports plasma extravasation of IgG and suggests a defensive role for tear anti-CA24v sIgA. The results suggest that immunofluorescent antibody analysis of tears for persistent anti-CA24v sIgA may be useful in epidemiological monitoring of AHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn P Langford
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Edwin A Anders
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Maxwell A Burch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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