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Thongrueang N, Yang SF, Ke GM, Hsu HY, Lee HH. Albumin and other metabolic parameters as potential indicators of purulent vaginal discharge in dairy cows during the transition period. J Vet Med Sci 2023:23-0081. [PMID: 37225447 PMCID: PMC10372254 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate metabolic profiles obtained at -14, 14, and 28 days in milk (DIM), and to identify potential predictive biomarkers of Holstein dairy cows with purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) at 28 DIM. The body condition score (BCS) and hematocrit (Hct) were evaluated, and a metabolic profile test (MPT) was performed at -14, 14, and 28 DIM using serum samples. Cows at 28 DIM were classified using a vaginoscopy and divided into groups of healthy cows (n=89) and cows with PVD (n=31). Albumin (Alb), total cholesterol (TCho), calcium (Ca) and, magnesium (Mg) levels were lower in cows with PVD than in healthy cows at 14 DIM. At 28 DIM, levels of Alb, TCho, Ca, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Mg, and Hct were lower in cows with PVD. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that higher non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; odds ratios; OR=4.47; P<0.01), lower Alb (OR=0.07; P<0.01) and lower Tcho (OR=0.99; P=0.08) at 14 DIM, and lower Hct (OR=0.83; P=0.05), lower Alb (OR=0.12; P<0.01), and lower BUN (OR=0.74; P=0.02) at 28 DIM were significantly associated with PVD. In conclusion, serum Alb levels was a potential indicator associated with PVD, reflecting dietary protein deficiency preceding disease. Our findings suggest that MPT should be considered to monitor health status during the postpartum period for early diagnosis of PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natcha Thongrueang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Song-Fu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Huan-Yu Hsu
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Hsu-Hsun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
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2
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Law SH, Chan HC, Ke GM, Kamatam S, Marathe GK, Ponnusamy VK, Ke LY. Untargeted Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Lysophosphatidylcholine and Ceramide as Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086956. [PMID: 37108120 PMCID: PMC10138920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability and use of numerous cholesterol-lowering drugs, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality globally. Many researchers have focused their effort on identifying modified lipoproteins. However, lipid moieties such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and ceramide (CER) contribute to atherogenic events. LPC and CER both cause endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to fatty acid and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. In addition, they cause immune cells to differentiate into proinflammatory phenotypes. To uncover alternative therapeutic approaches other than cholesterol- and TG-lowering medications, we conducted untargeted lipidomic investigations to assess the alteration of lipid profiles in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mouse model, with or without feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). Results indicated that, in addition to hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia, LPC levels were two to four times higher in apoE-/- mice compared to wild-type mice in C57BL/6 background, regardless of whether they were 8 or 16 weeks old. Sphingomyelin (SM) and CER were elevated three- to five-fold in apoE-/- mice both at the basal level and after 16 weeks when compared to wild-type mice. After HFD treatment, the difference in CER levels elevated more than ten-fold. Considering the atherogenic properties of LPC and CER, they may also contribute to the early onset of atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice. In summary, the HFD-fed apoE-/- mouse shows elevated LPC and CER contents and is a suitable model for developing LPC- and CER-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Swetha Kamatam
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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3
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Chang AM, Chen CC, Lee JW, Hou DL, Huang HH, Ke GM. Effects of a novel recombinant Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 vaccine on the reproductive function of mixed-breed dogs (Canis familiaris) in Taiwan. Vaccine 2023; 41:2214-2223. [PMID: 36849340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunocastration is an effective alternative to surgical castration for controlling the population of animals. As gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the reproductive endocrine system in mammals, it is a target antigen for vaccine formulation. Through this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine for the immunocastration of the reproductive function of 16 mixed-breed dogs (Canis familiaris) provided voluntarily by different households. All the dogs were deemed clinically healthy prior to and during the experiment. A specific anti-GnRH immune response was detected at Week 4, which was maintained for at least 24 weeks after vaccination. Moreover, decreased levels of sexual hormones (testosterone as well as progesterone and estrogen, respectively) were observed in both male and female dogs. Estrous suppression was apparent in female dogs, and testicular atrophy and poor semen quality (concentration, abnormality, and viability) were observed in male dogs. In conclusion, the recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine could successfully suppress fertility and delay the estrous cycle in canines. These results support the efficacy of the recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine; thus, it is a suitable candidate for fertility control in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Chang
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ding-Liang Hou
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Huang
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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4
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Cheng CC, Ke GM, Chu PY, Ke LY. Elucidating the Implications of Norovirus N- and O-Glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and Phosphorylation. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030798. [PMID: 36992506 PMCID: PMC10054809 DOI: 10.3390/v15030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. Among the ten genotypes (GI-GX) of norovirus, only GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX infect humans. Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation, in their viral antigens. PTMs have been linked to increased viral genome replication, viral particle release, and virulence. Owing to breakthroughs in mass spectrometry (MS) technologies, more PTMs have been discovered in recent years and have contributed significantly to preventing and treating infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs act on noroviruses remain poorly understood. In this section, we outline the current knowledge of the three common types of PTM and investigate their impact on norovirus pathogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the strategies and techniques for the identification of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
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Chen CH, Lin YJ, Cheng LT, Lin CH, Ke GM. Poloxamer-188 Adjuvant Efficiently Maintains Adaptive Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD Subunit Vaccination through Repressing p38MAPK Signaling. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050715. [PMID: 35632471 PMCID: PMC9145454 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poloxamer-188 (P188) is a nonionic triblock linear copolymer that can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient because of its amphiphilic nature. This study investigated whether P188 can act as an adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain (RBD) subunit vaccine. BALB/c mice were vaccinated twice with the RBD antigen alone or in combination with P188 or MF59 (a commercial adjuvant for comparison purposes). The resulting humoral and cellular immunity were assessed. Results showed that P188 helped elicit higher neutralizing activity than MF59 after vaccination. P188 induced significant humoral immune response, along with type 1 T helper (Th1) and type 2 T helper (Th2) cellular immune response when compared with MF59 due to repressing p38MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, P188 did not result in adverse effects such as fibrosis of liver or kidney after vaccination. In conclusion, P188 is a novel adjuvant that may be used for safe and effective immune enhancement of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 10650, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-T.C.)
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 10650, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-T.C.)
- Country Best Biotech Co., Ltd., Taipei 100411, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 10650, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-T.C.)
| | | | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 10650, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-T.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-08-7703202 (ext. 5052)
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Nguyen Thi TH, Chen CC, Chung WB, Chaung HC, Huang YL, Cheng LT, Ke GM. Antibody Evaluation and Mutations of Antigenic Epitopes in the Spike Protein of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from Pig Farms with Repeated Intentional Exposure (Feedback). Viruses 2022; 14:551. [PMID: 35336958 PMCID: PMC8954129 DOI: 10.3390/v14030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The feedback strategy, or controlled exposure of pig herd to the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), significantly decreased losses during a severe outbreak in late 2013 in Taiwan. However, some pig farms still suffered from recurrent outbreaks. To evaluate the association between antibody titers and clinical manifestations, sera and colostra were analyzed from one pig farm that employed the feedback strategy. Furthermore, spike (S) gene full sequences from six positive samples of two farms with and without using feedback were compared to investigate the evolution of PEDV variants circulating in pig herds. The results in this study showed that high PEDV antibody titers do not correlate with the high rate of protection from PEDV infection. In addition, repeated feedback generated the emergence of PEDV variants with unique substitutions of N537S and Y561H in the COE domain and S769F in the SS6 epitopes. These mutations indicated the pathogenetic evolution of PEDV strains existing in the cycle of the feedback method. A very strict biosecurity practice to block the routes of pathogen transfer should be followed to achieve successful control of PEDV infections in pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hien Nguyen Thi
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No.1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Chih Chen
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-B.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-B.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Hso-Chi Chaung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-B.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Yen-Li Huang
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-B.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-B.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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Chang YH, Lin MW, Chien MC, Ke GM, Wu IE, Lin RL, Lin CY, Hu YC. Polyplex nanomicelle delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccine. J Control Release 2021; 338:694-704. [PMID: 34509585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (SaRNA) is a burgeoning platform that exploits the replication machinery of alphaviruses such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus or Sindbis virus (SIN). SaRNA has been used for development of human vaccines, but has not been evaluated for porcine vaccine development. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes tremendous economic losses to the worldwide pork industry, but current vaccines trigger delayed neutralizing antibody response and confer only partial protection. Here we first compared two SaRNA systems based on VEE and SIN, and demonstrated that in vitro transcribed VEE-based SaRNA conferred prolonged reporter gene expression and RNA amplification in pig cells with low cytotoxicity, but SIN-based SaRNA imparted evident cytotoxicity and limited gene expression in pig cells. Transfection of VEE-based SaRNA that encodes the major PRRSV antigen dNGP5 (SaRNA-dNGP5) conferred persistent expression for at least 28 days in pig cells. We next complexed SaRNA-dNGP5 with the polyaspartamide block copolymer PEG-PAsp(TEP) to form polyplex nanomicelle with high packaging efficiency and narrow size distribution. The polyplex nanomicelle enabled sustained dNGP5 expression and secretion in vitro. Compared with the commercial PRRS vaccine, nanomicelle delivery of SaRNA-dNGP5 into animal models accelerated the induction of potent neutralizing antibodies with minimal side effects, and elicited stronger IL-4 and IFN-γ responses against homologous and heterologous PRRSV. These properties tackle the problems of current vaccines and implicate the potential of SaRNA-dNGP5 nanomicelle as an effective PRRS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chen Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Ping Tung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912
| | - I-En Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Li Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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8
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Chang AM, Chen CC, Hou DL, Ke GM, Lee JW. Effects of a Recombinant Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Vaccine on Reproductive Function in Adult Male ICR Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:808. [PMID: 34451933 PMCID: PMC8402355 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the reproductive endocrine system in mammals. The GnRH immunocontraception vaccine can aid animal population control and management. We evaluated a recombinant GnRH fusion protein with the adjuvant MONTANIDE ISA 206 VG as a GnRH vaccine in adult male ICR mice by evaluating anti-GnRH antibodies; concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone; testis size and histomorphology; and semen quality. Response was assessed after intramuscular administration of the vaccine to mice in weeks 0, 4, and 8. The vaccine induced specific antibody response by week 5, with peak of antibody levels observed by week 13 and a declining level thereafter until the end of the study at week 24. Furthermore, it reduced serum FSH, LH, and testosterone concentrations. The vaccinated mice exhibited testicular atrophy and reduced sperm quality, concentration, morphology, and viability compared to control males. The outcomes of pairings of treated males with untreated females revealed reduced mating, pregnancy rates and number of litters compared to control pairings. Assessment of this GnRH vaccine in different species could assist its development for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Chang
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (A.-M.C.); (G.-M.K.)
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Ding-Liang Hou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (A.-M.C.); (G.-M.K.)
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Institute of Animal Vaccine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (A.-M.C.); (G.-M.K.)
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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9
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Doan TD, Wang HY, Ke GM, Cheng LT. N-terminus of Flagellin Fused to an Antigen Improves Vaccine Efficacy against Pasteurella multocida Infection in Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020283. [PMID: 32517250 PMCID: PMC7349934 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin from bacteria elicits a proinflammatory immune response and may act as a vaccine adjuvant. In this study, we evaluated the adjuvant effect of the N-terminus of flagellin (residues 1–99) when linked to an antigen (a truncated, conserved domain of lipoprotein E of Pasteurella multocida). Immunization of chickens with the antigen-adjuvant chimeric protein showed that the N-terminus of flagellin accelerated the antibody response and enhanced the cellular immunity (CD8+ T cell expansion). Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated chickens showed both TH1 (IFN-γ and IL-12) and TH2 (IL-4)-type cytokine gene expressions. In a challenge test, the N-terminus of flagellin increased the survival rate to 75%, compared to 25% in the antigen-only group. In conclusion, our study found that the N-terminus of flagellin can increase the immune response and enhance vaccine protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Dung Doan
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Hsian-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (H.-Y.W.); (G.-M.K.)
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (H.-Y.W.); (G.-M.K.)
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (H.-Y.W.); (G.-M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-770-3202 (ext. 5336); Fax: +886-8-7740178
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10
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Chang AM, Hou DL, Chen CC, Ke GM, Lee JW. Assessment of immunocontraceptive vaccine for population control: evaluation of a recombinant fusion GnRH vaccine in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.92.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a pivotal role in regulating the reproductive endocrine system. Accumulated lines of evidence indicated that GnRH immunocontraception vaccine is a potential tool for control and management of animal population. However, the poor immunogenicity of GnRH peptide has limited its efficacy and field application. In the present study, a modified antigen, containing 8 GnRH repeats and immunostimulatory fusion protein, was formulated an oil-based MONTANIDE™ ISA 206 VG adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of the GnRH vaccine. The vaccine was vaccinated in 4-week-old male ICR mice (n = 10) and boosted twice, 4 and 8 weeks, respectively after the primary immunization. Mice injected with saline served as the unimmunized control (n = 10). Results demonstrated that the serum GnRH-specific antibody in vaccinated mice was significantly (p < 0.05) increased 5 weeks, peaked at 12 weeks, and remained high until 18 weeks after the primary immunization. In comparison with the control, vaccinated mice had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced serum testosterone concentration (0.856 ± 0.411 v.s. 160.77 ± 1. 865 ng/ml) and hampered development of testicles (weight and spermatogenesis) at 24 weeks after the primary immunization. Finally, a mating test indicated that the conception rate of female mice housed with vaccinated and unvaccinated males was 29% and 75%, respectively. The recombinant GnRH vaccine may be a potential approach for controlling animal population through immunocontraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Chang
- 1Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 2Animal Biologics Pilot Production Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 3Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Liang Hou
- 4Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- 2Animal Biologics Pilot Production Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 3Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 4Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 5Institute of wildlife conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- 1Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 2Animal Biologics Pilot Production Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 3Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 4Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- 1Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 6Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
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11
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Chang AM, Chen CC, Chang CD, Huang YL, Ke GM, Walther BA. Encephalitis induced by a newly discovered ruminant rhadinovirus in a free-living Formosan sambar deer (Rusa unicolor swinhoei). J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:810-813. [PMID: 29607882 PMCID: PMC5989027 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We documented a case of a free-living Formosan sambar deer (Rusa unicolor swinhoei) infected with a newly discovered ruminant Rhadinovirus (RuRv). Non-purulent encephalitis was the primary histological lesion of the sambar deer. We conducted nested PCR to screen for herpesvirus using generic primers targeting the DNA polymerase gene. In addition, we found that DNA polymerase gene of the sambar deer RuRv was present in the macrophage distributed in the Virchow Robin space with histopathologic lesions by chromogenic in-situ hybridization (CISH). The phylogenetic analysis indicated a high similarity between the viral sequence isolated from fallow deer and our case. This result suggests the possibility of cross-species transmission from other exotic Cervidae reservoir to the Formosan sambar deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Research Center for Animal Biologics, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Dong Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Li Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Bruno Andreas Walther
- Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Yen YC, Chu PH, Lu PL, Lin YC, Shi YY, Chou LC, Wang CF, Lin YY, Su HJ, Lin CC, Zeng JY, Tyan YC, Ke GM, Chu PY. Phylodynamic Characterization of an Ocular-Tropism Coxsackievirus A24 Variant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160672. [PMID: 27529556 PMCID: PMC4987047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent phylodynamic studies have focused on using tree topology patterns to elucidate interactions among the epidemiological, evolutionary, and demographic characteristics of infectious agents. However, because studies of viral phylodynamics tend to focus on epidemic outbreaks, tree topology signatures of tissue-tropism pathogens might not be clearly identified. Therefore, this study used a novel Bayesian evolutionary approach to analyze the A24 variant of coxsackievirus (CV-A24v), an ocular-tropism agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Analyses of the 915-nucleotide VP1 and 690-nt 3Dpol regions of 21 strains isolated in Taiwan and worldwide during 1985-2010 revealed a clear chronological trend in both the VP1 and 3Dpol phylogenetic trees: the emergence of a single dominant cluster in each outbreak. The VP1 sequences included three genotypes: GI (prototype), GIII (isolated 1985-1999), and GIV (isolated after 2000); no VP1 sequences from GII strains have been deposited in GenBank. Another five genotypes identified in the 3Dpol region had support values >0.9. Geographic and demographic transitions among CV-A24v clusters were clearly identified by Bayes algorithm. The transmission route was mapped from India to China and then to Taiwan, and each prevalent viral population declined before new clusters emerged. Notably, the VP1 and 3Dpol genes had high nucleotide sequence similarities (94.1% and 95.2%, respectively). The lack of co-circulating lineages and narrow tissue tropism affected the CV-A24v gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Yen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liou-Ying, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Huan Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wei Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Ying Shi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Chou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lee JW, Lin YM, Liu CH, Ke GM, Chu CY. PASSIVE AND PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY IN DUCKLINGS ELICITED BY A PARVOVIRUS SUBUNIT VACCINE WITH CpG ADJUVANT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1682648515500213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that ducks immunized with recombinant VP2 protein (rVP2) of parvovirus in conjunction with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing three copies of GACGTT motifs had significantly ([Formula: see text]) increased antibody titer, splenocyte proliferation index, amount of CD4[Formula: see text] and CD8[Formula: see text] cells, and mRNA expression of cytokines (IFN-[Formula: see text], IFN-[Formula: see text], IL-6, and IL-8) in comparison with those immunized with rVP2 plus aluminum hydroxide. In the present study, ducklings hatched from eggs produced by ducks immunized with rVP2 and various adjuvants were used to analyze the passive immunity of maternal antibodies followed by an experimental challenge with live parvovirus. Results indicated that the titer of VP2-specific antibodies and the body weight of ducklings produced from ducks immunized with rVP2[Formula: see text]CpG ODN were significantly ([Formula: see text]) higher than those of ducklings from other groups at day 7 after the challenge. The autopsy report revealed that ducklings in groups other than rVP2[Formula: see text]CpG ODN and rVP2[Formula: see text]mock had hemorrhage in the liver and intestinal mucous at 11 days after the challenge, and the presence of parvovirus was confirmed by PCR using parvovirus-specific primers. Therefore, immunizing ducks with rVP2[Formula: see text]CpG ODN containing three copies of GACGTT motifs is able to enhance the passive immunity, which protects their ducklings from parvovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Lin
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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Tseng SP, Wang SF, Kuo CY, Huang JW, Hung WC, Ke GM, Lu PL. Characterization of Fosfomycin Resistant Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Human and Pig in Taiwan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135864. [PMID: 26280832 PMCID: PMC4539220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the efficacy of fosfomycin against extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli in Taiwan and the resistance mechanisms and characterization of human and pig isolates, we analyzed 145 ESBL-producing isolates collected from two hospitals (n = 123) and five farms (n = 22) in Taiwan from February to May, 2013. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined. Clonal relatedness was determined by PFGE and multi-locus sequence typing. ESBLs, ampC, and fosfomycin resistant genes were detected by PCR, and their flanking regions were determined by PCR mapping and sequencing. The fosfomycin resistant mechanisms, including modification of the antibiotic target (MurA), functionless transporters (GlpT and UhpT) and their regulating genes such as uhpA, cyaA, and ptsI, and antibiotic inactivation by enzymes (FosA and FosC), were examined. The size and replicon type of plasmids carrying fosfomycin resistant genes were analyzed. Our results revealed the susceptibility rates of fosfomycin were 94% for human ESBL-producing E. coli isolates and 77% for pig isolates. The PFGE analysis revealed 79 pulsotypes. No pulsotype was found existing in both human and pig isolates. Three pulsotypes were distributed among isolates from two hospitals. ISEcp1 carrying blaCTX-M-group 9 was the predominant transposable elements of the ESBL genes. Among the thirteen fosfomycin resistant isolates, functionless transporters were identified in 9 isolates. Three isolates contained novel amino acid substitutions (Asn67Ile, Phe151Ser and Trp164Ser, Val146Ala and His159Tyr, respectively) in MurA (the target of fosfomycin). Four isolates had fosfomycin modified enzyme (fosA3) in their plasmids. The fosA3 gene was harboured in an IncN-type plasmid (101 kbp) in the three pig isolates and an IncB/O-type plasmid (113 kbp) in the human isolate. In conclusion, we identified that 6% and 23% of the ESBL-producing E. coli from human and pigs were resistant to fosfomycin, respectively, in Taiwan. No clonal spread was found between human and pig isolates. Functionless transporters were the major cause of fosfomycin resistance, and the fosA3-transferring plasmid between isolates warrants further monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jun-Wei Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, ROC
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ke GM, Ho CH, Chiang MJ, Sanno-Duanda B, Chung CS, Lin MY, Shi YY, Yang MH, Tyan YC, Liao PC, Chu PY. Phylodynamic analysis of the canine distemper virus hemagglutinin gene. BMC Vet Res 2015. [PMID: 26205391 PMCID: PMC4513961 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper (CD) is one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases in dogs. Despite the widespread use of vaccines, the prevalence of the CD virus (CDV) has increased at an alarming rate in recent years. In this phylodynamic study, we investigated the spatiotemporal modes of dispersal, viral demographic trends, and effectiveness of vaccines for CDV. A total of 188 full-length CDV hemagglutinin (H) gene sequences dataset were subjected to recombination analysis, including seven from modified live vaccine (MLV) strains and 12 from Taiwan specimens. After excluding the MLV strains and potential recombinant strains, alignments of 176 of 188 previous CDV strains were further used to analyze phylodynamic characteristics, and evidence of selection, and co-evolution. Results The CDV genotype consisted of MLV-associated genotypes such as America-1 and Rockborn-like strains, which were characterized by long terminal branches and no distinct geographical patterns among lineages. In contrast, wild-type isolates clustered into lineages with a spatiotemporal structure and short terminal branches. Co-circulation and extensive diversification were simultaneously observed. The sequence variation signature was shaped by both geographic diversity and host tropism. Codon 506 was identified as a multi-epistatic interacting in the H protein. Conclusions The topological signature revealed in this study suggests different epidemic scenarios. For example, a ladder-like backbone is a hallmark of directional selection, and cladogenesis at long terminal branches indicates the emergence of a surviving lineage. The stable effective viral population of CDV indicate the effectiveness of vaccines currently used to control the virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0491-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Hsiang Ho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Jung Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan. .,Country Year Limited Company, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Bintou Sanno-Duanda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of laboratory medicine, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Cheng-Shu Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Maw-Yeong Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Yong-Ying Shi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Chu PY, Ke GM, Chen PC, Liu LT, Tsai YC, Tsai JJ. Spatiotemporal dynamics and epistatic interaction sites in dengue virus type 1: a comprehensive sequence-based analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74165. [PMID: 24040199 PMCID: PMC3767619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing threat of dengue fever necessitates a comprehensive characterisation of its epidemiological trends. Phylogenetic and recombination events were reconstructed based on 100 worldwide dengue virus (DENV) type 1 genome sequences with an outgroup (prototypes of DENV2-4). The phylodynamic characteristics and site-specific variation were then analysed using data without the outgroup. Five genotypes (GI-GV) and a ladder-like structure with short terminal branch topology were observed in this study. Apparently, the transmission of DENV1 was geographically random before gradual localising with human activity as GI-GIII in South Asia, GIV in the South Pacific, and GV in the Americas. Genotypes IV and V have recently shown higher population densities compared to older genotypes. All codon regions and all tree branches were skewed toward a negative selection, which indicated that their variation was restricted by protein function. Notably, multi-epistatic interaction sites were found in both PrM 221 and NS3 1730. Recombination events accumulated in regions E, NS3-NS4A, and particularly in region NS5. The estimated coevolution pattern also highlights the need for further study of the biological role of protein PrM 221 and NS3 1730. The recent transmission of emergent GV sublineages into Central America and Europe mandates closely monitoring of genotype interaction and succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chih Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Tropical Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Teh Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Tsai
- Tropical Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jin Tsai
- Tropical Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ke GM, Lin KH, Lu PL, Tung YC, Wang CF, Ke LY, Lee MS, Lin PC, Su HJ, Lin YY, Huang TP, Wang JR, Wang SY, Hsu LC, Chu PY. Molecular epidemiology of Echovirus 30 in Taiwan, 1988-2008. Virus Genes 2011; 42:178-88. [PMID: 21369829 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular epidemiology of Taiwanese Echovirus 30 (E-30) strains, we analyzed the 876 bp sequence of the VP1 gene from 32 Taiwanese strains isolated in 1988-2008, 498 reference sequences, and one Echovirus 21 strain as the out-group. Phylogenetic analysis detected six E-30 genotypes (designated GI-GVI) that had circulated globally during the past five decades. The genotypes varied widely in geographic distribution and circulation half-life. The GI, GII, and GV were ancient genotypes in which the first strains emerged in the 1950s. The GIII was a reemerging genotype, in which strains had first appeared in Colombia in 1995 before reemerging in the New Independent States (NIS) in 2003. The GIV, an emerging genotype that recently appeared in Asia in 2003, was closely related to the ancient genotypes. The GVI was the circulating genotype, which included eight clusters (A-H) that had circulated since 1967. No GVI-A, C, D, or E strains have been identified during the past 10 years. The GVI-B first appeared in China in 1984 and later in Russia and Asia in the 2000s. The GVI-F, G, and H strains, which comprised the prevalent clusters, had been dominant in Asia Pacific area, globally, and Europe, respectively. Taiwanese strains were classified into GVI-D (1988-1989), GVI-F (1993-2004), and GVI-G (1993-2008). The quiescence period of E-30 is longer in Taiwan (5-8 years) than in other countries (3-5 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ming Ke
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chu PY, Ke GM, Chen YS, Lu PL, Chen HL, Lee MS, Chen BC, Huang TS, Li YC, Chou LC, Wang SY, Lin KH. Molecular epidemiology of Coxsackievirus B3. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2010; 10:777-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ke GM, Yu SW, Ho CH, Chu PY, Ke LY, Lin KH, Tsai YC, Liu HJ, Lin MY. Characterization of newly emerging Newcastle disease viruses isolated during 2002-2008 in Taiwan. Virus Res 2009; 147:247-57. [PMID: 19941916 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the epidemiological relationships between ND outbreaks and genetic lineages, a portion of the F gene (535 bp) and the full-length HN gene (1922 bp) of recent Taiwanese NDVs isolated in 2002-2008 was amplified by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Only a portion of above amplified PCR products of the F and HN genes (374 and 1713 bp) and their deduced amino acid residues were compared with the other 60 NDVs retrieved from GenBank. Most (29/30) of the recent Taiwanese isolates were clustered in subgenotype VIIe while only one isolate was classified as subgenotype VIIc. All the 29 isolates of subgenotype VIIe were further subclassified and termed provisionally as sub-subgenotypes VIIe2 (13 isolates), VIIe3 (5 isolates), and VIIe4 (11 isolates). The sub-subgenotype VIIe2 isolates possessing the motif (112)R-R-Q-K-R-F(117) and amino acid residue substitutions at positions 23 (L to F) and 90 (T to A) were collected during 2002-2005. The sub-subgenotype VIIe3 isolates possessing the motif (112)R-R-K-K-R-F(117) and amino acid residue substitutions at positions 74 (E to G) and 75 (A to G) within epitopes and 114 (Q to K) within cleavage site of F protein were collected during 2003-2006. The sub-subgenotype VIIe4 isolates possessing the motif (112)R-R-Q-K-R-F(117) and amino acid residue substitutions at positions 23 (L to F), 26 (I to T), and 90 (T to A) were collected during 2007-2008. All the NDV isolates in this study exhibited a high intra-cerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), they were all classified as velogenic type of NDVs. The sub-subgenotype VIIe2 and VIIe4 viruses are now dominant and have been implicated in most of the recent ND outbreaks in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates revealed that they may have evolved from previously reported local strains (VIIe1). This finding is essential for improving the disease control strategies and development of vaccines for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ming Ke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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Chu PY, Ke GM, Chang CH, Lin JC, Sun CY, Huang WL, Tsai YC, Ke LY, Lin KH. Molecular epidemiology of coxsackie A type 24 variant in Taiwan, 2000-2007. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:285-91. [PMID: 19473877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) caused by a coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) appeared in Taiwan in 2000-2002 and again in 2006-2007. OBJECTIVE To analyze the molecular epidemiology of CA24v in recent outbreaks in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGN A 510bp fragment of 3C(pro) region was analyzed in 30 CA24v isolates during 2000-2007. Phylogenetic tree was constructed along with 130 CA24v isolates available from the GenBank. Moreover, the 235bp of 3'VP1 region was similarly analyzed in 15 randomly selected strains isolated during 1985-2007. Phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed for the 3'VP1 region in 105 CA24v strains worldwide. Genetic distances were calculated using Kimura 2-parameter model, and phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbor-joining method. RESULTS The 3C(pro) dendrogram depicted genotype IV (GIV), a new genotype that can be further divided into three clusters (C1-C3). The 2000-2002 outbreaks were caused by genotype IV-cluster 1 (GIV-C1) and GIV-C2. Strains isolated in the 2006-2007 outbreak belong to GIV-C3, also in the same cluster as Singapore strains from 2005. Analysis on 3'VP1 revealed only GI, GIII and GIV in line with the classification in 3C(pro) dendrogram. All genotype IV strains were also divided into three clusters, though the GIV-C 2' were isolated from broader geographic areas and over a longer period of time. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the 3C(pro) region is more insightful than the 3'VP1 region in the molecular epidemiology of CA24v. The 3C(pro) dendrogram accurately and chronologically identified all stains involved in the worldwide outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chu PY, Tsai YL, Chen HL, Ke GM, Hsu CY, Chen YT, Wang CF, Su HJ, Chou LC, Hsu LC, Lin KH. Coxsackievirus B4 in Southern Taiwan: Molecular Epidemiology. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tung YC, Lin KH, Chiang HC, Ke LY, Chen YH, Ke GM, Chen TC, Chou LC, Lu PL. Molecular Epidemiology of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 in the Taiwan 2002 Outbreak With Envelope Gene and Nonstructural Protein 1 Gene Analysis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2008; 24:398-407. [DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(08)70163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Tung YC, Lin KH, Chang K, Ke LY, Ke GM, Lu PL, Lin CY, Chen YH, Chiang HC. Phylogenetic study of dengue-3 virus in Taiwan with sequence analysis of the core gene. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2008; 24:55-62. [PMID: 18281221 DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(08)70098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus serotype 3 (dengue-3) has been classified into five genotypes (I-V) by phylogenetic analysis based on different viral genes. To investigate the genetic variability and evolutionary character of the dengue-3 isolates in southern Taiwan from 2005 to 2006, we analyzed the 290 nucleotides of the core (C) gene of 12 dengue-3 isolates and compared them with the published C gene sequences of global dengue-3 strains available in GenBank, including four isolates from 1998 and one isolate from 1999, from Taiwan. The dengue-3 viruses from 2005 to 2006 were not from continuous spread of an epidemic strain or re-emergence of the 2005 strains in the 2-year period because there was a 5.4-6.2% difference in the 290 nucleotides of the C gene and different genotypes between the 2005 and 2006 strains. Most of the nucleotide changes, compared with a prototype dengue-3 virus, H87, occurred in the third codon position and were non-synonymous mutations occurring naturally in the C gene. In addition, there was no consistent difference in the 290 nucleotides of the C gene between eight dengue fever and two dengue hemorrhagic fever isolates from 2006. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the isolates from the 1998, 1999 and 2006 Taiwan dengue-3 epidemics are phylogenetically related and belong to genotype III. It was noted that the 2005 Taiwan dengue-3 isolates belong to another genotype. This molecular epidemiology study of dengue-3 viruses in Taiwan helps to elucidate whether there is a continuation of outbreaks in consecutive years, re-emergence of endemic dengue virus, or introduction of strains from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Tung
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lin KH, Hwang KP, Ke GM, Wang CF, Ke LY, Hsu YT, Tung YC, Chu PY, Chen BH, Chen HL, Kao CL, Wang JR, Eng HL, Wang SY, Hsu LC, Chen HY. Evolution of EV71 genogroup in Taiwan from 1998 to 2005: an emerging of subgenogroup C4 of EV71. J Med Virol 2006; 78:254-62. [PMID: 16372302 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Taiwan, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has played an important role in severe enterovirus-related cases every year since the devastating outbreak in 1998. Three genogroups A, B, C occur worldwide; with the B and C genogroups being subdivided into B1-B4 and C1-C4 subgenogroups respectively. To understand the mutation of the EV71 genogroup in Taiwan before and after 1998, a total of 54 worldwide strains were studied including 41 Taiwanese strains obtained in 1986 and 1998-2004. A fragment of 207 bp of the VP4 region was amplified and sequenced. Genetic analysis was performed using MEGA software (version 3.0) for the nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. In Taiwan, the subgenogroup B1 was predominant before 1998 while subgenogroup C2 was the major etiologic group in 1998 outbreak. A minor etiologic group outbreak in 1998, subgenogroup B4, became predominant during the period from 1999 to 2003. In this study, subgenogroup C4 emerged and became predominant in 2004 in Taiwan. The nucleotide differences between B1 and C2, C2 and B4, B4 and C4 were 20%-26%, 19%-27%, 18%-22%, respectively. Nucleotide sequence alignment revealed 67 substitutions. Most of the substitutions (62/67) were silent mutations. This is the first report about the emergence of EV71 subgenogroup C4 in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Chou CC, Lin KH, Ke GM, Tung YC, Chao MC, Cheng JY, Chen BH. Comparison of nucleotide sequence of p2C region in diabetogenic and non-diabetogenic Coxsacie virus B5 isolates. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2005; 20:525-32. [PMID: 15620115 DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are environmental triggers in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). A sequence of six identical amino acids (PEVKEK) is shared by the 2C protein of Coxsackie virus B and the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) molecules. Between 1995 and 2002, we investigated 22 Coxsackie virus B5 (CVB5) isolates from southern Taiwan. Four of these isolates were obtained from four new-onset type 1 DM patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. We compared a 300 nucleotide sequence in the 2C protein gene (p2C) in 24 CVB5 isolates (4 diabetogenic, 18 non-diabetogenic and 2 prototype). We found 0.3-10% nucleotide differences. In the four isolates from type 1 DM patients, there was only 2.4-3.4% nucleotide difference, and there was only 1.7-7.1% nucleotide difference between type 1 DM isolates and non-diabetogenic isolates. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence between prototype virus and 22 CVB5 isolates revealed 18.4-24.1% difference. Twenty-one CVB5 isolates from type 1 DM and non-type 1 DM patients contained the PEVKEK sequence, as shown by the p2C nucleotide sequence. Our data showed that the viral p2C sequence with homology with GAD is highly conserved in CVB5 isolates. There was no difference between diabetogenic and non-diabetogenic CVB5 isolates. All four type 1 DM patients had at least one of the genetic susceptibility alleles HLA-DR, DQA1, DQB1. Other genetic and autoimmune factors such as HLA genetic susceptibility and GAD may also play important roles in the pathogenesis in type 1 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chong Chou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chen HL, Chiou SS, Hsiao HP, Ke GM, Lin YC, Lin KH, Jong YJ. Respiratory adenoviral infections in children: a study of hospitalized cases in southern Taiwan in 2001--2002. J Trop Pediatr 2004; 50:279-84. [PMID: 15510759 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/50.5.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses account for 5-10 per cent of respiratory illnesses in children. To analyse the clinical features and the temporal frequency in acute adenoviral respiratory infections in hospitalized children in southern Taiwan, a total of 4333 children who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiaokang (KMHK) Hospital, with clinical evidences of acute respiratory infections between January 2001 and December 2002 were studied. Adenoviruses were isolated from 317 patients with an isolation rate of 7.67 per cent. Serotype analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 186 specimens. In 2001, adenovirus type 4 was found in the majority (57 per cent), followed by type 1.5.6 (15 per cent), type 2 (13 per cent), type 14 (8 per cent), type 3 (5 per cent), and type 7 (2 per cent). In 2002, type 3 became the major type (46 per cent), whereas the previously predominant type 4 decreased to 6 per cent, and type 7 increased from 2 to 19 per cent. The symptoms and signs included fever (98.7 percent), cough (77.6 per cent), abnormal breathing sounds (crackles and/or wheezing 23.3 per cent), abdominal pain (18.9 per cent), vomiting (21.8 per cent), and diarrhea (25.2 per cent). The mean duration of fever was 4.8 days (range 0-19 days). In the 186 cases in whom serotypes were analysed, pharyngitis and tonsillitis (47.8 per cent) were the most common presentation, followed by pneumonia (25.2 per cent), bronchitis (12.9 per cent), and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) (7.6 per cent). Children between 4 and 8 years old were the most common group of patients with respiratory adenoviral infections. Our patients all had good prognosis. This adenoviruses molecular epidemiological study provides information that helps physicians in clinical differential diagnosis and treatment of respiratory adenoviral infection in children in southern Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Lin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiaokang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lin KH, Lin YC, Chen HL, Ke GM, Chiang CJ, Hwang KP, Chu PY, Lin JH, Liu DP, Chen HY. A two decade survey of respiratory adenovirus in Taiwan: the reemergence of adenovirus types 7 and 4. J Med Virol 2004; 73:274-9. [PMID: 15122804 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
From November 1999 to December 2001, three outbreaks of adenovirus (Ad) respiratory infection occurred in southern Taiwan. To determine the circulating serotypes and molecular epidemiology, a total of 524 virus strains were randomly selected from 1,064 strains isolated from 1981 to 2001, and were studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP. The major subgenus found was subgenus B (45%), followed by subgenus E (29%) and subgenus C (25%). Ad3 and Ad7 were the major types found during the 1st outbreak, which occurred from November 1999 to March 2000, while Ad4 was found mainly during the 2nd and 3rd outbreaks in October 2000 and September 2001, respectively. Both Ad7 and Ad4 were reemerged serotypes, whereas Ad3 was consistently isolated during the survey, although it declined drastically from 36 to 2% in 2001. Genotype analysis in this study showed that the only strain of Ad7 found in 1983 was Ad7a, but all randomly selected strains of Ad7 isolated during 1999-2000 were Ad7b. The clinical features of 217 patients were analyzed during the 1999-2000 outbreaks. About 79% of the total cases were less than 7 years old. The ratio of male to female was 2:1. Severe infections, such as pneumonia and acute bronchitis, accounted for nearly half of the cases (43%). These results show the reemergence and changing of serotypes, the clinical association of respiratory adenovirus infections, and the molecular epidemiology of Ad7 genotypes in Taiwan during the past two decades.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/growth & development
- Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
- Adolescent
- Cell Line
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Disease Outbreaks
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Pharynx/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Taiwan/epidemiology
- Virus Cultivation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was described which amplified a portion of the F and HN genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from recent outbreaks in Taiwan. The F protein plays an important role in determining the virulence of NDV strains. Sequencing of a region specifying the F protein cleavage site was therefore undertaken and this verified the correlation between deduced amino sequences and pathogenicity. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the F protein cleavage site showed that all recent Taiwanese isolates in 1999 were velogenic viruses. All the virulent viruses have the amino acid sequence 112RRQKR116 for the C-terminus of the F2 protein and phenylanine (F) at the N-terminus of the F1 protein, residue 117. A phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequences of the F gene revealed that recent Taiwanese NDV isolates responsible for recent outbreaks were classified into two distant genotypes (VI and VII). Genotype VI virus is the first finding in Taiwan and has a highly genetic similarity to European isolates, suggesting that they might have originated from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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