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Taqveem A, Rasool MH, Aslam B, Mujahid F, Ibrar A, Ejaz H, Abdalla AE, Alruwaili Y, Alruwaili M, Abosalif K, Nawaz Z, Khurshid M. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Students: Nasal Carriage Rate, Contributing Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1590. [PMID: 39459377 PMCID: PMC11509518 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent component of the human flora; however, it can cause various pathological conditions. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MR-SA) has been significantly influenced by the overuse and inappropriate administration of antibiotics. The frequency of MR-SA nasal colonization among healthcare workers (HCWs) is increasing, and MR-SA is not restricted to hospital settings, with a notable rise in infections among individuals unrelated to HCWs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among students at Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), a Government School (GS), and a Private School (PS) to characterize the phenotypic traits of isolates and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles. Materials and Methods: A total of 1200 nasal swabs were inoculated on blood and mannitol salt agar, followed by phenotypic identification of S. aureus and MR-SA using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was performed using the broth dilution method. Additionally, nuc and mecA gene amplification through PCR aided in isolate identification. Results: The results revealed that 14% (168) of students harbored S. aureus in their nasal cavities, with 8.5% (102) carrying methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 5.5% (66) carrying MR-SA. Male students exhibited higher S. aureus (57.7%) and MR-SA (21.4%) prevalence compared to females (42.3% and 17.9%, respectively). Urban students showed a higher S. aureus prevalence (54.2%), while rural students exhibited a higher MR-SA rate (22%). Overall, 80.3% of S. aureus isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin followed by fluoroquinolones (47.6%) and clindamycin (42.2%). All the S. aureus isolates, including MR-SA, remained susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. PCR results revealed that 95.5% (63) of MR-SA isolates carried the mecA gene. Conclusions: The high prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus raises significant public health concerns, with educational institutions potentially serving as reservoirs for bacterial transmission. The improper use of antibiotics contributes to bacterial resistance and increased infection rates. It is crucial to implement measures to prevent antibiotic misuse and develop comprehensive strategies within educational settings to effectively combat S. aureus and MR-SA prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsen Taqveem
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
- Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Science, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hidayat Rasool
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Fatima Mujahid
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Azalfah Ibrar
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (Y.A.); (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (Y.A.); (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yasir Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (Y.A.); (M.A.); (K.A.)
- Sustainable Development Research and Innovation Center, Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muharib Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (Y.A.); (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Khalid Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (Y.A.); (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Zeeshan Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.T.); (M.H.R.); (B.A.); (F.M.); (A.I.)
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Sood G, Dougherty G, Martin J, Beranek E, Landrum BM, Qasba S, Patel M, Wilson C, Miller A, Sulkowski M, Bennett RG, Sears CL, Schuster A, Galai N. Is neighborhood deprivation index a risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus infections? Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:1314-1320. [PMID: 37478909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the association between neighborhood area deprivation index (ADI) and community-onset (co) and hospital-onset (ho) Staphylococcus aureus infection. METHODS Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted to 5 adult hospitals in the mid-Atlantic between 2016 and 2018 were obtained. The association of ADI with methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) S aureus infections was assessed using logistic regression models adjusting for severity of illness and days of admission. RESULTS Overall, increasing ADI was associated with higher odds of co- and ho-MRSA and MSSA infection. In univariate analysis, Black race was associated with 44% greater odds of ho-MRSA infection (odds ratio [OR] 1.44; 95% CI 1.18-1.76) and Asian race (co-MRSA OR 0.355; Confidence Interval (CI) 0.240-0.525; co-MSSA OR 0.718; CI 0.557-0.928) and unknown race (co-MRSA OR 0.470; CI 0.365-0.606; co-MSSA OR 0.699; CI 0.577-0.848) was associated with lower odds of co-MSSA and co-MRSA infections. When both race and ADI were included in the model, Black race was no longer associated with ho-MRSA infections whereas Asian and unknown race remained associated with lower odds of co-MRSA and co-MSSA infection. In the multivariable logistic regression, ADI was consistently associated with increased odds of S aureus infection (co-MRSA OR 1.132; CI 1.064-1.205; co-MSSA OR 1.089; CI 1.030-1.15; ho-MRSA OR 1.29; CI 1.16-1.43: ho-MSSA OR 1.215; CI 1.096-1.346). CONCLUSIONS The area deprivation index is associated with community and hospital-onset MRSA and MSSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Sood
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Geoff Dougherty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Health Services Cost Review Commission, MD
| | | | | | - B Mark Landrum
- Department of Medicine, Howard County General Hospital, Columbia, MD
| | - Sonia Qasba
- Department of Medicine, Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mayank Patel
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Mark Sulkowski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard G Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Noya Galai
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Statistics, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Israel
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