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Ortega-Sánchez R, Bárcenas-Reyes I, Luna-Cozar J, Rojas-Anaya E, Cuador-Gil JQ, Cantó-Alarcón GJ, Veyna-Salazar N, González-Ruiz S, Milián-Suazo F. Spatial-temporal risk factors in the occurrence of rabies in Mexico. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2024; 19. [PMID: 38288726 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2024.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease that affects livestock worldwide. The distribution of rabies is highly correlated with the distribution of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, the main vector of the disease. In this study, climatic, topographic, livestock population, vampire distribution and urban and rural zones were used to estimate the risk for presentation of cases of rabies in Mexico by co- Kriging interpolation. The highest risk for the presentation of cases is in the endemic areas of the disease, i.e. the States of Yucatán, Chiapas, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Nayarit and Baja California Sur. A transition zone for cases was identified across northern Mexico, involving the States of Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Durango. The variables topography, vampire distribution, bovine population and rural zones are the most important to explain the risk of cases in livestock. This study provides robust estimates of risk and spread of rabies based on geostatistical methods. The information presented should be useful for authorities responsible of public and animal health when they plan and establish strategies preventing the spread of rabies into rabies-free regions of México.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Ortega-Sánchez
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; PhD Program in Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro.
| | | | - Jesús Luna-Cozar
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro.
| | - Edith Rojas-Anaya
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, Jalisco.
| | - José Quintín Cuador-Gil
- Department of Physics, "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" University of Pinar del Rio, Pinar del Río.
| | | | - Nerina Veyna-Salazar
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico; PhD Program in Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro.
| | - Sara González-Ruiz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro.
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Amenu K, McIntyre KM, Moje N, Knight-Jones T, Rushton J, Grace D. Approaches for disease prioritization and decision-making in animal health, 2000-2021: a structured scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1231711. [PMID: 37876628 PMCID: PMC10593474 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1231711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review identifies and describes the methods used to prioritize diseases for resource allocation across disease control, surveillance, and research and the methods used generally in decision-making on animal health policy. Three electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Embase, and CAB Abstracts) were searched for articles from 2000 to 2021. Searches identified 6, 395 articles after de-duplication, with an additional 64 articles added manually. A total of 6, 460 articles were imported to online document review management software (sysrev.com) for screening. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 532 articles passed the first screening, and after a second round of screening, 336 articles were recommended for full review. A total of 40 articles were removed after data extraction. Another 11 articles were added, having been obtained from cross-citations of already identified articles, providing a total of 307 articles to be considered in the scoping review. The results show that the main methods used for disease prioritization were based on economic analysis, multi-criteria evaluation, risk assessment, simple ranking, spatial risk mapping, and simulation modeling. Disease prioritization was performed to aid in decision-making related to various categories: (1) disease control, prevention, or eradication strategies, (2) general organizational strategy, (3) identification of high-risk areas or populations, (4) assessment of risk of disease introduction or occurrence, (5) disease surveillance, and (6) research priority setting. Of the articles included in data extraction, 50.5% had a national focus, 12.3% were local, 11.9% were regional, 6.5% were sub-national, and 3.9% were global. In 15.2% of the articles, the geographic focus was not specified. The scoping review revealed the lack of comprehensive, integrated, and mutually compatible approaches to disease prioritization and decision support tools for animal health. We recommend that future studies should focus on creating comprehensive and harmonized frameworks describing methods for disease prioritization and decision-making tools in animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Amenu
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary, Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nebyou Moje
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Theodore Knight-Jones
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Delia Grace
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Food and Markets Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of Ruminant Livestock Farmers Related to Zoonotic Diseases in Elassona Municipality, Greece. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:269-280. [PMID: 35323205 PMCID: PMC8946959 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases represent a significant health and economic burden in countries that rely on small ruminant milk production, such as Greece. Greece is endemic for many zoonotic diseases, some of which have occupational determinants. Our aim was to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices of livestock ruminant farmers concerning zoonoses. This study was performed as a cross-sectional study, using a questionnaire. We interviewed ruminant farmers (n = 204) from 33 settlements of an area with intense agrarian activity. Three index variables, namely knowledge score, attitude score, and practice score, were constructed. The relations between the explanatory variables and the three indexes were assessed based on linear regression analyses. Regarding practices, 23 (11.3%) consume unpasteurized milk or products from unpasteurized milk and no one takes precautionary measures when assisting animals in parturition or during handling birth material. Education level was positively associated with better knowledge and practices, while close veterinary supervision of the farm was associated with better practices regarding the zoonoses prevention. The results indicate the need for continuous awareness and education actions. Close contact with a veterinarian can be utilized as a key tool both with the current brucellosis vaccination program and in the design of awareness campaigns regarding zoonoses in collaboration with other public health personnel.
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Flis M. Rabies in Europe in 2010-2019. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2020-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the epizootic and epidemiological situation of rabies in European countries during the last decade. The presented results indicate that the oral immunisation of fox anti-rabies (ORV), used in many European countries, significantly reduced the number of rabies cases found in ground mammals, but did not eliminate the virus at all. Currently, the largest reservoir of the virus are Eastern European countries where there are no immunisation activities or their effectiveness is low. Due to the absence of geographical barriers, the virus reappears in countries that have been described as free from rabies. As a rule, it is dragged into these areas along with the movement of companion animals and by people travelling to countries where the prevalence of the virus is common. It should be emphasised that due to the significant elimination of the virus in wild and domestic animals, it found quite quickly found a new reservoir in a specific group of mammals, having the ability to fly, like bats. Currently there is no possibility of carrying out any preventive measures in bats, so all the virus strains found in this group of animals are dangerous to humans, raising possibilities of epidemiological threat. It should be noted that despite the significant elimination of rabies in many European countries, given the almost unlimited possibilities of virus transmission to new areas, it still poses a serious threat to public health. Thus, it is necessary to constantly monitor the occurrence of the virus and possibly take preventive actions in terms of its elimination from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Flis
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Rohde RE, Rupprecht CE. Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination? Fac Rev 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 33659941 PMCID: PMC7886060 DOI: 10.12703/b/9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient, much-feared, and neglected infectious disease. Caused by pathogens in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, and distributed globally, this viral zoonosis results in tens of thousands of human fatalities and millions of exposures annually. All mammals are believed susceptible, but only certain taxa act as reservoirs. Dependence upon direct routing to, replication within, and passage from the central nervous system serves as a basic viral strategy for perpetuation. By a combination of stealth and subversion, lyssaviruses are quintessential neurotropic agents and cause an acute, progressive encephalitis. No treatment exists, so prevention is the key. Although not a disease considered for eradication, something of a modern rebirth has been occurring within the field as of late with regard to detection, prevention, and management as well as applied research. For example, within the past decade, new lyssaviruses have been characterized; sensitive and specific diagnostics have been optimized; pure, potent, safe, and efficacious human biologics have improved human prophylaxis; regional efforts have controlled canine rabies by mass immunization; wildlife rabies has been controlled by oral rabies vaccination over large geographic areas in Europe and North America; and debate has resumed over the controversial topic of therapy. Based upon such progress to date, there are certain expectations for the next 10 years. These include pathogen discovery, to uncover additional lyssaviruses in the Old World; laboratory-based surveillance enhancement by simplified, rapid testing; anti-viral drug appearance, based upon an improved appreciation of viral pathobiology and host response; and improvements to canine rabies elimination regionally throughout Africa, Asia, and the Americas by application of the best technical, organizational, economic, and socio-political practices. Significantly, anticipated Gavi support will enable improved access of human rabies vaccines in lesser developed countries at a national level, with integrated bite management, dose-sparing regimens, and a 1 week vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney E Rohde
- Clinical Laboratory Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
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Dougas G, Konte V, Mitrou K, Georgakopoulou T, Baka A, Liona A, Tatsiou D, Metallidis S, Istikoglou I, Christodoulou E, Stavrakakis M, Pargiana C, Tsalikoglou F, Tzani M, Korou LM, Tasioudi K, Mavrouli M, Vrioni G, Tsiodras S. Surveillance of Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis in Greece: 4 Years Experience. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:295-301. [PMID: 30251935 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies reemerged in Greek fauna during October 2012, 25 years after the last report in animals and 42 after the last human case. This study examined the administration of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in humans over the period 2012-2016. A total of 1,454 individuals (62.6% males) received PEP. The vast majority (92.3%) of regimens was initiated in high risk for animal rabies areas (11.1 PEP per 100,000 residents per year). Among the exposed, 77.0% presented at a healthcare setting during the first 24 h after the incident; more severe injuries were associated with faster presentation (p < 0.05). A vaccine series was administered in 54.5% of exposed persons whereas 43.7% received both vaccine and immunoglobulin and 1.7% immunoglobulin only. Exposure to stray dogs represented 68.4% of all incidents. In exposures occurring in nonhigh risk for rabies areas, bat was the second most frequently involved animal (13.4% of incidents). All dogs and cats evaluated by a veterinarian and laboratory-confirmed rabid were initially deemed suspect for rabies during clinical examination or according to history. No human rabies cases were recorded during the period of the study. Surveillance of PEP represents a valuable tool for aiding assessment of present and future demands in prophylaxis biologicals, outlining the epidemiological profile of exposures and planning effective policies for the management of exposure incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Dougas
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Konte
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Agoritsa Baka
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Liona
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tatsiou
- 1 Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Symeon Metallidis
- 2 First Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Division, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Istikoglou
- 3 Infection Control Committee, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Christodoulou
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michalis Stavrakakis
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysa Pargiana
- 5 Infectious Diseases Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Myrsini Tzani
- 7 Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Laskarina-Maria Korou
- 7 Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantia Tasioudi
- 8 Virology Laboratory - National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Mavrouli
- 9 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- 9 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 10 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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7
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Papatheodorou DP, Tasioudi KE, Korou LM, Georgiou V, Iliadou P, Markantonatos G, Kirtzalidou A, Tzani M, Chondrokouki E, Mangana-Vougiouka O. First four Oral Rabies Vaccination campaigns of the red foxes in Greece: Evaluating factors and assessment. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the last animal rabies outbreak in Greece in 2012, Oral Rabies Vaccination (ORV) campaigns of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were conducted in order to halt the spread of the disease, as widely and effectively have also been implemented in other countries. The present study aims to report the main outcomes following the first Greek ORV campaigns during autumn 2013, 2014, 2015 and spring 2016, to assess their effectiveness and to investigate factors potentially related to their success. Blood samples, mandible bones and teeth, derived by 452 foxes, were tested for rabies antibody titration, animal age determination and tetracycline (TTC) detection. The laboratory results obtained were statistically analyzed. High seroprevalence and TTC detection rates were obtained following the autumn campaigns studied, while these rates were significantly reduced following the spring campaign. The year or the season of the vaccination campaign, the estimated age group of the animal and the geographical Regional Unit (RU), where the animal was hunted, were identified as important factors. On the contrary, no significance could be ascertained for TTC detection based on exclusively previous uptake, use of filter paper, blood sample type and quality, as well as sex of animal. Based on the monitoring results achieved, the first ORV campaigns conducted in the country can be generally considered to be satisfactory. No positives cases were detected since May 2014. Seasonal, geographical parameters and factors related to fox ecology may interfere with monitoring results and should be always considered when planning future ORV programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimos P Papatheodorou
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantia E Tasioudi
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Laskarina-Maria Korou
- Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Peristera Iliadou
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Markantonatos
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kirtzalidou
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Myrsini Tzani
- Department of Zoonoses, Animal Health Directorate, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Mangana-Vougiouka
- Virology Laboratory-National Reference Laboratory for Rabies in Animals, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Athens, Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
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