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Kempf F, La Ragione R, Chirullo B, Schouler C, Velge P. Super Shedding in Enteric Pathogens: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2101. [PMID: 36363692 PMCID: PMC9692634 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Super shedding occurs when a small number of individuals from a given host population shed high levels of a pathogen. Beyond this general definition, various interpretations of the shedding patterns have been proposed to identify super shedders, leading to the description of the super shedding phenomenon in a wide range of pathogens, in particular enteric pathogens, which are of considerable interest. Several underlying mechanisms may explain this observation, including factors related to the environment, the gut microbiota, the pathogen itself (i.e., genetic polymorphism), and the host (including immune factors). Moreover, data suggest that the interplay of these parameters, in particular at the host-pathogen-gut microbiota interface, is of crucial importance for the determination of the super shedding phenotype in enteric pathogens. As a phenomenon playing an important role in the epidemics of enteric diseases, the evidence of super shedding has highlighted the need to develop various control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 000161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Feliciano RJ, Boué G, Membré JM. Overview of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Microbial Safety of the Dairy Industry. Foods 2020; 9:E1794. [PMID: 33287137 PMCID: PMC7761758 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to affect many different sectors across the food supply chain. The current review paper presents an overview of the effects of climate change on the microbial safety of the dairy supply chain and suggest potential mitigation strategies to limit the impact. Raw milk, the common raw material of dairy products, is vulnerable to climate change, influenced by changes in average temperature and amount of precipitation. This would induce changes in the microbial profile and heat stress in lactating cows, increasing susceptibility to microbial infection and higher levels of microbial contamination. Moreover, climate change affects the entire dairy supply chain and necessitates adaptation of all the current food safety management programs. In particular, the review of current prerequisite programs might be needed as well as revisiting the current microbial specifications of the receiving dairy products and the introduction of new pretreatments with stringent processing regimes. The effects on microbial changes during distribution and consumer handling also would need to be quantified through the use of predictive models. The development of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) models, considering the whole farm-to-fork chain to evaluate risk mitigation strategies, will be a key step to prioritize actions towards a climate change-resilient dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanne-Marie Membré
- Secalim UMR1014, INRAE, Oniris Chantrerie, CS 40706, CEDEX 3, 44307 Nantes, France; (R.J.F.); (G.B.)
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3
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Metagenomic analysis of the fecal microbiomes from Escherichia coli O157:H7-shedding and non-shedding cows on a single dairy farm. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fecal Metagenome Sequences from Lactating Dairy Cows Shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01279-18. [PMID: 30533778 PMCID: PMC6256543 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01279-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are primary reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a causative agent of severe human infections. To facilitate analyses of the communities in which this pathogen is found, we sequenced the fecal metagenomes of 10 dairy cows shedding E. coli O157:H7 and added them to the public domain. Cattle are primary reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a causative agent of severe human infections. To facilitate analyses of the communities in which this pathogen is found, we sequenced the fecal metagenomes of 10 dairy cows shedding E. coli O157:H7 and added them to the public domain.
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McCabe E, Burgess CM, Lawal D, Whyte P, Duffy G. An investigation of shedding and super-shedding of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 and E. coli O26 in cattle presented for slaughter in the Republic of Ireland. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:83-91. [PMID: 30350347 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are an important group of pathogens and can be transmitted to humans from direct or indirect contact with cattle faeces. This study investigated the shedding of E. coli O157 and O26 in cattle at the time of slaughter and factors associated with super-shedding (SS) animals. Rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) samples were collected from cattle (n = 1,317) at three large Irish commercial beef abattoirs over an 18 month period, and metadata were collected at the time of sampling regarding farm of origin, animal age, breed and gender. RAMS swabs were examined for the presence and numbers of E. coli O157 and O26 using a previously developed quantitative real-time PCR protocol. Samples positive by PCR were culturally examined and isolates analysed for the presence of stx subtypes, eae and phylogroup. Any samples with counts >104 CFU/swab of STEC O157 or O26 were deemed to be super-shedders. Overall, 4.18% (55/1,317) of RAMS samples were positive for STEC O157, and 2.13% (28/1,317) were classified as STEC O157 SS. For STEC O26, 0.76% (10/1,317) of cattle were positive for STEC O26, and 0.23% (3/1,317) were classified as super-shedders. Fewer STEC shedders and SS were noted among older animals (>37 months). There was a seasonal trend observed for STEC O157, with the highest prevalence of shedding and SS events in the autumn (August to October). The majority of E. coli O157 (50/55) isolates had stx2 and were eae positive, with no significant difference between SS and low shedders (LS). Interestingly, all STEC O26 (n = 10) were eae negative and had varied stx profiles. This study demonstrates that, while the overall shedding rates are relatively low in cattle at slaughter, among positive animals there is a high level of SS, which may pose a higher risk of cross-contamination during slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dolapo Lawal
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Stenkamp-Strahm C, Lombard J, Magnuson R, Linke L, Magzamen S, Urie N, Shivley C, McConnel C. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part IV. Factors associated with the presence of Escherichia coli O157 in preweaned dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9214-9228. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Espinosa L, Gray A, Duffy G, Fanning S, McMahon BJ. A scoping review on the prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli in wild animal species. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:911-920. [PMID: 30099841 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens constitute the major source (60.3%) of emerging infectious diseases. Previous studies have investigated the prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) among wild animal species, but comprehensive data are needed to assess the role that these animals have in the transmission of STEC infections to the human population via faecal contamination of the environment, agri-food or water chain. Due to the nature of these microorganisms in which this human-animal-environment interface plays a relevant role on the disease's dynamics, a "One Health" approach is needed to prevent and control the worldwide spread. The aim of this study was to review the published research on the prevalence of STEC in wildlife. The search was performed using several online databases consisting of three blocks of specific search terms covering pathogen, type of study and population. Two reviewers applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to screening and eligibility phases. Two hundred and twenty-five abstracts were screened for relevance, and 72 were included for data analysis. Most studies (77.8%) investigated the prevalence of STEC in ruminants and urban birds. Their role in transmitting the pathogen to humans, other animals and the agri-food chain is potentiated by the peculiar biological characteristics in ruminants and improved adaptation of urban birds to urban environments. The popularity of convenience and voluntary response sampling may be due to the lack of human-made boundaries on the wild animal species' habitat and having some samples from hunted-harvested animals. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on STEC prevalence in wild animal species from studies conducted across the globe. We recommend that future research includes and compares samples from varying origins (i.e., human, animal, environment and food) and applies a "One Health" approach to the emerging challenges that STEC poses to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Espinosa
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aimée Gray
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barry J McMahon
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Stenkamp‐Strahm C, McConnel C, Magzamen S, Abdo Z, Reynolds S. Associations between
Escherichia coli
O157 shedding and the faecal microbiota of dairy cows. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:881-898. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stenkamp‐Strahm
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - C. McConnel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - S. Magzamen
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Z. Abdo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - S. Reynolds
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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Stenkamp-Strahm C, McConnel C, Hyatt DR, Magnuson R, Tenneson P, Linke L. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Shedding in Preweaned Calves on Colorado Dairies. J Food Prot 2017; 80:990-993. [PMID: 28467189 PMCID: PMC9731608 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into a potential age-related predisposition for Escherichia coli pathogen shedding on dairies, this pilot study measured the prevalence of E. coli O157 (ECO157) in the feces of preweaned dairy calves. An aim of this study was to link these outcomes with the concurrent environmental presence of ECO157 and dam ECO157 shedding elucidated in a parallel study. Recto-anal mucosal swabs and a subset of fecal grab samples were collected from calves (2 to 8 weeks of age; n = 399) monthly between December 2013 and June 2014 on three dairies in northern Colorado. A subset of calf dams (n = 111) were also sampled via fecal grab. Concurrently, environmental samples were collected from locations within the vicinity of the calves: farm tractor tires, steering wheels, hutches, buckets, and gloves from the research technicians and the employees involved in calf rearing. The presence of ECO157 and virulence genes was measured in the samples and confirmed via PCR. Of the calves, only 1 (0.25%) of 399 individuals shed during the time period, and the ECO157 strain detected carried no measured virulence genes (eaeA, stx1, and stx2). No difference was seen in detection between the recto-anal mucosal swabs and the fecal grab technique. In contrast, 32% (35 of 111) of the dams shed ECO157, with 1.8% (2 of 111) of the shed isolates containing virulence genes. No ECO157 was detected in the environmental samples. These outcomes demonstrate a disparity between dam and calf ECO157 shedding and indicate that preweaned calves, managed similarly to those of this study, probably have a minor influence on dairy contamination and the transmission of ECO157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Stenkamp-Strahm
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Craig McConnel
- 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6610, USA
| | - Doreene R Hyatt
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Roberta Magnuson
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Paige Tenneson
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Lyndsey Linke
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
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