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Bonura F, Filizzolo C, Pizzo M, Sanfilippo GL, Cacioppo F, Palazzotto E, Di Bernardo F, Collura A, Martella V, De Grazia S, Giammanco GM. Biological Specimen Banking as a Time Capsule to Explore the Temporal Dynamics of Norovirus Epidemiology. Viruses 2023; 15:2303. [PMID: 38140544 PMCID: PMC10747129 DOI: 10.3390/v15122303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is recognised as a major cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups. Information on the genetic diversity of the noroviruses circulating in the 1980s and 1990s, before the development and adoption of dedicated molecular assays, is limited compared with the last decades. Between 1986 and 2020, uninterrupted viral surveillance was conducted in symptomatic children hospitalized with AGE in Palermo, Italy, providing a unique time capsule for exploring the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of enteric viruses. A total of 8433 stool samples were tested using real-time RT-PCR. All samples were stored at -20 or -80 °C until processing. In this 35-year long time span, noroviruses of genogroup II (GII) were detected in 15.6% of AGE requiring hospitalization, whilst GI noroviruses were detected in 1.4% of AGE. Overall, the predominant norovirus capsid (Cap) genotype was GII.4 (60.8%), followed by GII.3 (13.3%) and GII.2 (12.4%). Temporal replacement of the GII.4 Cap variants associated with different polymerase (Pol) types were observed over the study period. The chronology of emergence and circulation of the different GII.4 variants were consistent with data available in the literature. Also, for GII.3 and GII.2 NoVs, the circulation of different lineages/strains, differing in either the Cap or Pol genes or in both, was observed. This long-term study revealed the ability of noroviruses to continuously and rapidly modify their genomic makeup and highlights the importance of surveillance activities in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Mariangela Pizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Giuseppa L. Sanfilippo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Federica Cacioppo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Emilia Palazzotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Francesca Di Bernardo
- Unità Operativa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Civico e di Cristina, ARNAS, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonina Collura
- Unità Operativa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale Civico e di Cristina, ARNAS, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Giovanni M. Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.F.); (M.P.); (G.L.S.); (F.C.); (E.P.); (S.D.G.); (G.M.G.)
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Qi Y, Dong X, Cheng X, Xu H, Wang J, Wang B, Chen Y, Sun B, Zhang L, Yao Y. Epidemiological Characteristics of Norovirus Outbreaks in Shenyang from 2017 to 2021. J Microbiol 2023; 61:471-478. [PMID: 36972002 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. This study aimed to identify the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks and to provide evidence for public health entities. Specimens and epidemiological survey data were collected to determine if there were differences in the attack rate of norovirus in terms of the year, season, transmission route, exposure setting, and region and to determine whether there were relationships between the reporting interval, the number of illnesses in a single outbreak and the duration of the outbreak. Norovirus outbreaks were reported throughout the year, with seasonal characteristics (i.e., high rates in spring and winter). Among all regions in Shenyang with the exception of Huanggu and Liaozhong, norovirus outbreaks had been reported, and the primary genotype was GII.2[P16]. Vomiting was the most common symptom. The main places of occurrence were childcare institutions and schools. The person-to-person route was the main transmission route. The median duration of norovirus was 3 days (IQR [interquartile range]: 2-6 days), the median reporting interval was 2 days (IQR: 1-4 days), the median number of illnesses in a single outbreak was 16 (IQR: 10-25); there was a positive correlation between these parameters. Norovirus surveillance and genotyping studies still need to be further strengthened to increase knowledge regarding the pathogens and their variant characteristics, to better characterize the patterns of norovirus outbreaks and to provide information for outbreak prevention. Norovirus outbreaks should be detected, reported and handled early. Public health entities and the government should develop corresponding measures for different seasons, transmission routes, exposure settings, and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, 110102, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, 110102, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, 110102, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Baijun Sun
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, 110102, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, 110102, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Chadwick PR, Trainor E, Marsden GL, Mills S, Chadwick C, O'Brien SJ, Evans CM, Mullender C, Strazds P, Turner S, Weston V, Toleman MS, de Barros C, Kontkowski G, Bak A. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36796728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Trainor
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mills
- British Infection Association, Seafield, West Lothian, UK; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Pixy Strazds
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; Stockport Council, Stockport, UK
| | - Valya Weston
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; NHS England, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Aggie Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
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Pascual-Benito M, Jorba-Plassa A, Casas-Mangas R, Blanch AR, Martín-Díaz J. Comparison of methods for the enumeration of coliphages in 100 mL water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156381. [PMID: 35660433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade coliphages have been included in many water quality regulations as viral faecal indicators. However, the standardised methods used to detect and quantify coliphages differ in bacterial host strains, culture media and techniques. In this comparative study, 100 mL samples of mineral drinking water, river water and wastewater were analysed with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard methods, with United States-Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) based methods as well as commercial kits combining a single agar layer (SAL) assay with ISO bacterial host strains. The three methods gave similar counts (p-value>0.05) for somatic and total coliphages in the matrices with less than 100 PFU/100 mL, whereas for F-specific coliphages, the U.S. EPA method provided statistically significant lower numbers (p-value<0.05) than the other two protocols, possibly because it uses a different bacterial host strain (Escherichia coli HS (pFamp) R vs. the ISO strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium WG49). In samples with more than 100 PFU/100 mL, the ISO method yielded higher counts of somatic coliphages than the other two protocols (p-value<0.05). As the three methods provided similar results in clean water, the approach combining a SAL assay with the ISO bacterial host strain could be a useful option for coliphage analysis in this type of sample, as it does not require a concentration step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pascual-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Bluephage S.L., Gavà 4, 08820, El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Casas-Mangas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Martín-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Bluephage S.L., Gavà 4, 08820, El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Gholipour S, Ghalhari MR, Nikaeen M, Rabbani D, Pakzad P, Miranzadeh MB. Occurrence of viruses in sewage sludge: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153886. [PMID: 35182626 PMCID: PMC8848571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are of great importance in wastewater due to their high excretion from infected individuals, low removal in wastewater treatment processes, long-time survival in the environment, and low infectious dose. Among the other viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surveillance in wastewater systems has received particular attention as a result of the current COVID-19 epidemic. Viruses adhering to solid particles in wastewater treatment processes will end up as sewage sludge, and therefore insufficient sludge treatment may result in viral particles dissemination into the environment. Here, we review data on viruses' presence in sewage sludge, their detection and concentration methods, and information on human health issues associated with sewage sludge land application. We used combinations of the following keywords in the Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed databases, which were published between 2010 and January 21th, 2022: sludge (sewage sludge, biosolids, sewage solids, wastewater solids) and virus (enteric virus, viral particles, viral contamination, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus). The sources were searched twice, once with and then without the common enteric virus names (adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus). Studies suggest adenovirus and norovirus as the most prevalent enteric viruses in sewage sludge. Indeed, other viruses include rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and enterovirus were frequently found in sewage sludge samples. Untreated biological sludge and thickened sludge showed more viral contamination level than digested sludge and the lowest prevalence of viruses was reported in lime stabilized sludge. The review reveals that land application of sewage sludge may pose viral infection risks to people due to accidently ingestion of sludge or intake of crops grown in biosolids amended soil. Moreover, contamination of groundwater and/or surface water may occur due to land application of sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pakzad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Miranzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Díaz De Oleo D, McIntyre L, Randall N, Nayak R, Manning L. A socio-technical approach to food safety incident analysis using the AcciMap model in the hospitality sector. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Bonura F, Urone N, Bonura C, Mangiaracina L, Filizzolo C, Sciortino G, Sanfilippo GL, Martella V, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S. Recombinant GII.P16 genotype challenges RT-PCR-based typing in region A of norovirus genome. J Infect 2021; 83:69-75. [PMID: 33887286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In latest years GII.4[P16] and GII.2[P16] noroviruses have become predominant in some temporal/geographical settings. In parallel with the emergence of the GII.P16 polymerase type, norovirus surveillance activity in Italy experienced increasing difficulties in generating sequence data on the RNA polymerase genomic region A, using the widely adopted JV12A/JV13B primer set. Two sets of modified primers (Deg1 and Deg2) were tested in order to improve amplification and typing of the polymerase gene. METHODS Amplification and typing performance of region A primers was assessed in RT-PCR on 452 GII norovirus positive samples obtained from 2194 stool samples collected in 2016-2019 from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. RESULTS The use of Deg1 increased the rate of samples types in region A from 49.5% to 81.4% and from 21.9% to 69.7% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The rate of Deg1 typed samples remained high in 2018 (90.1%), but sharply decreased to 11.8% in 2019. The second primers set, Deg2, was able to increase to 64.9% the rate of 2019 samples typed in region A, while typing efficiently 73.2%, 69%, and 86.4% of samples collected in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The plasticity of norovirus genomes requires continuous updates of the primers used for strain characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Noemi Urone
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mangiaracina
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Giuseppa L Sanfilippo
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy.
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo I-90127, Italy
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8
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Motlagh AM, Yang Z. Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1402-1408. [PMID: 31505073 PMCID: PMC7169830 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review paper focuses on detection and quantification techniques of indicator organisms that can be used for water quality assessment. The environmental pathogens that are critical to understand and better evaluate water quality are also discussed in this paper. Several recent studies using culture-independent methods such as microbial source tracking, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA, and next generation sequencing to assess various environmental samples and water bodies have been reviewed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Various waterborne pathogens and cases of outbreak occurances due to presence of pathogens are studied in this review paper. Recent studies for detecting major indicator organisms to evaluate the presence of pathogens in water bodies are reviewed. Culture-independent techniques as robust tools to detect and quantify waterborne pathogens are discussed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M. Motlagh
- Department of Civil EngineeringCalifornia State UniversitySacramentoCalifornia
| | - Zhengjian Yang
- Department of Civil EngineeringCalifornia State UniversitySacramentoCalifornia
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Zhou X, Kong DG, Li J, Pang BB, Zhao Y, Zhou JB, Zhang T, Xu JQ, Kobayashi N, Wang YH. An Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Associated with GII.17 Norovirus-Contaminated Secondary Water Supply System in Wuhan, China, 2017. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:126-137. [PMID: 30739247 PMCID: PMC6513810 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in a university in May, 2017, Wuhan, China. The epidemiological survey and pathogen analysis were conducted to identify the pathogen and control this outbreak. Feces or anal swabs from individuals, water, and swabs taken from tap surfaces of the secondary water supply system (SWSS) and foods were collected for the detection of viruses and pathogenic enteric bacteria by real-time RT-PCR and culture, respectively. Nucleotide sequences were determined by RT-PCR and direct sequencing. Genotyping, phylogenetic, and recombination analyses were conducted by a web-based genotyping tool, MEGA, and RDP4 programs, respectively. Of 144 individuals enrolled, 75 met the case definitions. The epidemic curve showed one peak of incidence suggesting the most probable spread of a single common source. In total, 33 specimens were collected before disinfection of the SWSS. Of these, norovirus was detected and identified as GII.P17-GII.17 with 100% nucleotide sequence identity among the strains detected in ten students (10/14), a maintenance worker (1/2) dealing with the SWSS, four water samples (4/8), and two swabs taken from tap surfaces (2/3). Pathogens including Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus were negative. The GII.17 strains in this outbreak clustered closely in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, and slightly apart from the strains of other cities in China, neighboring countries and regions, European and American countries. This gastroenteritis outbreak was deduced to be attributed to GII.P17-GII.17 norovirus contamination of the SWSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Guang Kong
- Division of Infectious Diseases Control, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Pang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Bo Zhou
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qiang Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Zhuodaoquan North Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1 W17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 0608556, Japan
| | - Yuan-Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, No. 24 Jianghan North Road, Wuhan, 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Molecular characterization of human enteric viruses in food, water samples, and surface swabs in Sicily. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 80:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Kittigul L, Rupprom K, Che‐arsae M, Pombubpa K, Thongprachum A, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. Occurrence of noroviruses in recycled water and sewage sludge: emergence of recombinant norovirus strains. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1290-1301. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - K. Rupprom
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - M. Che‐arsae
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - K. Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - A. Thongprachum
- Faculty of Public Health Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - S. Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology Department of Pathology and Microbiology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - H. Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology Department of Pathology and Microbiology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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