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Uesaki M, Furlan M, Smith AT, Takemura H. White matter tracts adjacent to the human cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300575. [PMID: 38578743 PMCID: PMC10997140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) was first identified as an area that responds selectively to visual stimulation indicative of self-motion. It was later shown that the area is also sensitive to vestibular stimulation as well as to bodily motion compatible with locomotion. Understanding the anatomical connections of CSv will shed light on how CSv interacts with other parts of the brain to perform information processing related to self-motion and navigation. A previous neuroimaging study (Smith et al. 2018, Cerebral Cortex, 28, 3685-3596) used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) to examine the structural connectivity of CSv, and demonstrated connections between CSv and the motor and sensorimotor areas in the anterior and posterior cingulate sulcus. The present study aimed to complement this work by investigating the relationship between CSv and adjacent major white matter tracts, and to map CSv's structural connectivity onto known white matter tracts. By re-analysing the dataset from Smith et al. (2018), we identified bundles of fibres (i.e. streamlines) from the whole-brain tractography that terminate near CSv. We then assessed to which white matter tracts those streamlines may belong based on previously established anatomical prescriptions. We found that a significant number of CSv streamlines can be categorised as part of the dorsalmost branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF I) and the cingulum. Given current thinking about the functions of these white matter tracts, our results support the proposition that CSv provides an interface between sensory and motor systems in the context of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Uesaki
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Open Innovation & Collaboration Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michele Furlan
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrew T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromasa Takemura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Mapping, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Sulpizio V, von Gal A, Galati G, Fattori P, Galletti C, Pitzalis S. Neural sensitivity to translational self- and object-motion velocities. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26571. [PMID: 38224544 PMCID: PMC10785198 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and assess world-relative object-motion is a critical computation performed by the visual system. This computation, however, is greatly complicated by the observer's movements, which generate a global pattern of motion on the observer's retina. How the visual system implements this computation is poorly understood. Since we are potentially able to detect a moving object if its motion differs in velocity (or direction) from the expected optic flow generated by our own motion, here we manipulated the relative motion velocity between the observer and the object within a stationary scene as a strategy to test how the brain accomplishes object-motion detection. Specifically, we tested the neural sensitivity of brain regions that are known to respond to egomotion-compatible visual motion (i.e., egomotion areas: cingulate sulcus visual area, posterior cingulate sulcus area, posterior insular cortex [PIC], V6+, V3A, IPSmot/VIP, and MT+) to a combination of different velocities of visually induced translational self- and object-motion within a virtual scene while participants were instructed to detect object-motion. To this aim, we combined individual surface-based brain mapping, task-evoked activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and parametric and representational similarity analyses. We found that all the egomotion regions (except area PIC) responded to all the possible combinations of self- and object-motion and were modulated by the self-motion velocity. Interestingly, we found that, among all the egomotion areas, only MT+, V6+, and V3A were further modulated by object-motion velocities, hence reflecting their possible role in discriminating between distinct velocities of self- and object-motion. We suggest that these egomotion regions may be involved in the complex computation required for detecting scene-relative object-motion during self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sulpizio
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and NeuroimagingSanta Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia)RomeItaly
- Department of PsychologySapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | | | - Gaspare Galati
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and NeuroimagingSanta Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia)RomeItaly
- Department of PsychologySapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and NeuroimagingSanta Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia)RomeItaly
- Department of Movement, Human and Health SciencesUniversity of Rome “Foro Italico”RomeItaly
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3
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Heinzel A, Mauler J, Herzog H, Boers F, Mottaghy FM, Langen KJ, Scheins J, Lerche C, Neumaier B, Northoff G, Shah NJ. GABA A receptor availability relates to emotion-induced BOLD responses in the medial prefrontal cortex: simultaneous fMRI/PET with [ 11C]flumazenil. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1027697. [PMID: 37766785 PMCID: PMC10520870 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1027697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The fMRI BOLD response to emotional stimuli highlighting the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) has been thoroughly investigated. Recently, the relationship between emotion processing and GABA levels has been studied using MPFC proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). However, the role of GABAA receptors in the MPFC during emotion processing remains unexplored. Methods Using [11C]flumazenil PET, we investigated the relationship between the binding potential of GABAA receptors and emotion processing as measured using simultaneous fMRI BOLD. We hypothesized a correlation between the percent signal change in the BOLD signal and the binding potential of GABAA receptors in the MPFC. In a combined simultaneous fMRI and [11C]flumazenil-PET study, we analyzed the data from 15 healthy subjects using visual emotional stimuli. Our task comprised two types of emotional processing: passive viewing and appraisal. Following the administration of a bolus plus infusion protocol, PET and fMRI data were simultaneously acquired in a hybrid 3 T MR-BrainPET. Results We found a differential correlation of BOLD percent signal change with [11C]flumazenil binding potential in the MPFC. Specifically, [11C]flumazenil binding potential in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) correlated with passive viewing of emotionally valenced pictures. In contrast, the [11C]flumazenil binding potential and the BOLD signal induced by picture appraisal did show a correlation in the paracingulate gyrus. Conclusion Our data deliver first evidence for a relationship between MPFC GABAA receptors and emotion processing in the same region. Moreover, we observed that GABAA receptors appear to play different roles in emotion processing in the vMPFC (passive viewing) and paracingulate gyrus (appraisal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heinzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear medicine, University Hospital Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Mauler
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans Herzog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Boers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheins
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Lerche
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 5, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N. Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine – 11, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA – BRAIN – Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Marciniak Dg Agra K, Dg Agra P. F = ma. Is the macaque brain Newtonian? Cogn Neuropsychol 2023; 39:376-408. [PMID: 37045793 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2023.2191843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive Physics, the ability to anticipate how the physical events involving mass objects unfold in time and space, is a central component of intelligent systems. Intuitive physics is a promising tool for gaining insight into mechanisms that generalize across species because both humans and non-human primates are subject to the same physical constraints when engaging with the environment. Physical reasoning abilities are widely present within the animal kingdom, but monkeys, with acute 3D vision and a high level of dexterity, appreciate and manipulate the physical world in much the same way humans do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Marciniak Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
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EEG analysis of the visual motion activated vection network in left- and right-handers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19566. [PMID: 36379961 PMCID: PMC9666650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visually-induced self-motion perception (vection) relies on interaction of the visual and vestibular systems. Neuroimaging studies have identified a lateralization of the thalamo-cortical multisensory vestibular network, with left-handers exhibiting a dominance of the left hemisphere and right-handers exhibiting a dominance of the right hemisphere. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we compare the early processing of a vection-consistent visual motion stimulus against a vection-inconsistent stimulus, to investigate the temporal activation of the vection network by visual motion stimulation and the lateralization of these processes in left- versus right-handers. In both groups, vection-consistent stimulation evoked attenuated central event-related potentials (ERPs) in an early (160-220 ms) and a late (260-300 ms) time window. Differences in estimated source activity were found across visual, sensorimotor, and multisensory vestibular cortex in the early window, and were observed primarily in the posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and precuneus in the late window. Group comparisons revealed a larger ERP condition difference (i.e. vection-consistent stimulation minus vection-inconsistent stimulation) in left-handers, which was accompanied by group differences in the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area. Together, these results suggest that handedness may influence ERP responses and activity in area CSv during vection-consistent and vection-inconsistent visual motion stimulation.
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Smith AT. Cortical visual area CSv as a cingulate motor area: a sensorimotor interface for the control of locomotion. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2931-2950. [PMID: 34240236 PMCID: PMC8541968 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The response properties, connectivity and function of the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) are reviewed. Cortical area CSv has been identified in both human and macaque brains. It has similar response properties and connectivity in the two species. It is situated bilaterally in the cingulate sulcus close to an established group of medial motor/premotor areas. It has strong connectivity with these areas, particularly the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area, suggesting that it is involved in motor control. CSv is active during visual stimulation but only if that stimulation is indicative of self-motion. It is also active during vestibular stimulation and connectivity data suggest that it receives proprioceptive input. Connectivity with topographically organized somatosensory and motor regions strongly emphasizes the legs over the arms. Together these properties suggest that CSv provides a key interface between the sensory and motor systems in the control of locomotion. It is likely that its role involves online control and adjustment of ongoing locomotory movements, including obstacle avoidance and maintaining the intended trajectory. It is proposed that CSv is best seen as part of the cingulate motor complex. In the human case, a modification of the influential scheme of Picard and Strick (Picard and Strick, Cereb Cortex 6:342-353, 1996) is proposed to reflect this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
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Mascheretti S, Peruzzo D, Andreola C, Villa M, Ciceri T, Trezzi V, Marino C, Arrigoni F. Selecting the Most Relevant Brain Regions to Classify Children with Developmental Dyslexia and Typical Readers by Using Complex Magnocellular Stimuli and Multiple Kernel Learning. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060722. [PMID: 34071649 PMCID: PMC8228080 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the presence of deficits in the visual magnocellular (M) system in developmental dyslexia (DD). The M system is related to the fronto-parietal attentional network. Previous neuroimaging studies have revealed reduced/absent activation within the visual M pathway in DD, but they have failed to characterize the extensive brain network activated by M stimuli. We performed a multivariate pattern analysis on a Region of Interest (ROI) level to differentiate between children with DD and age-matched typical readers (TRs) by combining full-field sinusoidal gratings, controlled for spatial and temporal frequencies and luminance contrast, and a coherent motion (CM) sensitivity task at 6%-CML6, 15%-CML15 and 40%-CML40. ROIs spanning the entire visual dorsal stream and ventral attention network (VAN) had higher discriminative weights and showed higher act1ivation in TRs than in children with DD. Of the two tasks, CM had the greatest weight when classifying TRs and children with DD in most of the ROIs spanning these streams. For the CML6, activation within the right superior parietal cortex positively correlated with reading skills. Our approach highlighted the dorsal stream and the VAN as highly discriminative areas between children with DD and TRs and allowed for a better characterization of the "dorsal stream vulnerability" underlying DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Denis Peruzzo
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (D.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Chiara Andreola
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martina Villa
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
| | - Tommaso Ciceri
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (D.P.); (T.C.)
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (C.A.); (M.V.); (V.T.)
| | - Cecilia Marino
- The Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (D.P.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.A.)
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Pitzalis S, Hadj-Bouziane F, Dal Bò G, Guedj C, Strappini F, Meunier M, Farnè A, Fattori P, Galletti C. Optic flow selectivity in the macaque parieto-occipital sulcus. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2911-2930. [PMID: 34043075 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In humans, several neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that passive viewing of optic flow stimuli activates higher-level motion areas, like V6 and the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv). In macaque, there are few studies on the sensitivity of V6 and CSv to egomotion compatible optic flow. The only fMRI study on this issue revealed selectivity to egomotion compatible optic flow in macaque CSv but not in V6 (Cotterau et al. Cereb Cortex 27(1):330-343, 2017, but see Fan et al. J Neurosci. 35:16303-16314, 2015). Yet, it is unknown whether monkey visual motion areas MT + and V6 display any distinctive fMRI functional profile relative to the optic flow stimulation, as it is the case for the homologous human areas (Pitzalis et al., Cereb Cortex 20(2):411-424, 2010). Here, we described the sensitivity of the monkey brain to two motion stimuli (radial rings and flow fields) originally used in humans to functionally map the motion middle temporal area MT + (Tootell et al. J Neurosci 15: 3215-3230, 1995a; Nature 375:139-141, 1995b) and the motion medial parietal area V6 (Pitzalis et al. 2010), respectively. In both animals, we found regions responding only to optic flow or radial rings stimulation, and regions responding to both stimuli. A region in the parieto-occipital sulcus (likely including V6) was one of the most highly selective area for coherently moving fields of dots, further demonstrating the power of this type of stimulation to activate V6 in both humans and monkeys. We did not find any evidence that putative macaque CSv responds to Flow Fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy. .,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action and Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Giulia Dal Bò
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carole Guedj
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action and Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Martine Meunier
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action and Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action and Cognition Team (ImpAct), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Zajac L, Killiany R. Activity Strength within Optic Flow-Sensitive Cortical Regions Is Associated with Visual Path Integration Accuracy in Aged Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020245. [PMID: 33669177 PMCID: PMC7919670 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation is a cognitive skill fundamental to successful interaction with our environment, and aging is associated with weaknesses in this skill. Identifying mechanisms underlying individual differences in navigation ability in aged adults is important to understanding these age-related weaknesses. One understudied factor involved in spatial navigation is self-motion perception. Important to self-motion perception is optic flow–the global pattern of visual motion experienced while moving through our environment. A set of optic flow-sensitive (OF-sensitive) cortical regions was defined in a group of young (n = 29) and aged (n = 22) adults. Brain activity was measured in this set of OF-sensitive regions and control regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants performed visual path integration (VPI) and turn counting (TC) tasks. Aged adults had stronger activity in RMT+ during both tasks compared to young adults. Stronger activity in the OF-sensitive regions LMT+ and RpVIP during VPI, not TC, was associated with greater VPI accuracy in aged adults. The activity strength in these two OF-sensitive regions measured during VPI explained 42% of the variance in VPI task performance in aged adults. The results of this study provide novel support for global motion processing as a mechanism underlying visual path integration in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zajac
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street (L 1004), Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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10
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Di Marco S, Fattori P, Galati G, Galletti C, Lappe M, Maltempo T, Serra C, Sulpizio V, Pitzalis S. Preference for locomotion-compatible curved paths and forward direction of self-motion in somatomotor and visual areas. Cortex 2021; 137:74-92. [PMID: 33607346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During locomotion, leg movements define the direction of walking (forward or backward) and the path one is taking (straight or curved). These aspects of locomotion produce characteristic visual motion patterns during movement. Here, we tested whether cortical regions responding to either egomotion-compatible visual motion, or leg movements, or both, are sensitive to these locomotion-relevant aspects of visual motion. We compared a curved path (typically the visual feedback of a changing direction of movement in the environment) to a linear path for simulated forward and backward motion in an event-related fMRI experiment. We used an individual surface-based approach and two functional localizers to define (1) six egomotion-related areas (V6+, V3A, intraparietal motion area [IPSmot], cingulate sulcus visual area [CSv], posterior cingulate area [pCi], posterior insular cortex [PIC]) using the flow field stimulus and (2) three leg-related cortical regions (human PEc [hPEc], human PE [hPE] and primary somatosensory cortex [S-I]) using a somatomotor task. Then, we extracted the response from all these regions with respect to the main event-related fMRI experiment, consisting of passive viewing of an optic flow stimulus, simulating a forward or backward direction of self-motion in either linear or curved path. Results showed that some regions have a significant preference for the curved path motion (hPEc, hPE, S-I, IPSmot) or a preference for the forward motion (V3A), while other regions have both a significant preference for the curved path motion and for the forward compared to backward motion (V6+, CSv, pCi). We did not find any significant effects of the present stimuli in PIC. Since controlling locomotion mainly means controlling changes of walking direction in the environment during forward self-motion, such a differential functional profile among these cortical regions suggests that they play a differentiated role in the visual guidance of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Di Marco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy; Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Teresa Maltempo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Serra
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ''Foro Italico'', Rome, Italy; Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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11
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De Castro V, Smith AT, Beer AL, Leguen C, Vayssière N, Héjja-Brichard Y, Audurier P, Cottereau BR, Durand JB. Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in Macaque Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1347-1364. [PMID: 33067998 PMCID: PMC7786354 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the posterior cingulate cortex contains an area sensitive to visual cues to self-motion. This cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) is structurally and functionally connected with several (multi)sensory and (pre)motor areas recruited during locomotion. In nonhuman primates, electrophysiology has shown that the cingulate cortex is also related to spatial navigation. Recently, functional MRI in macaque monkeys identified a cingulate area with similar visual properties to human CSv. In order to bridge the gap between human and nonhuman primate research, we examined the structural and functional connectivity of putative CSv in three macaque monkeys adopting the same approach as in humans based on diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI. The results showed that putative monkey CSv connects with several visuo-vestibular areas (e.g., VIP/FEFsem/VPS/MSTd) as well as somatosensory cortex (e.g., dorsal aspects of areas 3/1/2), all known to process sensory signals that can be triggered by self-motion. Additionally, strong connections are observed with (pre)motor areas located in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (e.g., F3/F2/F1) and within the anterior cingulate cortex (e.g., area 24). This connectivity pattern is strikingly reminiscent of that described for human CSv, suggesting that the sensorimotor control of locomotion relies on similar organizational principles in human and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Castro
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - A T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - A L Beer
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Leguen
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - N Vayssière
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Y Héjja-Brichard
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - P Audurier
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - B R Cottereau
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - J B Durand
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse Cedex, France
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12
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Schröder R, Kasparbauer AM, Meyhöfer I, Steffens M, Trautner P, Ettinger U. Functional connectivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1839-1856. [PMID: 32997563 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00317.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) hold the image of a slowly moving stimulus on the fovea. The neural system underlying SPEM primarily includes visual, parietal, and frontal areas. In the present study, we investigated how these areas are functionally coupled and how these couplings are influenced by target motion frequency. To this end, healthy participants (n = 57) were instructed to follow a sinusoidal target stimulus moving horizontally at two different frequencies (0.2 Hz, 0.4 Hz). Eye movements and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity were recorded simultaneously. Functional connectivity of the key areas of the SPEM network was investigated with a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) approach. How activity in five eye movement-related seed regions (lateral geniculate nucleus, V1, V5, posterior parietal cortex, frontal eye fields) relates to activity in other parts of the brain during SPEM was analyzed. The behavioral results showed clear deterioration of SPEM performance at higher target frequency. BOLD activity during SPEM versus fixation occurred in a geniculo-occipito-parieto-frontal network, replicating previous findings. PPI analysis yielded widespread, partially overlapping networks. In particular, frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex showed task-dependent connectivity to large parts of the entire cortex, whereas other seed regions demonstrated more regionally focused connectivity. Higher target frequency was associated with stronger activations in visual areas but had no effect on functional connectivity. In summary, the results confirm and extend previous knowledge regarding the neural mechanisms underlying SPEM and provide a valuable basis for further investigations such as in patients with SPEM impairments and known alterations in brain connectivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides a comprehensive investigation of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional connectivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. Results from a large sample of healthy participants suggest that key oculomotor regions interact closely with each other but also with regions not primarily associated with eye movements. Understanding functional connectivity during smooth pursuit is important, given its potential role as an endophenotype of psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Trautner
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Core Facility MRI, Bonn Technology Campus, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Sanchez-Lopez J, Cardobi N, Pedersini CA, Savazzi S, Marzi CA. What cortical areas are responsible for blindsight in hemianopic patients? Cortex 2020; 132:113-134. [PMID: 32977179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of above-chance unconscious behavioral responses following stimulus presentation to the blind hemifield of hemianopic patients (blindsight) is a well-known phenomenon. What is still lacking is a systematic study of the neuroanatomical bases of two distinct aspects of blindsight: the unconscious above chance performance and the phenomenological aspects that may be associated. Here, we tested 17 hemianopic patients in two tasks i.e. movement and orientation discrimination of a visual grating presented to the sighted or blind hemifield. We classified patients in four groups on the basis of the presence of above chance unconscious discrimination without or with perceptual awareness reports for stimulus presentation to the blind hemifield. A fifth group was represented by patients with interruption of the Optic Radiation. In the various groups we carried out analyses of lesion extent of various cortical areas, probabilistic tractography as well as assessment of the cortical thickness of the intact hemisphere. All patients had lesions mainly, but not only, in the occipital lobe and the statistical comparison of their extent provided clues as to the critical anatomical substrate of unconscious above-chance performance and of perceptual awareness reports, respectively. In fact, the two areas that turned out to be critical for above-chance performance in the discrimination of moving versus non-moving visual stimuli were the Precuneus and the Posterior Cingulate Gyrus while for perceptual awareness reports the crucial areas were Intracalcarine, Supracalcarine, Cuneus, and the Posterior Cingulate Gyrus. Interestingly, the proportion of perceptual awareness reports was higher in patients with a spared right hemisphere. As to probabilistic tractography, all pathways examined yielded higher positive values for patients with perceptual awareness reports. Finally, the cortical thickness of the intact hemisphere was greater in patients showing above-chance performance than in those at chance. This effect is likely to be a result of neuroplastic compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanchez-Lopez
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Cardobi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Caterina A Pedersini
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Silvia Savazzi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Perception and Awareness (PandA) Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy.
| | - Carlo A Marzi
- Physiology and Psychology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, Verona, Italy.
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14
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Kline A, Pittman D, Ronsky J, Goodyear B. Differentiating the Brain's involvement in Executed and Imagined Stepping using fMRI. Behav Brain Res 2020; 394:112829. [PMID: 32717374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to extend the extant literature regarding brain areas that are activated during executed and imagined lower limb movement. Past research suggests that stepping, as a cyclical movement, should activate the motor control areas of the brain that integrates smooth movements with spinal cord nerves. The neuronal activity needed to imagine that same activity is likely to recruit additional sensory-motor areas that provide initiation and inhibition signals, making this task take on a neuronal activity pattern that is more similar to discrete movements. To assess this research question, 16 participants took part in the current study where they executed and imagined stepping, with movement at the hip, knee, and ankle joints, while viewing a computer-generated image of a human walking. A block design with a total of 10 blocks for rest and task for each condition was used. Rest blocks lasted 18 seconds, followed by an 18-second display of the visual stimulus. Results showed that in the executed condition, areas of the brain that are most prominently associated with sensory-motor activity were activated. In the imagined condition areas of the brain associated with movement control, inhibition of movement, and the integration of sensory input and motor output (parietal and occipital) were also activated. These findings contribute to the literature identifying brain areas that are activated in lower limb locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Kline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Daniel Pittman
- Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Janet Ronsky
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Field DT, Biagi N, Inman LA. The role of the ventral intraparietal area (VIP/pVIP) in the perception of object-motion and self-motion. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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16
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Pitzalis S, Serra C, Sulpizio V, Committeri G, de Pasquale F, Fattori P, Galletti C, Sepe R, Galati G. Neural bases of self- and object-motion in a naturalistic vision. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1084-1111. [PMID: 31713304 PMCID: PMC7267932 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To plan movements toward objects our brain must recognize whether retinal displacement is due to self-motion and/or to object-motion. Here, we aimed to test whether motion areas are able to segregate these types of motion. We combined an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, brain mapping techniques, and wide-field stimulation to study the responsivity of motion-sensitive areas to pure and combined self- and object-motion conditions during virtual movies of a train running within a realistic landscape. We observed a selective response in MT to the pure object-motion condition, and in medial (PEc, pCi, CSv, and CMA) and lateral (PIC and LOR) areas to the pure self-motion condition. Some other regions (like V6) responded more to complex visual stimulation where both object- and self-motion were present. Among all, we found that some motion regions (V3A, LOR, MT, V6, and IPSmot) could extract object-motion information from the overall motion, recognizing the real movement of the train even when the images remain still (on the screen), or moved, because of self-movements. We propose that these motion areas might be good candidates for the "flow parsing mechanism," that is the capability to extract object-motion information from retinal motion signals by subtracting out the optic flow components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Serra
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.,Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Committeri
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco de Pasquale
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Sepe
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, and Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.,Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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17
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Smith AT, Beer AL, Furlan M, Mars RB. Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in the Human Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:713-725. [PMID: 28108496 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) responds selectively to visual and vestibular cues to self-motion. Although it is more selective for visual self-motion cues than any other brain region studied, it is not known whether CSv mediates perception of self-motion. An alternative hypothesis, based on its location, is that it provides sensory information to the motor system for use in guiding locomotion. To evaluate this hypothesis we studied the connectivity pattern of CSv, which is completely unknown, with a combination of diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI. Converging results from the 2 approaches suggest that visual drive is provided primarily by areas hV6, pVIP (putative intraparietal cortex) and PIC (posterior insular cortex). A strong connection with the medial portion of the somatosensory cortex, which represents the legs and feet, suggests that CSv may receive locomotion-relevant proprioceptive information as well as visual and vestibular signals. However, the dominant connections of CSv are with specific components of the motor system, in particular the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area. We propose that CSv may provide a previously unknown link between perception and action that serves the online control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Anton L Beer
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michele Furlan
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Centre for Functional fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Serra C, Galletti C, Di Marco S, Fattori P, Galati G, Sulpizio V, Pitzalis S. Egomotion-related visual areas respond to active leg movements. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3174-3191. [PMID: 30924264 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkey neurophysiology and human neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that passive viewing of optic flow stimuli activates a cortical network of temporal, parietal, insular, and cingulate visual motion regions. Here, we tested whether the human visual motion areas involved in processing optic flow signals simulating self-motion are also activated by active lower limb movements, and hence are likely involved in guiding human locomotion. To this aim, we used a combined approach of task-evoked activity and resting-state functional connectivity by fMRI. We localized a set of six egomotion-responsive visual areas (V6+, V3A, intraparietal motion/ventral intraparietal [IPSmot/VIP], cingulate sulcus visual area [CSv], posterior cingulate sulcus area [pCi], posterior insular cortex [PIC]) by using optic flow. We tested their response to a motor task implying long-range active leg movements. Results revealed that, among these visually defined areas, CSv, pCi, and PIC responded to leg movements (visuomotor areas), while V6+, V3A, and IPSmot/VIP did not (visual areas). Functional connectivity analysis showed that visuomotor areas are connected to the cingulate motor areas, the supplementary motor area, and notably to the medial portion of the somatosensory cortex, which represents legs and feet. We suggest that CSv, pCi, and PIC perform the visual analysis of egomotion-like signals to provide sensory information to the motor system with the aim of guiding locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Serra
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Di Marco
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaspare Galati
- Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.,Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Sulpizio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pitzalis
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Department of Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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19
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Frank SM, Greenlee MW. The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area? J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1438-1450. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00907.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds to both vestibular and visual stimuli. Recent results suggest that the region that has been referred to as PIVC in previous studies consists of multiple areas with different anatomical correlates and different functional specializations. Specifically, a vestibular but not visual area is located in the parietal operculum, close to the posterior insula, and likely corresponds to the nonhuman primate PIVC, while a visual-vestibular area is located in the retroinsular cortex and is referred to, for historical reasons, as the posterior insular cortex area (PIC). In this article, we review the anatomy, connectivity, and function of PIVC and PIC and propose that the core of the human vestibular cortex consists of at least two separate areas, which we refer to together as PIVC+. We also review the organization in the nonhuman primate brain and show that there are parallels to the proposed organization in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Frank
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Rühl RM, Bauermann T, Dieterich M, Zu Eulenburg P. Functional correlate and delineated connectivity pattern of human motion aftereffect responses substantiate a subjacent visual-vestibular interaction. Neuroimage 2018. [PMID: 29518571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual motion aftereffect (MAE) is the most prominent aftereffect in the visual system. Regarding its function, psychophysical studies suggest its function to be a form of sensory error correction, possibly also triggered by incongruent visual-vestibular stimulation. Several observational imaging experiments have deducted an essential role for region MT+ in the perception of a visual MAE but not provided conclusive evidence. Potential confounders with the MAE such as ocular motor performance, attention, and vection sensations have also never been controlled for. Aim of this neuroimaging study was to delineate the neural correlates of MAE and its subjacent functional connectivity pattern. A rotational MAE (n = 22) was induced using differing visual stimuli whilst modulating ocular motor parameters in a 3T scanner. Data was analyzed with SPM12. Eye movements as a response to the same stimuli were studied by means of high-resolution videooculography. Analysis for all stimuli gave bilateral activations along the dorsal visual stream with an emphasis on area MT. The onset of a visual MAE revealed an additional response in the right medial superior temporal area (MST) and a concurrent deactivation of vestibular hub region OP2. There was no correlation for the BOLD effects during the MAE with either ocular motor or attention parameters. The functional correlate of a visual MAE in humans may be represented in the interaction between region MT and area MST. This MAE representation is independent of a potential afternystagmus, attention and the presence of egomotion sensations. Connectivity analyses showed that in the event of conflicting visual-vestibular motion information (here MAE) area MST and area OP2 may act as the relevant mediating network hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Maxine Rühl
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bauermann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)(3), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Zu Eulenburg
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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21
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Sampaio A, Moreira PS, Osório A, Magalhães R, Vasconcelos C, Férnandez M, Carracedo A, Alegria J, Gonçalves ÓF, Soares JM. Altered functional connectivity of the default mode network in Williams syndrome: a multimodal approach. Dev Sci 2018; 19:686-95. [PMID: 27412230 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resting state brain networks are implicated in a variety of relevant brain functions. Importantly, abnormal patterns of functional connectivity (FC) have been reported in several neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, the Default Mode Network (DMN) has been found to be associated with social cognition. We hypothesize that the DMN may be altered in Williams syndrome (WS), a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by an unique cognitive and behavioral phenotype. In this study, we assessed the architecture of the DMN using fMRI in WS patients and typically developing matched controls (sex and age) in terms of FC and volumetry of the DMN. Moreover, we complemented the analysis with a functional connectome approach. After excluding participants due to movement artifacts (n = 3), seven participants with WS and their respective matched controls were included in the analyses. A decreased FC between the DMN regions was observed in the WS group when compared with the typically developing group. Specifically, we found a decreased FC in a posterior hub of the DMN including the precuneus, calcarine and the posterior cingulate of the left hemisphere. The functional connectome approach showed a focalized and global increased FC connectome in the WS group. The reduced FC of the posterior hub of the DMN in the WS group is consistent with immaturity of the brain FC patterns and may be associated with the singularity of their visual spatial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sampaio
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Osório
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal.,Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Post-Graduate Program on Developmental Disorders - Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Montse Férnandez
- Genetic Molecular Unit, Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genetic Molecular Unit, Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Joana Alegria
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Óscar F Gonçalves
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal.,Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, USA.,Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | - José Miguel Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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22
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Cottereau BR, Smith AT, Rima S, Fize D, Héjja-Brichard Y, Renaud L, Lejards C, Vayssière N, Trotter Y, Durand JB. Processing of Egomotion-Consistent Optic Flow in the Rhesus Macaque Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:330-343. [PMID: 28108489 PMCID: PMC5939222 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical network that processes visual cues to self-motion was characterized with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 3 awake behaving macaques. The experimental protocol was similar to previous human studies in which the responses to a single large optic flow patch were contrasted with responses to an array of 9 similar flow patches. This distinguishes cortical regions where neurons respond to flow in their receptive fields regardless of surrounding motion from those that are sensitive to whether the overall image arises from self-motion. In all 3 animals, significant selectivity for egomotion-consistent flow was found in several areas previously associated with optic flow processing, and notably dorsal middle superior temporal area, ventral intra-parietal area, and VPS. It was also seen in areas 7a (Opt), STPm, FEFsem, FEFsac and in a region of the cingulate sulcus that may be homologous with human area CSv. Selectivity for egomotion-compatible flow was never total but was particularly strong in VPS and putative macaque CSv. Direct comparison of results with the equivalent human studies reveals several commonalities but also some differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit R Cottereau
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrew T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Samy Rima
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Fize
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yseult Héjja-Brichard
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Renaud
- CNRS, CE2F PRIM UMS3537, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, Centre d'Exploration Fonctionnelle et de Formation, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Lejards
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vayssière
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Trotter
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Durand
- Université de Toulouse, Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
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23
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Wei W, Wang X, Gong Q, Fan M, Zhang J. Cortical Thickness of Native Tibetans in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:553-560. [PMID: 28104637 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-altitude environmental factors and genetic variants together could have exerted their effects on the human brain. The present study was designed to investigate the cerebral morphology in high-altitude native Tibetans. MATERIALS AND METHODS T1-weighted brain images were obtained from 77 Tibetan adolescents on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (altitude, 2300-5300 m) and 80 matched Han controls living at sea level. Cortical thickness, curvature, and sulcus were analyzed by using FreeSurfer. RESULTS Cortical thickness was significantly decreased in the left posterior cingulate cortex, lingual gyrus, superior parietal cortex, precuneus, and rostral middle frontal cortex and the right medial orbitofrontal cortex, lateral occipital cortex, precuneus, and paracentral lobule. Curvature was significantly decreased in the left superior parietal cortex and right superior marginal gyrus; the depth of the sulcus was significantly increased in the left inferior temporal gyrus and significantly decreased in the right superior marginal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and insular cortex. Moreover, cortical thickness was negatively correlated with altitude in the left superior and middle temporal gyri, rostral middle frontal cortex, insular cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, lingual gyrus, and the right superior temporal gyrus. Curvature was positively correlated with altitude in the left rostral middle frontal cortex, insular cortex, and middle temporal gyrus. The depth of the sulcus was negatively correlated with altitude in the left lingual gyrus and right medial orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Differences in cortical morphometry in native Tibetans may reflect adaptations related to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wei
- From the MRI Center (W.W.), First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Institute of Brain Disease and Cognition (W.W., J.Z.), Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Neurology (X.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q Gong
- Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (Q.G.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Fan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences (M.F.), Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Institute of Brain Disease and Cognition (W.W., J.Z.), Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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24
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Smith AT, Greenlee MW, DeAngelis GC, Angelaki D. Distributed Visual–Vestibular Processing in the Cerebral Cortex of Man and Macaque. Multisens Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of visual–vestibular interactions underlying self-motion perception are reviewed with an emphasis on comparisons between the macaque and human brains. In both species, several distinct cortical regions have been identified that are active during both visual and vestibular stimulation and in some of these there is clear evidence for sensory integration. Several possible cross-species homologies between cortical regions are identified. A key feature of cortical organization is that the same information is apparently represented in multiple, anatomically diverse cortical regions, suggesting that information about self-motion is used for different purposes in different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregory C. DeAngelis
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Dora E. Angelaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Salmi J, Koistinen OP, Glerean E, Jylänki P, Vehtari A, Jääskeläinen IP, Mäkelä S, Nummenmaa L, Nummi-Kuisma K, Nummi I, Sams M. Distributed neural signatures of natural audiovisual speech and music in the human auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2016; 157:108-117. [PMID: 27932074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During a conversation or when listening to music, auditory and visual information are combined automatically into audiovisual objects. However, it is still poorly understood how specific type of visual information shapes neural processing of sounds in lifelike stimulus environments. Here we applied multi-voxel pattern analysis to investigate how naturally matching visual input modulates supratemporal cortex activity during processing of naturalistic acoustic speech, singing and instrumental music. Bayesian logistic regression classifiers with sparsity-promoting priors were trained to predict whether the stimulus was audiovisual or auditory, and whether it contained piano playing, speech, or singing. The predictive performances of the classifiers were tested by leaving one participant at a time for testing and training the model using the remaining 15 participants. The signature patterns associated with unimodal auditory stimuli encompassed distributed locations mostly in the middle and superior temporal gyrus (STG/MTG). A pattern regression analysis, based on a continuous acoustic model, revealed that activity in some of these MTG and STG areas were associated with acoustic features present in speech and music stimuli. Concurrent visual stimulus modulated activity in bilateral MTG (speech), lateral aspect of right anterior STG (singing), and bilateral parietal opercular cortex (piano). Our results suggest that specific supratemporal brain areas are involved in processing complex natural speech, singing, and piano playing, and other brain areas located in anterior (facial speech) and posterior (music-related hand actions) supratemporal cortex are influenced by related visual information. Those anterior and posterior supratemporal areas have been linked to stimulus identification and sensory-motor integration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Salmi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging (AMI) Centre, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Division of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Koistinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Enrico Glerean
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Pasi Jylänki
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Aki Vehtari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Sasu Mäkelä
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ilari Nummi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), School of Science, Aalto University, Finland.
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26
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Riccelli R, Indovina I, Staab JP, Nigro S, Augimeri A, Lacquaniti F, Passamonti L. Neuroticism modulates brain visuo-vestibular and anxiety systems during a virtual rollercoaster task. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:715-726. [PMID: 27677756 PMCID: PMC6866907 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Different lines of research suggest that anxiety‐related personality traits may influence the visual and vestibular control of balance, although the brain mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. To our knowledge, this is the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that investigates how individual differences in neuroticism and introversion, two key personality traits linked to anxiety, modulate brain regional responses and functional connectivity patterns during a fMRI task simulating self‐motion. Twenty‐four healthy individuals with variable levels of neuroticism and introversion underwent fMRI while performing a virtual reality rollercoaster task that included two main types of trials: (1) trials simulating downward or upward self‐motion (vertical motion), and (2) trials simulating self‐motion in horizontal planes (horizontal motion). Regional brain activity and functional connectivity patterns when comparing vertical versus horizontal motion trials were correlated with personality traits of the Five Factor Model (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion‐introversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness). When comparing vertical to horizontal motion trials, we found a positive correlation between neuroticism scores and regional activity in the left parieto‐insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). For the same contrast, increased functional connectivity between the left PIVC and right amygdala was also detected as a function of higher neuroticism scores. Together, these findings provide new evidence that individual differences in personality traits linked to anxiety are significantly associated with changes in the activity and functional connectivity patterns within visuo‐vestibular and anxiety‐related systems during simulated vertical self‐motion. Hum Brain Mapp 38:715–726, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Riccelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia,”; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Iole Indovina
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome 00179 Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome 00173 Italy
| | - Jeffrey P. Staab
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Salvatore Nigro
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Antonio Augimeri
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome 00179 Italy
- Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome 00173 Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge United Kingdom
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27
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Griffis JC, Elkhetali AS, Burge WK, Chen RH, Bowman AD, Szaflarski JP, Visscher KM. Retinotopic patterns of functional connectivity between V1 and large-scale brain networks during resting fixation. Neuroimage 2016; 146:1071-1083. [PMID: 27554527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical and neurobiological evidence suggests that central and peripheral vision are specialized for different functions. This specialization of function might be expected to lead to differences in the large-scale functional interactions of early cortical areas that represent central and peripheral visual space. Here, we characterize differences in whole-brain functional connectivity among sectors in primary visual cortex (V1) corresponding to central, near-peripheral, and far-peripheral vision during resting fixation. Importantly, our analyses reveal that eccentricity sectors in V1 have different functional connectivity with non-visual areas associated with large-scale brain networks. Regions associated with the fronto-parietal control network are most strongly connected with central sectors of V1, regions associated with the cingulo-opercular control network are most strongly connected with near-peripheral sectors of V1, and regions associated with the default mode and auditory networks are most strongly connected with far-peripheral sectors of V1. Additional analyses suggest that similar patterns are present during eyes-closed rest. These results suggest that different types of visual information may be prioritized by large-scale brain networks with distinct functional profiles, and provide insights into how the small-scale functional specialization within early visual regions such as V1 relates to the large-scale organization of functionally distinct whole-brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Griffis
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | | | - Wesley K Burge
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Richard H Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Anthony D Bowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Kristina M Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
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28
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Zhang J, Chen J, Yu Q, Fan C, Zhang R, Lin J, Yang T, Fan M. Alteration of spontaneous brain activity in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:1713-9. [PMID: 27555761 PMCID: PMC4968669 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s110089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in a decrease in oxygen transport to the brain. The aim of the present study was to explore the alteration of spontaneous brain activity induced by hypoxia in patients with COPD. Patients and methods Twenty-five stable patients with COPD and 25 matching healthy volunteers were investigated. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal at resting state in the brain was analyzed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results Whole-brain analysis using functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant decreases in ALFF in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyri and right lingual gyrus and an increase in ALFF in the left postcentral gyrus of patients with COPD. After controlling for SaO2, patients with COPD only showed an increase in ALFF in the left postcentral gyrus. Region of interest analysis showed a decrease in ALFF in the left precentral gyrus and an increase in ALFF in the left caudate nucleus of patients with COPD. In all subjects, ALFF in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyri and right lingual gyrus showed positive correlations with visual reproduction. Conclusion We demonstrated abnormal spontaneous brain activity of patients with COPD, which may have a pathophysiologic meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiangan
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiangan
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiangan
| | - Cunxiu Fan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiangan
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiangan
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian
| | - Tianhe Yang
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Maffei V, Mazzarella E, Piras F, Spalletta G, Caltagirone C, Lacquaniti F, Daprati E. Processing of visual gravitational motion in the peri-sylvian cortex: Evidence from brain-damaged patients. Cortex 2016; 78:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Comprehensive cortical thickness and surface area comparison between young Uyghur and Han Chinese cohorts. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:1043-9. [PMID: 27067474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the brain structural differences as discovered previously between Westerners and East Asians could also be revealed between Han Chinese and Uyghur, which were genetically related ethnic groups with distinct languages. We conducted a brain MRI structural comparison in terms of cortical thickness and surface area between 15 healthy young Uyghurs and 15 age-matched Han Chinese. Widespread regions with significantly greater cortical thickness were found in the Uyghurs, and their distribution showed strong resemblance to previous "Westerners vs. Asians" findings. While surface area analysis displayed less widespread brain differences. Notably, our detected regions with structural differences contained a large part of language-specific or at least closely language-related brain areas, which may partly be attributable to the brain plasticity respectively driven by Uyghur and Mandarin. Our findings will help to better understand the neurobiological basis of interethnic differences along with the language processing mechanisms of Han Chinese and Uyghur.
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31
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Hervais-Adelman A, Legrand LB, Zhan M, Tamietto M, de Gelder B, Pegna AJ. Looming sensitive cortical regions without V1 input: evidence from a patient with bilateral cortical blindness. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:51. [PMID: 26557059 PMCID: PMC4614319 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and automatic behavioral responses are required to avoid collision with an approaching stimulus. Accordingly, looming stimuli have been found to be highly salient and efficient attractors of attention due to the implication of potential collision and potential threat. Here, we address the question of whether looming motion is processed in the absence of any functional primary visual cortex and consequently without awareness. For this, we investigated a patient (TN) suffering from complete, bilateral damage to his primary visual cortex. Using an fMRI paradigm, we measured TN's brain activation during the presentation of looming, receding, rotating, and static point lights, of which he was unaware. When contrasted with other conditions, looming was found to produce bilateral activation of the middle temporal areas, as well as the superior temporal sulcus and inferior parietal lobe (IPL). The latter are generally thought to be involved in multisensory processing of motion in extrapersonal space, as well as attentional capture and saliency. No activity was found close to the lesioned V1 area. This demonstrates that looming motion is processed in the absence of awareness through direct subcortical projections to areas involved in multisensory processing of motion and saliency that bypass V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hervais-Adelman
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Brain and Language Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lore B Legrand
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Minye Zhan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino Torino, Italy ; Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands ; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alan J Pegna
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; School of Psychology, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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32
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Field DT, Inman LA, Li L. Visual processing of optic flow and motor control in the human posterior cingulate sulcus. Cortex 2015; 71:377-89. [PMID: 26318342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the human posterior cingulate contains a visual processing area selective for optic flow (CSv). However, other studies performed in both humans and monkeys have identified a somatotopic motor region at the same location (CMA). Taken together, these findings suggested the possibility that the posterior cingulate contains a single visuomotor integration region. To test this idea we used fMRI to identify both visual and motor areas of the posterior cingulate in the same brains and to test the activity of those regions during a visuomotor task. Results indicated that rather than a single visuomotor region the posterior cingulate contains adjacent but separate motor and visual regions. CSv lies in the fundus of the cingulate sulcus, while CMA lies in the dorsal bank of the sulcus, slightly superior in terms of stereotaxic coordinates. A surprising and novel finding was that activity in CSv was suppressed during the visuomotor task, despite the visual stimulus being identical to that used to localize the region. This may provide an important clue to the specific role played by this region in the utilization of optic flow to control self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Field
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience & Neurodynamics, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, UK.
| | - Laura A Inman
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience & Neurodynamics, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, UK.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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33
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Shiell MM, Champoux F, Zatorre RJ. Reorganization of auditory cortex in early-deaf people: functional connectivity and relationship to hearing aid use. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:150-63. [PMID: 25000527 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cross-modal reorganization after sensory deprivation is a model for understanding brain plasticity. Although it is a well-documented phenomenon, we still know little of the mechanisms underlying it or the factors that constrain and promote it. Using fMRI, we identified visual motion-related activity in 17 early-deaf and 17 hearing adults. We found that, in the deaf, the posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) was responsive to visual motion. We compared functional connectivity of this reorganized cortex between groups to identify differences in functional networks associated with reorganization. In the deaf more than the hearing, the STG displayed increased functional connectivity with a region in the calcarine fissure. We also explored the role of hearing aid use, a factor that may contribute to variability in cross-modal reorganization. We found that both the cross-modal activity in STG and the functional connectivity between STG and calcarine cortex correlated with duration of hearing aid use, supporting the hypothesis that residual hearing affects cross-modal reorganization. We conclude that early auditory deprivation alters not only the organization of auditory regions but also the interactions between auditory and primary visual cortex and that auditory input, as indexed by hearing aid use, may inhibit cross-modal reorganization in early-deaf people.
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34
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Shinder ME, Newlands SD. Sensory convergence in the parieto-insular vestibular cortex. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2445-64. [PMID: 24671533 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00731.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular signals are pervasive throughout the central nervous system, including the cortex, where they likely play different roles than they do in the better studied brainstem. Little is known about the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC), an area of the cortex with prominent vestibular inputs. Neural activity was recorded in the PIVC of rhesus macaques during combinations of head, body, and visual target rotations. Activity of many PIVC neurons was correlated with the motion of the head in space (vestibular), the twist of the neck (proprioceptive), and the motion of a visual target, but was not associated with eye movement. PIVC neurons responded most commonly to more than one stimulus, and responses to combined movements could often be approximated by a combination of the individual sensitivities to head, neck, and target motion. The pattern of visual, vestibular, and somatic sensitivities on PIVC neurons displayed a continuous range, with some cells strongly responding to one or two of the stimulus modalities while other cells responded to any type of motion equivalently. The PIVC contains multisensory convergence of self-motion cues with external visual object motion information, such that neurons do not represent a specific transformation of any one sensory input. Instead, the PIVC neuron population may define the movement of head, body, and external visual objects in space and relative to one another. This comparison of self and external movement is consistent with insular cortex functions related to monitoring and explains many disparate findings of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Shinder
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Shawn D Newlands
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Todd NPM, Paillard AC, Kluk K, Whittle E, Colebatch JG. Vestibular receptors contribute to cortical auditory evoked potentials. Hear Res 2013; 309:63-74. [PMID: 24321822 PMCID: PMC3969301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus is well-established, but the contribution of vestibular receptors to the late auditory evoked potentials of cortical origin is unknown. Evoked potentials from 500 Hz tone pips were recorded using 70 channel EEG at several intensities below and above the vestibular acoustic threshold, as determined by vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). In healthy subjects both auditory mid- and long-latency auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), consisting of Na, Pa, N1 and P2 waves, were observed in the sub-threshold conditions. However, in passing through the vestibular threshold, systematic changes were observed in the morphology of the potentials and in the intensity dependence of their amplitude and latency. These changes were absent in a patient without functioning vestibular receptors. In particular, for the healthy subjects there was a fronto-central negativity, which appeared at about 42 ms, referred to as an N42, prior to the AEP N1. Source analysis of both the N42 and N1 indicated involvement of cingulate cortex, as well as bilateral superior temporal cortex. Our findings are best explained by vestibular receptors contributing to what were hitherto considered as purely auditory evoked potentials and in addition tentatively identify a new component that appears to be primarily of vestibular origin.
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Ziegler G, Dahnke R, Winkler A, Gaser C. Partial least squares correlation of multivariate cognitive abilities and local brain structure in children and adolescents. Neuroimage 2013; 82:284-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Structural and functional changes across the visual cortex of a patient with visual form agnosia. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12779-91. [PMID: 23904613 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4853-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of shape recognition in visual-form agnosia occurs without equivalent losses in the use of vision to guide actions, providing support for the hypothesis of two visual systems (for "perception" and "action"). The human individual DF received a toxic exposure to carbon monoxide some years ago, which resulted in a persisting visual-form agnosia that has been extensively characterized at the behavioral level. We conducted a detailed high-resolution MRI study of DF's cortex, combining structural and functional measurements. We present the first accurate quantification of the changes in thickness across DF's occipital cortex, finding the most substantial loss in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC). There are reduced white matter connections between LOC and other areas. Functional measures show pockets of activity that survive within structurally damaged areas. The topographic mapping of visual areas showed that ordered retinotopic maps were evident for DF in the ventral portions of visual cortical areas V1, V2, V3, and hV4. Although V1 shows evidence of topographic order in its dorsal portion, such maps could not be found in the dorsal parts of V2 and V3. We conclude that it is not possible to understand fully the deficits in object perception in visual-form agnosia without the exploitation of both structural and functional measurements. Our results also highlight for DF the cortical routes through which visual information is able to pass to support her well-documented abilities to use visual information to guide actions.
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Passaro AD, Elmore LC, Ellmore TM, Leising KJ, Papanicolaou AC, Wright AA. Explorations of object and location memory using fMRI. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:105. [PMID: 23966916 PMCID: PMC3744007 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Content-specific sub-systems of visual working memory (VWM) have been explored in many neuroimaging studies with inconsistent findings and procedures across experiments. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a change detection task using a high number of trials and matched stimulus displays across object and location change (what vs. where) conditions. Furthermore, individual task periods were studied independently across conditions to identify differences corresponding to each task period. Importantly, this combination of task controls has not previously been described in the fMRI literature. Composite results revealed differential frontoparietal activation during each task period. A separation of object and location conditions yielded a distributed system of dorsal and ventral streams during the encoding of information corresponding to bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and lingual gyrus activation, respectively. Differential activity was also shown during the maintenance of information in middle frontal structures bilaterally for objects and the right IPL and left insula for locations. Together, these results reflect a domain-specific dissociation spanning several cortices and task periods. Furthermore, differential activations suggest a general caudal-rostral separation corresponding to object and location memory, respectively.
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Barch DM, Burgess GC, Harms MP, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL, Corbetta M, Glasser MF, Curtiss S, Dixit S, Feldt C, Nolan D, Bryant E, Hartley T, Footer O, Bjork JM, Poldrack R, Smith S, Johansen-Berg H, Snyder AZ, Van Essen DC. Function in the human connectome: task-fMRI and individual differences in behavior. Neuroimage 2013; 80:169-89. [PMID: 23684877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 895] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of the Human Connectome Project (HCP) is to delineate the typical patterns of structural and functional connectivity in the healthy adult human brain. However, we know that there are important individual differences in such patterns of connectivity, with evidence that this variability is associated with alterations in important cognitive and behavioral variables that affect real world function. The HCP data will be a critical stepping-off point for future studies that will examine how variation in human structural and functional connectivity play a role in adult and pediatric neurological and psychiatric disorders that account for a huge amount of public health resources. Thus, the HCP is collecting behavioral measures of a range of motor, sensory, cognitive and emotional processes that will delineate a core set of functions relevant to understanding the relationship between brain connectivity and human behavior. In addition, the HCP is using task-fMRI (tfMRI) to help delineate the relationships between individual differences in the neurobiological substrates of mental processing and both functional and structural connectivity, as well as to help characterize and validate the connectivity analyses to be conducted on the structural and functional connectivity data. This paper describes the logic and rationale behind the development of the behavioral, individual difference, and tfMRI batteries and provides preliminary data on the patterns of activation associated with each of the fMRI tasks, at both group and individual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Indovina I, Maffei V, Pauwels K, Macaluso E, Orban GA, Lacquaniti F. Simulated self-motion in a visual gravity field: Sensitivity to vertical and horizontal heading in the human brain. Neuroimage 2013; 71:114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Becker-Bense S, Buchholz HG, zu Eulenburg P, Best C, Bartenstein P, Schreckenberger M, Dieterich M. Ventral and dorsal streams processing visual motion perception (FDG-PET study). BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:81. [PMID: 22800430 PMCID: PMC3467181 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier functional imaging studies on visually induced self-motion perception (vection) disclosed a bilateral network of activations within primary and secondary visual cortex areas which was combined with signal decreases, i.e., deactivations, in multisensory vestibular cortex areas. This finding led to the concept of a reciprocal inhibitory interaction between the visual and vestibular systems. In order to define areas involved in special aspects of self-motion perception such as intensity and duration of the perceived circular vection (CV) or the amount of head tilt, correlation analyses of the regional cerebral glucose metabolism, rCGM (measured by fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography, FDG-PET) and these perceptual covariates were performed in 14 healthy volunteers. For analyses of the visual-vestibular interaction, the CV data were compared to a random dot motion stimulation condition (not inducing vection) and a control group at rest (no stimulation at all). RESULTS Group subtraction analyses showed that the visual-vestibular interaction was modified during CV, i.e., the activations within the cerebellar vermis and parieto-occipital areas were enhanced. The correlation analysis between the rCGM and the intensity of visually induced vection, experienced as body tilt, showed a relationship for areas of the multisensory vestibular cortical network (inferior parietal lobule bilaterally, anterior cingulate gyrus), the medial parieto-occipital cortex, the frontal eye fields and the cerebellar vermis. The "earlier" multisensory vestibular areas like the parieto-insular vestibular cortex and the superior temporal gyrus did not appear in the latter analysis. The duration of perceived vection after stimulus stop was positively correlated with rCGM in medial temporal lobe areas bilaterally, which included the (para-)hippocampus, known to be involved in various aspects of memory processing. The amount of head tilt was found to be positively correlated with the rCGM of bilateral basal ganglia regions responsible for the control of motor function of the head. CONCLUSIONS Our data gave further insights into subfunctions within the complex cortical network involved in the processing of visual-vestibular interaction during CV. Specific areas of this cortical network could be attributed to the ventral stream ("what" pathway) responsible for the duration after stimulus stop and to the dorsal stream ("where/how" pathway) responsible for intensity aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Becker-Bense
- Department of Neurolog, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Vertigo / Dizziness Center (IFB LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Buchholz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Peter zu Eulenburg
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Christoph Best
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Vertigo / Dizziness Center (IFB LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Matthias Schreckenberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurolog, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
- German Vertigo / Dizziness Center (IFB LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, Munich 81377, Germany
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Nagano-Saito A, Cisek P, Perna AS, Shirdel FZ, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Dagher A. From anticipation to action, the role of dopamine in perceptual decision making: an fMRI-tyrosine depletion study. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:501-12. [PMID: 22552189 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00592.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During simple sensorimotor decision making, neurons in the parietal cortex extract evidence from sensory information provided by visual areas until a decision is reached. Contextual information can bias parietal activity during the task and change the decision-making parameters. One type of contextual information is the availability of reward for correct decisions. We tested the hypothesis that the frontal lobes and basal ganglia use contextual information to bias decision making to maximize reward. Human volunteers underwent functional MRI while making decisions about the motion of dots on a computer monitor. On rewarded trials, subjects responded more slowly by increasing the threshold to decision. Rewarded trials were associated with activation in the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex in the period preceding coherent dot motion, and the degree of activation predicted the increased decision threshold. Decreasing dopamine transmission, using a tyrosine-depleting amino acid mixture, abolished the reward-related corticostriatal activation and eliminated the correlation between striatal activity and decision threshold. These observations provide direct evidence that some reward-related functional MRI signals in the striatum are the result of dopamine neuron activity and demonstrate that mesolimbic dopamine transmission can influence perceptual and decision-making neural processes engaged to maximize reward harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Nagano-Saito
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Passaro AD, Elmore LC, Ellmore TM, Leising KJ, Papanicolaou AC, Wright AA. WITHDRAWN: fMRI correlates of visual working memory: What vs. where. Neuroimage 2011:S1053-8119(11)01178-5. [PMID: 22019875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D Passaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Learning Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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44
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Hu S, Li CSR. Neural processes of preparatory control for stop signal inhibition. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2785-96. [PMID: 21976392 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the preparatory control of motor inhibition and motor execution using a stop signal task (SST) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the SST, a frequent "go" signal triggered a prepotent response and a less frequent "stop" signal prompted the inhibition of this response. Preparatory control of motor inhibition and execution in the stop signal trials were examined by contrasting brain activation between stop success and stop error trials during the fore-period, in which participants prepared to respond to go or to stop. Results from 91 healthy adults showed greater activation in the right prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule during preparatory motor inhibition. Preparatory motor execution activated bilateral putamen, primary motor cortices, posterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal/intraparietal sulci. Furthermore, the extents of these inhibition and execution activities were inversely correlated across subjects. On the basis of a median split of the stop signal reaction time (SSRT), subjects with short SSRT showed greater activity in the right orbital frontal cortex during preparatory inhibition. These new findings suggest that the go and stop processes interact prior to target presentation in the SST, in accord with recent computational models of stop signal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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45
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Smith AT, Wall MB, Thilo KV. Vestibular inputs to human motion-sensitive visual cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:1068-77. [PMID: 21743097 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Two crucial sources of information available to an organism when moving through an environment are visual and vestibular stimuli. Macaque cortical area MSTd processes visual motion, including cues to self-motion arising from optic flow and also receives information about self-motion from the vestibular system. In humans, whether human MST (hMST) receives vestibular afferents is unknown. We have combined 2 techniques, galvanic vestibular stimulation and functional MRI (fMRI), to show that hMST is strongly activated by vestibular stimulation in darkness, whereas adjacent area MT is unaffected. The activity cannot be explained in terms of somatosensory stimulation at the electrode site. Vestibular input appears to be confined to the anterior portion of hMST, suggesting that hMST as conventionally defined may contain 2 subregions. Vestibular activity was also seen in another area previously implicated in processing visual cues to self-motion, namely the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv), but not in visual area V6. The results suggest that cross-modal convergence of cues to self-motion occurs in both hMST and CSv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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46
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Fischer E, Bülthoff HH, Logothetis NK, Bartels A. Visual motion responses in the posterior cingulate sulcus: a comparison to V5/MT and MST. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:865-76. [PMID: 21709176 PMCID: PMC3306574 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Motion processing regions apart from V5+/MT+ are still relatively poorly understood. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to perform a detailed functional analysis of the recently described cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex. We used distinct types of visual motion stimuli to compare CSv with V5/MT and MST, including a visual pursuit paradigm. Both V5/MT and MST preferred 3D flow over 2D planar motion, responded less yet substantially to random motion, had a strong preference for contralateral versus ipsilateral stimulation, and responded nearly equally to contralateral and to full-field stimuli. In contrast, CSv had a pronounced preference to 2D planar motion over 3D flow, did not respond to random motion, had a weak and nonsignificant lateralization that was significantly smaller than that of MST, and strongly preferred full-field over contralateral stimuli. In addition, CSv had a better capability to integrate eye movements with retinal motion compared with V5/MT and MST. CSv thus differs from V5+/MT+ by its unique preference to full-field, coherent, and planar motion cues. These results place CSv in a good position to process visual cues related to self-induced motion, in particular those associated to eye or lateral head movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fischer
- Vision and Cognition Lab, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Antal A, Polania R, Saller K, Morawetz C, Schmidt-Samoa C, Baudewig J, Paulus W, Dechent P. Differential activation of the middle-temporal complex to visual stimulation in migraineurs. Cephalalgia 2010; 31:338-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102410379889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Differences between people with and without migraine on various measures of visual perception have been attributed to abnormal cortical processing due to the disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the dynamics of the basic interictal state with regard to the extrastriate, motion-responsive middle temporal area (MT-complex) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 tesla using coherent/incoherent moving dot stimuli. Method: Twenty-four migraine patients (12 with aura [MwA], 12 without aura [MwoA]) and 12 healthy subjects participated in the study. The individual cortical folding pattern was accounted for by using a cortical matching approach. Results: In the inferior-posterior portion of the MT-complex, most likely representing MT, control subjects showed stronger bilateral activation compared to MwA and MwoA patients. Compared with healthy controls MwoA and MwA patients showed significantly stronger activation mainly at the left side in response to visual stimulation in the superior-anterior portion of the MT-complex, representing the medial-superior temporal area (MST). Conclusion: Our findings strengthen the hypothesis that hyperresponsiveness of the visual cortex in migraine goes beyond early visual areas, even in the interictal period.
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Cardin V, Smith AT. Sensitivity of human visual and vestibular cortical regions to egomotion-compatible visual stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1964-73. [PMID: 20034998 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The analysis and representation of visual cues to self-motion (egomotion) is primarily associated with cortical areas MST, VIP, and (recently) cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv). Various other areas, including visual areas V6 and V6A, and vestibular areas parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC), putative area 2v (p2v), and 3aNv, are also potentially suited to processing egomotion (in some cases based on multisensory cues), but it is not known whether they are in fact involved in this process. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, we presented human participants with 2 types of random dot kinematograms. Both contained coherent motion but one simulated egomotion while the other did not. An area in the parieto-occipital sulcus that may correspond to V6, PIVC, and p2v were all differentially responsive to egomotion-compatible visual stimuli, suggesting that they may be involved in encoding egomotion. More generally, we show that the use of such stimuli provides a simple and reliable fMRI localizer for human PIVC and p2v, which hitherto required galvanic or caloric stimulation to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia Cardin
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Falchier A, Schroeder CE, Hackett TA, Lakatos P, Nascimento-Silva S, Ulbert I, Karmos G, Smiley JF. Projection from visual areas V2 and prostriata to caudal auditory cortex in the monkey. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:1529-38. [PMID: 19875677 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and monkeys report widespread multisensory interactions at or near primary visual and auditory areas of neocortex. The range and scale of these effects has prompted increased interest in interconnectivity between the putatively "unisensory" cortices at lower hierarchical levels. Recent anatomical tract-tracing studies have revealed direct projections from auditory cortex to primary visual area (V1) and secondary visual area (V2) that could serve as a substrate for auditory influences over low-level visual processing. To better understand the significance of these connections, we looked for reciprocal projections from visual cortex to caudal auditory cortical areas in macaque monkeys. We found direct projections from area prostriata and the peripheral visual representations of area V2. Projections were more abundant after injections of temporoparietal area and caudal parabelt than after injections of caudal medial belt and the contiguous areas near the fundus of the lateral sulcus. Only one injection was confined to primary auditory cortex (area A1) and did not demonstrate visual connections. The projections from visual areas originated mainly from infragranular layers, suggestive of a "feedback"-type projection. The selective localization of these connections to peripheral visual areas and caudal auditory cortex suggests that they are involved in spatial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Falchier
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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50
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Smiley JF, Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Mann JJ, Dwork AJ, Javitt DC. Altered volume and hemispheric asymmetry of the superficial cortical layers in the schizophrenia planum temporale. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:449-63. [PMID: 19656176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vivo structural MRI studies in schizophrenia auditory cerebral cortex have reported smaller volumes and, less consistently, have reported altered hemispheric asymmetry of volumes. We used autopsy brains from 19 schizophrenia and 18 nonpsychiatric male subjects to measure the volume asymmetry of the planum temporal (PT). We then used the most recently autopsied 11 schizophrenia and 10 nonpsychiatric brains to measure the widths and fractional volumes of the upper (I-III) and lower (IV-VI) layers. Measurements of whole PT gray matter volumes did not show significant changes in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, laminar volume measurements revealed that the upper layers of the PT comprise a smaller fraction of the total cortex in schizophrenia than in nonpsychiatric brains. Subdivision of the PT showed that this change was especially prominent caudally, beyond Heschl's gyrus, whereas similar but less pronounced changes were found in the rostral PT and Heschl's gyrus. Complementary measures of laminar widths showed that the altered fractional volume in the caudal left PT was due mainly to approximately 8% thinner upper layers. However, the caudal right PT had a different profile, with thicker lower layers and comparatively unchanged upper layers. Thus, in the present study, laminar measurements provided a more sensitive method for detecting changes than measurement of whole PT volumes. Besides findings in schizophrenia, our cortical width measurements revealed normal hemispheric asymmetries consistent with previous reports. In schizophrenia, the thinner upper layers of the caudal PT suggest disrupted corticocortical processing, possibly affecting the multisensory integration and phonetic processing of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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