1
|
Oakes LM, Hayes TR, Klotz SM, Pomaranski KI, Henderson JM. The role of local meaning in infants' fixations of natural scenes. INFANCY 2024; 29:284-298. [PMID: 38183667 PMCID: PMC10872336 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
As infants view visual scenes every day, they must shift their eye gaze and visual attention from location to location, sampling information to process and learn. Like adults, infants' gaze when viewing natural scenes (i.e., photographs of everyday scenes) is influenced by the physical features of the scene image and a general bias to look more centrally in a scene. However, it is unknown how infants' gaze while viewing such scenes is influenced by the semantic content of the scenes. Here, we tested the relative influence of local meaning, controlling for physical salience and center bias, on the eye gaze of 4- to 12-month-old infants (N = 92) as they viewed natural scenes. Overall, infants were more likely to fixate scene regions rated as higher in meaning, indicating that, like adults, the semantic content, or local meaning, of scenes influences where they look. More importantly, the effect of meaning on infant attention increased with age, providing the first evidence for an age-related increase in the impact of local meaning on infants' eye movements while viewing natural scenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Oakes
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Shannon M. Klotz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
| | - Katherine I. Pomaranski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
| | - John M. Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gharib A, Thompson BL. Analysis and novel methods for capture of normative eye-tracking data in 2.5-month old infants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278423. [PMID: 36490239 PMCID: PMC9733894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of attention systems is essential for both cognitive and social behavior maturation. Visual behavior has been used to assess development of these attention systems. Yet, given its importance, there is a notable lack of literature detailing successful methods and procedures for using eye-tracking in early infancy to assess oculomotor and attention dynamics. Here we show that eye-tracking technology can be used to automatically record and assess visual behavior in infants as young as 2.5 months, and present normative data describing fixation and saccade behavior at this age. Features of oculomotor dynamics were analyzed from 2.5-month old infants who viewed videos depicting live action, cartoons, geometric shapes, social and non-social scenes. Of the 54 infants enrolled, 50 infants successfully completed the eye-tracking task and high-quality data was collected for 32 of those infants. We demonstrate that modifications specifically tailored for the infant population allowed for consistent tracking of pupil and corneal reflection and minimal data loss. Additionally, we found consistent fixation and saccade behaviors across the entire six-minute duration of the videos, indicating that this is a feasible task for 2.5-month old infants. Moreover, normative oculomotor metrics for a free-viewing task in 2.5-month old infants are documented for the first time as a result of this high-quality data collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Gharib
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics at Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Helmert JR, Graupner ST, Pannasch S. Eye movement patterns in complex tasks: Characteristics of ambient and focal processing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277099. [PMID: 36350826 PMCID: PMC9645626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the time course of eye movements during scene viewing often indicates that people progress through two distinct modes of visual processing: an ambient mode, which is associated with overall spatial orientation in a scene, followed by a focal mode, which requires central vision of an object. However, the shifts between ambient and focal processing modes have mainly been identified relative to changes in the environment, such as relative to the onset of various visual stimuli but also following scene cuts or subjective event boundaries in dynamic stimuli. The results so far do not allow conclusions about the nature of the two processing mechanisms beyond the influence of externally triggered events. It remains unclear whether people shift back and forth from ambient to focal processing also based on internal triggers, such as switching between different tasks while no external event is given. The present study therefore investigated ambient to focal processing shifts in an active task solving paradigm. The Rubik’s Cube task introduced here is a multi-step task, which can be broken down into smaller sub-tasks that are performed serially. The time course of eye movements was analyzed at multiple levels of this Rubik’s Cube task, including when there were no external changes to the stimuli but when internal representations of the task were hypothesized to change (i.e., switching between different sub-tasks). Results suggest that initial ambient exploration is followed by a switch to more focal viewing across various levels of task processing with and without external changes to the stimuli. More importantly, the present findings suggest that ambient and focal eye movement characteristics might serve as a probe for the attentional state in task processing, which does not seem to be influenced by changes in task performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Guo
- Institute of Psychology III, Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jens R. Helmert
- Institute of Psychology III, Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven-Thomas Graupner
- Chair of Traffic and Transportation Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pannasch
- Institute of Psychology III, Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang D, Xu L, Xie Y, Tang X, Hu Y, Liu X, Wu G, Qian Z, Tang Y, Liu Z, Chen T, Liu H, Zhang T, Wang J. Eye movement indices as predictors of conversion to psychosis in individuals at clinical high risk. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 273:553-563. [PMID: 35857090 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eye movement abnormalities have been established as an "endophenotype" of schizophrenia. However, less is known about the possibility of these abnormalities as biomarkers for psychosis conversion among clinical high risk (CHR) populations. In the present study, 108 CHR individuals and 70 healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical assessments and eye-tracking tests, comprising fixation stability and free-viewing tasks. According to three-year follow-up outcomes, CHR participants were further stratified into CHR-converter (CHR-C; n = 21) and CHR-nonconverter (CHR-NC; n = 87) subgroups. Prediction models were constructed using Cox regression and logistic regression. The CHR-C group showed more saccades of the fixation stability test (no distractor) and a reduced saccade amplitude of the free-viewing test than HC. Moreover, the CHR-NC group exhibited excessive saccades and an increased saccade amplitude of the fixation stability test (no distractor; with distractor) compared with HC. Furthermore, two indices could effectively discriminate CHR-C from CHR-NC with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.80, including the saccade number of the fixation stability test (no distractor) and the saccade amplitude of the free-viewing test. Combined with negative symptom scores of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms, the area was 0.81. These findings support that eye movement alterations might emerge before the onset of clinically overt psychosis and could assist in predicting psychosis transition among CHR populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuou Xie
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211103, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yegang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisen Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenying Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.,School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Senior Research Fellow, Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Niacin (Shanghai) Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - HaiChun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schlegelmilch K, Wertz AE. Visual segmentation of complex naturalistic structures in an infant eye-tracking search task. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266158. [PMID: 35363809 PMCID: PMC8975119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An infant’s everyday visual environment is composed of a complex array of entities, some of which are well integrated into their surroundings. Although infants are already sensitive to some categories in their first year of life, it is not clear which visual information supports their detection of meaningful elements within naturalistic scenes. Here we investigated the impact of image characteristics on 8-month-olds’ search performance using a gaze contingent eye-tracking search task. Infants had to detect a target patch on a background image. The stimuli consisted of images taken from three categories: vegetation, non-living natural elements (e.g., stones), and manmade artifacts, for which we also assessed target background differences in lower- and higher-level visual properties. Our results showed that larger target-background differences in the statistical properties scaling invariance and entropy, and also stimulus backgrounds including low pictorial depth, predicted better detection performance. Furthermore, category membership only affected search performance if supported by luminance contrast. Data from an adult comparison group also indicated that infants’ search performance relied more on lower-order visual properties than adults. Taken together, these results suggest that infants use a combination of property- and category-related information to parse complex visual stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karola Schlegelmilch
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Annie E. Wertz
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lewandowska A, Rejer I, Bortko K, Jankowski J. Eye-Tracker Study of Influence of Affective Disruptive Content on User's Visual Attention and Emotional State. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020547. [PMID: 35062508 PMCID: PMC8780667 DOI: 10.3390/s22020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When reading interesting content or searching for information on a website, the appearance of a pop-up advertisement in the middle of the screen is perceived as irritating by a recipient. Interrupted cognitive processes are considered unwanted by the user but desired by advertising providers. Diverting visual attention away from the main content is intended to focus the user on the appeared disruptive content. Is the attempt to reach the user by any means justified? In this study, we examined the impact of pop-up emotional content on user reactions. For this purpose, a cognitive experiment was designed where a text-reading task was interrupted by two types of affective pictures: positive and negative ones. To measure the changes in user reactions, an eye-tracker (for analysis of eye movements and changes in gaze points) and an iMotion Platform (for analysis of face muscles' movements) were used. The results confirm the impact of the type of emotional content on users' reactions during cognitive process interruptions and indicate that the negative impact of cognitive process interruptions on the user can be reduced. The negative content evoked lower cognitive load, narrower visual attention, and lower irritation compared to positive content. These results offer insight on how to provide more efficient Internet advertising.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pomaranski KI, Hayes TR, Kwon MK, Henderson JM, Oakes LM. Developmental changes in natural scene viewing in infancy. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:1025-1041. [PMID: 34435820 PMCID: PMC8406411 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We extend decades of research on infants' visual processing by examining their eye gaze during viewing of natural scenes. We examined the eye movements of a racially diverse group of 4- to 12-month-old infants (N = 54; 27 boys; 24 infants were White and not Hispanic, 30 infants were African American, Asian American, mixed race and/or Hispanic) as they viewed images selected from the MIT Saliency Benchmark Project. In general, across this age range infants' fixation distributions became more consistent and more adult-like, suggesting that infants' fixations in natural scenes become increasingly more systematic. Evaluation of infants' fixation patterns with saliency maps generated by different models of physical salience revealed that although over this age range there was an increase in the correlations between infants' fixations and saliency, the amount of variance accounted for by salience actually decreased. At the youngest age, the amount of variance accounted for by salience was very similar to the consistency between infants' fixations, suggesting that the systematicity in these youngest infants' fixations was explained by their attention to physically salient regions. By 12 months, in contrast, the consistency between infants was greater than the variance accounted for by salience, suggesting that the systematicity in older infants' fixations reflected more than their attention to physically salient regions. Together these results show that infants' fixations when viewing natural scenes becomes more systematic and predictable, and that predictability is due to their attention to features other than physical salience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
This study demonstrates evidence for a foundational process underlying active vision in older infants during object play. Using head-mounted eye-tracking and motion capture, looks to an object are shown to be tightly linked to and synchronous with a stilled head, regardless of the duration of gaze, for infants 12 to 24 months of age. Despite being a developmental period of rapid and marked changes in motor abilities, the dynamic coordination of head stabilization and sustained gaze to a visual target is developmentally invariant during the examined age range. The findings indicate that looking with an aligned head and eyes is a fundamental property of human vision and highlights the importance of studying looking behavior in freely moving perceivers in everyday contexts, opening new questions about the role of body movement in both typical and atypical development of visual attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy I Borjon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,
| | - Drew H Abney
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.,
| | - Linda B Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, East Anglia, UK.,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geangu E, Vuong QC. Look up to the body: An eye-tracking investigation of 7-months-old infants' visual exploration of emotional body expressions. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 60:101473. [PMID: 32739668 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human body is an important source of information to infer a person's emotional state. Research with adult observers indicate that the posture of the torso, arms and hands provide important perceptual cues for recognising anger, fear and happy expressions. Much less is known about whether infants process body regions differently for different body expressions. To address this issue, we used eye tracking to investigate whether infants' visual exploration patterns differed when viewing body expressions. Forty-eight 7-months-old infants were randomly presented with static images of adult female bodies expressing anger, fear and happiness, as well as an emotionally-neutral posture. Facial cues to emotional state were removed by masking the faces. We measured the proportion of looking time, proportion and number of fixations, and duration of fixations on the head, upper body and lower body regions for the different expressions. We showed that infants explored the upper body more than the lower body. Importantly, infants at this age fixated differently on different body regions depending on the expression of the body posture. In particular, infants spent a larger proportion of their looking times and had longer fixation durations on the upper body for fear relative to the other expressions. These results extend and replicate the information about infant processing of emotional expressions displayed by human bodies, and they support the hypothesis that infants' visual exploration of human bodies is driven by the upper body.
Collapse
|
10
|
Öhlschläger S, Võ MLH. Development of scene knowledge: Evidence from explicit and implicit scene knowledge measures. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 194:104782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
van Renswoude DR, Raijmakers MEJ, Visser I. Looking (for) patterns: Similarities and differences between infant and adult free scene-viewing patterns. J Eye Mov Res 2020; 13:10.16910/jemr.13.1.2. [PMID: 33828784 PMCID: PMC7881888 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic tendencies such as the center and horizontal bias are known to have a large influence on how and where we move our eyes during static onscreen free scene viewing. However, it is unknown whether these tendencies are learned viewing strategies or are more default tendencies in the way we move our eyes. To gain insight into the origin of these tendencies we explore the systematic tendencies of infants (3 - 20-month-olds, N = 157) and adults (N = 88) in three different scene viewing data sets. We replicated com-mon findings, such as longer fixation durations and shorter saccade amplitudes in infants compared to adults. The leftward bias was never studied in infants, and our results indi-cate that it is not present, while we did replicate the leftward bias in adults. The general pattern of the results highlights the similarity between infant and adult eye movements. Similar to adults, infants' fixation durations increase with viewing time and the depend-encies between successive fixations and saccades show very similar patterns. A straight-forward conclusion to draw from this set of studies is that infant and adult eye movements are mainly driven by similar underlying basic processes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guillory SB, Kaldy Z. Persistence and Accumulation of Visual Memories for Objects in Scenes in 12-Month-Old Infants. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2454. [PMID: 31780984 PMCID: PMC6851165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual memory for objects has been studied extensively in infants over the past 20 years, however, little is known about how they are formed when objects are embedded in naturalistic scenes. In adults, memory for objects in a scene show information accumulation over time as well as persistence despite interruptions (Melcher, 2001, 2006). In the present study, eye-tracking was used to investigate these two processes in 12-month-old infants (N = 19) measuring: (1) whether longer encoding time can improve memory performance (accumulation), and (2) whether multiple shorter exposures to a scene are equivalent to a single exposure of the same total duration (persistence). A control group of adults was also tested in a closely matched paradigm (N = 23). We found that increasing exposure time led to gains in memory performance in both groups. Infants were found to be successful in remembering objects with continuous exposures to a scene, but unlike adults, were not able to perform better than chance when interrupted. However, infants' scan patterns showed evidence of memory as they continued the exploration of the scene in a strategic way following the interruption. Our findings provide insight into how infants are able to build representations of their visual environment by accumulating information about objects embedded in scenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia B. Guillory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zsuzsa Kaldy
- Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Renswoude DR, Visser I, Raijmakers MEJ, Tsang T, Johnson SP. Real‐world scene perception in infants: What factors guide attention allocation? INFANCY 2019; 24:693-717. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daan R. Renswoude
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area YIELD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar Visser
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area YIELD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brian and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Maartje E. J. Raijmakers
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area YIELD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brian and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Educational Studies & Learn! Free University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tawny Tsang
- Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Scott P. Johnson
- Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles California
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kelly DJ, Duarte S, Meary D, Bindemann M, Pascalis O. Infants rapidly detect human faces in complex naturalistic visual scenes. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12829. [PMID: 30896078 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Infants respond preferentially to faces and face-like stimuli from birth, but past research has typically presented faces in isolation or amongst an artificial array of competing objects. In the current study infants aged 3- to 12-months viewed a series of complex visual scenes; half of the scenes contained a person, the other half did not. Infants rapidly detected and oriented to faces in scenes even when they were not visually salient. Although a clear developmental improvement was observed in face detection and interest, all infants displayed sensitivity to the presence of a person in a scene, by displaying eye movements that differed quantifiably across a range of measures when viewing scenes that either did or did not contain a person. We argue that infant's face detection capabilities are ostensibly "better" with naturalistic stimuli and artificial array presentations used in previous studies have underestimated performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Kelly
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Sofia Duarte
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | | | - Markus Bindemann
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews literature on development of visual-spatial attention. A brief overview of brain mechanisms of visual perception is provided, followed by discussion of neural maturation in the prenatal period, infancy, and childhood. This is followed by sections on gaze control, eye movement systems, and orienting. The chapter concludes with consideration of development of space, objects, and scenes. Visual-spatial attention reflects an intricate set of motor, perceptual, and cognitive systems that work jointly and all develop in tandem.
Collapse
|
16
|
van Renswoude DR, van den Berg L, Raijmakers ME, Visser I. Infants’ center bias in free viewing of real-world scenes. Vision Res 2019; 154:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Influence of semantic consistency and perceptual features on visual attention during scene viewing in toddlers. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 49:248-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a remarkable growth in the way mathematics, informatics, and computer science can process data. In disciplines such as machine learning,
pattern recognition, computer vision, computational neurology, molecular biology,
information retrieval, etc., many new methods have been developed to cope with the
ever increasing amount and complexity of the data. These new methods offer interesting possibilities for processing, classifying and interpreting eye-tracking data. The
present paper exemplifies the application of topological arguments to improve the
evaluation of eye-tracking data. The task of classifying raw eye-tracking data into
saccades and fixations, with a single, simple as well as intuitive argument, described
as coherence of spacetime, is discussed, and the hierarchical ordering of the fixations
into dwells is shown. The method, namely identification by topological characteristics
(ITop), is parameter-free and needs no pre-processing and post-processing of the raw
data. The general and robust topological argument is easy to expand into complex
settings of higher visual tasks, making it possible to identify visual strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hein
- Neurological University Clinic Hamburg UKE, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|