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Berghaenel A, Stevens JMG, Hohmann G, Deschner T, Behringer V. Evidence for adolescent length growth spurts in bonobos and other primates highlights the importance of scaling laws. eLife 2023; 12:RP86635. [PMID: 37667589 PMCID: PMC10479963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent growth spurts (GSs) in body length seem to be absent in non-human primates and are considered a distinct human trait. However, this distinction between present and absent length-GSs may reflect a mathematical artefact that makes it arbitrary. We first outline how scaling issues and inappropriate comparisons between length (linear) and weight (volume) growth rates result in misleading interpretations like the absence of length-GSs in non-human primates despite pronounced weight-GSs, or temporal delays between length- and weight-GSs. We then apply a scale-corrected approach to a comprehensive dataset on 258 zoo-housed bonobos that includes weight and length growth as well as several physiological markers related to growth and adolescence. We found pronounced GSs in body weight and length in both sexes. Weight and length growth trajectories corresponded with each other and with patterns of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 levels, resembling adolescent GSs in humans. We further re-interpreted published data of non-human primates, which showed that aligned GSs in weight and length exist not only in bonobos. Altogether, our results emphasize the importance of considering scaling laws when interpreting growth curves in general, and further show that pronounced, human-like adolescent length-GSs exist in bonobos and probably also many other non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Berghaenel
- Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jeroen MG Stevens
- Behavioral Ecology and Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- SALTO Agro- and Biotechnology, Odisee University of Applied SciencesSint-NiklaasBelgium
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Animal BehaviourRadolfzellGermany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
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Turcotte CM, Mann EHJ, Stock MK, Villamil CI, Montague MJ, Dickinson E, Bauman Surratt S, Martinez M, Williams SA, Antón SC, Higham JP. The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in free-ranging rhesus macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:314-327. [PMID: 35571460 PMCID: PMC9094693 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Reconstructing the social lives of extinct primates is possible only through an understanding of the interplay between morphology, sexual selection pressures, and social behavior in extant species. Somatic sexual dimorphism is an important variable in primate evolution, in part because of the clear relationship between the strength and mechanisms of sexual selection and the degree of dimorphism. Here, we examine body size dimorphism across ontogeny in male and female rhesus macaques to assess whether it is primarily achieved via bimaturism as predicted by a polygynandrous mating system, faster male growth indicating polygyny, or both. Methods We measured body mass in a cross-sectional sample of 364 free-ranging rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico to investigate size dimorphism: 1) across the lifespan; and 2) as an outcome of sex-specific growth strategies, including: a) age of maturation; b) growth rate; and c) total growth duration, using regression models fit to sex-specific developmental curves. Results Significant body size dimorphism was observed by prime reproductive age with males 1.51 times the size of females. Larger male size resulted from a later age of maturation (males: 6.8-7.8 years versus females: 5.5-6.5 years; logistic model) and elevated growth velocity through the pre-prime period (LOESS model). Though males grew to larger sizes overall, females maintained adult size for longer before senescence (quadratic model). Discussion The ontogeny of size dimorphism in rhesus macaques is achieved by bimaturism and a faster male growth rate. Our results provide new data for understanding the development and complexities of primate dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Turcotte
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eva H. J. Mann
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michala K. Stock
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Catalina I. Villamil
- School of Health and Allied Sciences, Universidad Central del Caribe, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Michael J. Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | | | - Melween Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Scott A. Williams
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan C. Antón
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - James P. Higham
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Turner TR, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Lorenz J, Grobler JP, Jolly CJ, Freimer NB. Morphological variation in the genus Chlorocebus: Ecogeographic and anthropogenically mediated variation in body mass, postcranial morphology, and growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:682-707. [PMID: 29577231 PMCID: PMC6039265 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct comparative work in morphology and growth on widely dispersed wild primate taxa is rarely accomplished, yet critical to understanding ecogeographic variation, plastic local variation in response to human impacts, and variation in patterns of growth and sexual dimorphism. We investigated population variation in morphology and growth in response to geographic variables (i.e., latitude, altitude), climatic variables (i.e., temperature and rainfall), and human impacts in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus spp.). METHODS We trapped over 1,600 wild vervets from across Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, and compared measurements of body mass, body length, and relative thigh, leg, and foot length in four well-represented geographic samples: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and St. Kitts & Nevis. RESULTS We found significant variation in body mass and length consistent with Bergmann's Rule in adult females, and in adult males when excluding the St. Kitts & Nevis population, which was more sexually dimorphic. Contrary to Rensch's Rule, although the South African population had the largest average body size, it was the least dimorphic. There was significant, although very small, variation in all limb segments in support for Allen's Rule. Females in high human impact areas were heavier than those with moderate exposures, while those in low human impact areas were lighter; human impacts had no effect on males. CONCLUSIONS Vervet monkeys appear to have adapted to local climate as predicted by Bergmann's and, less consistently, Allen's Rule, while also responding in predicted ways to human impacts. To better understand deviations from predicted patterns will require further comparative work in vervets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy R. Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin –
Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
FS, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California
– Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Danzy Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Women's Studies,
American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414,
USA
| | - Joseph Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington
University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - J. Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
FS, South Africa
| | - Clifford J. Jolly
- CSHO, Department of Anthropology, New York University, and NYCEP,
New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California
– Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Lu A, Bergman TJ, McCann C, Stinespring-Harris A, Beehner JC. Growth trajectories in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:707-19. [PMID: 26950523 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Life history and socioecological factors have been linked to species-specific patterns of growth across female vertebrates. For example, greater maternal investment in offspring has been associated with more discrete periods of growth and reproduction. However, in primates it has been difficult to test such hypotheses because very few studies have obtained growth measurements from wild populations. Here we utilize a promising noninvasive photogrammetric method-parallel lasers-to examine shoulder-rump (SR) growth in a wild primate, the gelada (Theropithecus gelada, Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia). In this species, a graminivorous diet coupled with high extrinsic infant mortality risk suggests that maternal investment in neonates is low. Therefore, in contrast with other closely related papionins, we expected female geladas to exhibit less discrete periods of growth and reproduction. For both sexes, we compared size-for-age patterns (N = 154 females; N = 110 males) and changes in growth velocity relative to major life history milestones. Female geladas finished 88.5% of SR growth by first sexual swelling, and 97.2% by first reproduction, reaching adult body size by 7.72 years of age. Compared to closely related papionins, gelada females finished more growth by first reproduction, despite producing relatively small, and presumably "cheap," neonates. Male geladas finished 85.4% of growth at dispersal, and 96.0% at estimated first birth. Contrary to other polygynous primates, males are larger than females because they grow for a longer period of time (not because they grow faster), surpassing females around 6 years of age when female growth slows. Our results demonstrate that parallel lasers are an easy and promising new method that can be used to construct comprehensive life history perspectives that were once out of reach for wild populations. Am. J. Primatol. 78:707-719, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Thore J Bergman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Colleen McCann
- Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo, Bronx, New York.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York
| | | | - Jacinta C Beehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ghenu AH, Bolker BM, Melnick DJ, Evans BJ. Multicopy gene family evolution on primate Y chromosomes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:157. [PMID: 26925773 PMCID: PMC4772468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primate Y chromosome is distinguished by a lack of inter-chromosomal recombination along most of its length, extensive gene loss, and a prevalence of repetitive elements. A group of genes on the male-specific portion of the Y chromosome known as the “ampliconic genes” are present in multiple copies that are sometimes part of palindromes, and that undergo a form of intra-chromosomal recombination called gene conversion, wherein the nucleotides of one copy are homogenized by those of another. With the aim of further understanding gene family evolution of these genes, we collected nucleotide sequence and gene copy number information for several species of papionin monkey. We then tested for evidence of gene conversion, and developed a novel statistical framework to evaluate alternative models of gene family evolution using our data combined with other information from a human, a chimpanzee, and a rhesus macaque. Results Our results (i) recovered evidence for several novel examples of gene conversion in papionin monkeys and indicate that (ii) ampliconic gene families evolve faster than autosomal gene families and than single-copy genes on the Y chromosome and that (iii) Y-linked singleton and autosomal gene families evolved faster in humans and chimps than they do in the other Old World Monkey lineages we studied. Conclusions Rapid evolution of ampliconic genes cannot be attributed solely to residence on the Y chromosome, nor to variation between primate lineages in the rate of gene family evolution. Instead other factors, such as natural selection and gene conversion, appear to play a role in driving temporal and genomic evolutionary heterogeneity in primate gene families. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2187-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Hermina Ghenu
- Biology Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Benjamin M Bolker
- Biology Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Don J Melnick
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 10th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ben J Evans
- Biology Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Zhang P, Lyu MY, Wu CF, Chu YMR, Han N, Yang D, Hu K. Variation in body mass and morphological characters in Macaca mulatta brevicaudus from Hainan, China. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:679-98. [PMID: 26848718 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most widely distributed nonhuman primate species in the world, with six subspecies distributed through China. From 2012 to 2014, we conducted studies on the body mass and morphological variation of the southernmost subspecies M. m. brevicaudus in Nanwan Nature Reserve for Rhesus Macaque, Hainan, China. We compared measurements with other populations of this species. We also investigated the inter-group body mass variation from seven provisioned free-ranging groups in our study site. Our results show that M. m. brevicaudus has the smallest body size, the smallest body mass, and the shortest tail among rhesus macaque subspecies. Its sexual dimorphism score is also among the lowest, which is similar to other southern distributed subspecies in China, but smaller than northern distributed subspecies. We found that the average body mass of female macaques is not correlated with their dominance ranks. There are significant differences in body mass among the seven adjacent study groups at the same site, suggesting the existence of inter-group competition. Average body mass of a group is better described by a quadratic function of group size than a linear one as predicted by the socio-ecological model. Am. J. Primatol. 78:679-698, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China.,Key Lab of Human Evolution and Archaeometry in Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Mu-Yang Lyu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | | | - Ning Han
- Faculty of Foreign Languages and Culture, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Danhe Yang
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Kaijin Hu
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
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Tennenhouse EM. The influence of growth patterns on sexual size monomorphism in lemurs. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1670-81. [PMID: 26134876 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lack of sexual size dimorphism among lemurs is puzzling given the high degree of polygyny in this clade. It has been proposed that the unique ecological conditions of Madagascar favour rapid completion of growth, limiting the opportunities for bimaturism and sexual size dimorphism in lemurs. Using recently compiled large data sets on many species across the lemur clade, I examined the prevalence of sexual size monomorphism of body mass among lemurs and tested the hypothesis that limited growth durations constrain sexual size dimorphism. I used segmented regression analyses to accurately model growth in each species. The majority of species analysed exhibited a period of rapid growth followed by a distinct period of slow growth prior to attainment of adult body mass. Whereas the first period of growth was constrained by the need to attain the majority of adult body mass prior to the onset of the infant's first dry season, the subsequent period of slow growth was unconstrained and sufficiently long to promote sexual bimaturism. Sex differences in the duration and rate of growth during this second growth phase appeared to account for the sexual size dimorphism exhibited by three lemur species. Therefore, constraints on growth processes do not limit sexual size dimorphism in lemurs, and other explanations for the prevalence of sexual size monomorphism in this clade should be examined. The importance of considering ontogeny in future investigations of sexual size monomorphism in lemurs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Tennenhouse
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sanna A, De Marco A, Thierry B, Cozzolino R. Growth rates in a captive population of Tonkean macaques. Primates 2015; 56:227-33. [PMID: 25786354 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measuring variations in body mass is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of life-history patterns, and it provides information on the timing of sexual maturity and the development of sexual dimorphism. In this study, we collected longitudinal data on body mass from infancy to adulthood in a captive population of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana). Tests to evaluate whether social group, maternal age, and dominance rank influenced growth rates showed that they had no significant effect. We investigated the timing and magnitude of breaking points in the growth paths of males and females, and checked whether these breaking points could correspond to specific reproductive and morphological developmental events. We found that male and female Tonkean macaques have roughly equivalent body masses until around the age of four, when males go through an adolescent growth spurt and females continue to grow at a constant rate. Males not only grow faster than females, but they also continue to grow for nearly one and a half years after females have attained their full body mass. Growth rate differences account for approximately two-thirds of the body mass sexual dimorphism; only the remaining third results from continued male growth beyond the age where full body mass is reached in females. We also discovered remarkable correspondences between the timing of testicular enlargement and the adolescent growth spurt in males, and between dental development and slowdown breaking points in both sexes.
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Vinicius L, Mumby HS. Comparative analysis of animal growth: a primate continuum revealed by a new dimensionless growth rate coefficient. Evolution 2013; 67:1485-92. [PMID: 23617923 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The comparative analysis of animal growth still awaits full integration into life-history studies, partially due to the difficulty of defining a comparable measure of growth rate across species. Using growth data from 50 primate species, we introduce a modified "general growth model" and a dimensionless growth rate coefficient β that controls for size scaling and phylogenetic effects in the distribution of growth rates. Our results contradict the prevailing idea that slow growth characterizes primates as a group: the observed range of β values shows that not all primates grow slowly, with galago species exhibiting growth rates similar or above the mammalian average, while other strepsirrhines and most New World monkeys show limited reduction in growth rates. Low growth rate characterizes apes and some papionines. Phylogenetic regressions reveal associations between β and life-history variables, providing tests for theories of primate growth evolution. We also show that primate slow growth is an exclusively postnatal phenomenon. Our study exemplifies how the dimensionless approach promotes the integration of growth rate data into comparative life-history analysis, and demonstrates its potential applicability to other cases of adaptive diversification of animal growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Vinicius
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse St. 1, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Klopp EB. Craniodental features in male Mandrillus may signal size and fitness: An allometric approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 147:593-603. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Wang Q, Dechow PC, Hens SM. Ontogeny and diachronic changes in sexual dimorphism in the craniofacial skeleton of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:350-61. [PMID: 17645909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism is important to our understanding of life history, ecology, and evolution in primates. This study applied a three-dimensional method, Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis, to investigate sexual dimorphism and its diachronic changes in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) skulls. Twenty-one landmarks in four functional areas of the craniofacial skeleton were digitized from macaques of known age and sex from the Cayo Santiago collections. Then, a series of mean form matrices, form difference matrices, and growth matrices were computed to demonstrate growth curves, rates and duration of growth, and sexual dimorphism within the neurocranium, basicranium, palate, and face. The inclusion of fully adult animals revealed a full profile of sexual dimorphism. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time diachronic change in adult sexual dimorphism caused by extended growth in adult females. A quicker growth rate in males from ages 2 to 8 was offset by a longer duration of growth in adult females that resulted in diminished dimorphism between the ages of 8 and 15. Four functional areas showed different sex-specific growth patterns, and the rate and duration of growth in the anterior facial skeleton contributed most to the changing profiles of sexual dimorphism. The late maturation in size of the female facial skeleton corresponds to later and less complete fusion of facial sutures. The prolongation of growth in females is hypothesized to be an evolutionary response to high levels of intrasexual competition, as is found in other primate species such as common chimpanzees with similar colony structure and reproductive behavior. Further investigation is required to determine (1) if this phenomenon observed in craniofacial skeletons is linked to sexual dimorphism in body size, and (2) whether this diachronic change in sexual dimorphism is species specific. The changing profile of sexual dimorphism in adult rhesus macaques suggests caution in studying sexual dimorphism in fossil primate and human forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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Riley EP, Suryobroto B, Maestripieri D. Distribution ofMacaca ochreataand Identification of MixedOchreata-TonkeanaGroups in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1896/052.022.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schillaci MA, Froehlich JW, Supriatna J. Growth and sexual dimorphism in a population of hybrid macaques. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Schillaci
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. W. Froehlich
- Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J. Supriatna
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Studies, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengethuan Alam, University of Indonesia, Depok, Java, Indonesia
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