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D'Arcangelo KN, Wallace EC, Miles TD, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Carboxylic Acid Amide but Not Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicide Resistance Mutations Show Clade-Specific Occurrence in Pseudoperonospora cubensis Causing Downy Mildew in Commercial and Wild Cucurbits. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:80-89. [PMID: 35918851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0166-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since its reemergence in 2004, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), has experienced significant changes in fungicide sensitivity. Presently, frequent fungicide applications are required to control the disease in cucumber due to the loss of host resistance. Carboxylic acid amides (CAA) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) are two fungicide groups used to control foliar diseases in cucurbits, including CDM. Resistance to these fungicides is associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations. In this study, we used population analyses to determine the occurrence of fungicide resistance mutations to CAA and QoI fungicides in host-adapted clade 1 and clade 2 P. cubensis isolates. Our results revealed that CAA-resistant genotypes occurred more prominently in clade 2 isolates, with more sensitive genotypes observed in clade 1 isolates, while QoI resistance was widespread across isolates from both clades. We also determined that wild cucurbits can serve as reservoirs for P. cubensis isolates containing fungicide resistance alleles. Finally, we report that the G1105W substitution associated with CAA resistance was more prominent within clade 2 P. cubensis isolates while the G1105V resistance substitution and sensitivity genotypes were more prominent in clade 1 isolates. Our findings of clade-specific occurrence of fungicide resistance mutations highlight the importance of understanding the population dynamics of P. cubensis clades by crop and region to design effective fungicide programs and establish accurate baseline sensitivity to active ingredients in P. cubensis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N D'Arcangelo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-7825
| | - E C Wallace
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-7825
| | - T D Miles
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - L M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology and NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-7825
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Tzelepis G, Hodén KP, Fogelqvist J, Åsman AKM, Vetukuri RR, Dixelius C. Dominance of Mating Type A1 and Indication of Epigenetic Effects During Early Stages of Mating in Phytophthora infestans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32153537 PMCID: PMC7046690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans has both an asexual and a sexual mode of reproduction. In Scandinavia, the pathogen is reproducing sexually on a regular basis, whereas clonal lineages dominate in other geographical regions. This study aimed at elucidating events or key genes underlying this difference in sexual behavior. First, the transcriptomes of eight strains, known as either clonal or sexual, were compared during early stages of mating. Principal component analysis (PCA) divided the samples in two clusters A and B and a clear grouping of the mating samples together with the A1 mating type parents was observed. Induction of genes encoding DNA adenine N6-methylation (6mA) methyl-transferases clearly showed a bias toward the cluster A. In contrast, the Avrblb2 effector gene family was highly induced in most of the mating samples and was associated with cluster B in the PCA, similarly to genes coding for acetyl-transferases, which play an important role in RXLR modification prior to secretion. Avrblb2 knock-down strains displayed a reduction in virulence and oospore formation, suggesting a role during the mating process. In conclusion, a number of gene candidates important for the reproductive processes were revealed. The results suggest a possible epigenetic influence and involvement of specific RXLR effectors in mating-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tzelepis
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristian Persson Hodén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna K M Åsman
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Spring O, Zipper R. Asexual Recombinants of Plasmopara halstedii Pathotypes from Dual Infection of Sunflower. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167015. [PMID: 27907026 PMCID: PMC5132302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically homogenous strains of Plasmopara halstedii differing in host specificity and fungicide tolerance were used to test the hypothesis that asexual genetic recombination occurs and may account for the high genotype diversity of this homothallic reproducing oomycete, which causes downy mildew in sunflower. Dual inoculation of sunflower seedlings with single zoospore strains of complementary infection characteristics caused sporulation under conditions where inoculation with each strain alone failed to infect. PCR-based investigation with strain-specific primers proved the presence of genetic traits from both progenitors in single sporangia collected from sporangiophores of such infections. Sister zoospores released from these sporangia revealed the genotype of the one or the other parental strain thus indicating heterokaryology of sporangia. Moreover, some zoospores showed amplification products of both parents, which suggests that the generally mononucleic spores derived from genetic recombination. The possibility of parasexual genetic exchange in the host-independent stage of infection and the evolutionary consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Reinhard Zipper
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Blaya J, Lacasa C, Lacasa A, Martínez V, Santísima-Trinidad AB, Pascual JA, Ros M. Characterization of Phytophthora nicotianae isolates in southeast Spain and their detection and quantification through a real-time TaqMan PCR. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1243-1251. [PMID: 25043929 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soil-borne pathogens Phytophthora nicotianae and P. capsici are the causal agents of root and stem rot of many plant species. Although P. capsici was considered the causal agent in one of the main pepper production areas of Spain to date, evidence of the presence of P. nicotianae was found. We aimed to survey the presence of P. nicotianae and study the variability in its populations in this area in order to improve the management of Tristeza disease. RESULTS A new specific primer and a TaqMan probe were designed based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA to detect and quantify P. nicotianae. Both morphological and molecular analysis showed its presence and confirmed it to be the causal agent of the Phytophthora disease symptoms in the studied area. The genetic characterization among P. nicotianae populations showed a low variability of genetic diversity among the isolates. Only isolates of the A2 mating type were detected. CONCLUSIONS Not only is a specific and early detection of P. nicotianae essential but also the study of genetic variability among isolates for the appropriate management of the disease, above all, in producing areas with favorable conditions for the advance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Blaya
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Wastes Management, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Clément JAJ, Baldwin TK, Magalon H, Glais I, Gracianne C, Andrivon D, Jacquot E. Specific detection and quantification of virulent/avirulent Phytophthora infestans isolates using a real-time PCR assay that targets polymorphisms of the Avr3a gene. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:322-32. [PMID: 23350602 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular tools that allow intraspecific quantification and discrimination of pathogen isolates are useful to assess fitness of competitors during mixed infections. However, methods that were developed for quantifying Phytophthora infestans are only specific at the species level. Here, we reported a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay allowing, according to the specificity of the used probes, an accurate quantification of different proportions of two genetically distinct clones of P. infestans in mixed fractions. Indeed, in addition to a primer specific to P. infestans, two primers and two TaqMan(®) probes that target single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in the Avr3a/avr3a virulence gene sequence were designed. The reliability of the method was tested on serially diluted fractions containing plasmid DNA with either the Avr3a or the avr3a sequences at concentrations ranging from 10(2) to 10(8) copies per μl. Based on its specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, the proposed assay allowed a quantification of the targeted DNA sequence in fractions with a Avr3a/avr3a ratio in the range 1/99 to 99/1. The reliability of the test was also checked for counting zoospores. Applications for future research in P. infestans/host quantitative interactions were also discussed.
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Aberrant genome size and instability of Phytophthora ramorum oospore progenies. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:537-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Catal M, King L, Tumbalam P, Wiriyajitsomboon P, Kirk WW, Adams GC. Heterokaryotic nuclear conditions and a heterogeneous nuclear population are observed by flow cytometry in Phytophthora infestans. Cytometry A 2010; 77:769-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koopman T, Linde CC, Fourie PH, McLeod A. Population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:723-736. [PMID: 20507533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Plasmopara viticola populations in South Africa were studied for two consecutive grape growing seasons, in an organically managed and a conventional fungicide-sprayed vineyard. Three to four samplings in each season were genotyped with four microsatellite markers (GOB, CES, ISA and BER). Population differentiation (Fst) between the conventional fungicide-sprayed vineyard and organically managed vineyard was low (0.004 and 0.016) in both growing seasons, suggesting one metapopulation. However, differences in the relative contribution of the predominant and new genotypes to epidemics in the two vineyards suggested that fungicide applications may have selected for reduced pathogen diversity. In both years and vineyards, sexual (oosporic) reproduction and/or migration occurred throughout the year and contributed between 12 and 74% to the epidemic. Hardy-Weinberg analyses suggest that South African P. viticola populations are randomly mating. Epidemics in both years and vineyards were dominated by one or two genotypes that each contributed between 14 and 67% to the epidemic through asexual reproduction. The remaining genotypes showed low levels of asexual reproduction, with most genotypes never being able to reproduce asexually. However, for some genotypes asexual reproduction was important, as it enabled survival of the genotypes from one season to the next. In total, ten genotypes were able to survive asexually or vegetatively from one season to the next. The populations were further characterized by the presence of a high frequency of isolates that most likely have elevated ploidy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Koopman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Abstract
Three common systemic human fungal pathogens--Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus--have retained all the machinery to engage in sexual reproduction, and yet their populations are often clonal with limited evidence for recombination. Striking parallels have emerged with four protozoan parasites that infect humans: Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium falciparum. Limiting sexual reproduction appears to be a common virulence strategy, enabling generation of clonal populations well adapted to host and environmental niches, yet retaining the ability to engage in sexual or parasexual reproduction and respond to selective pressure. Continued investigation of the sexual nature of microbial pathogens should facilitate both laboratory investigation and an understanding of the complex interplay between pathogens, hosts, vectors, and their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Cvitanich C, Judelson HS. Stable transformation of the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, using microprojectile bombardment. Curr Genet 2003; 42:228-35. [PMID: 12589474 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-002-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2002] [Revised: 09/19/2002] [Accepted: 09/28/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Germinated asexual sporangia, zoospores, and mycelia of Phytophthora infestans were transformed to G418-resistance by microprojectile bombardment. After optimization, an average of 14 transformants/shot were obtained, using 10(6) germinated sporangia and gold particles coated with 1 microg of vector. Transformants displayed tandem or simple insertions of vector sequences within chromosomes. Most primary transformants were heterokaryons of transformed and wild-type nuclei, a state which generally persisted for generations, even with G418 selection. Transgenic homokaryons were easily obtained from primary transformants through G418 selection of zoospores. To facilitate the optimization of transformation, experiments were performed using a vector containing neomycin phosphotransferase (npt) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) genes fused to oomycete transcriptional regulatory sequences. To indicate which orientations of transgenes would maximize their expression, head-to-head, head-to-tail, or tail-to-tail orientations of npt and GUS were compared. Each yielded similar rates of transformation and levels of GUS activity, indicating little transcriptional interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cvitanich
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Self-fertility in Phytophthora infestans: heterokaryons segregate several phenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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