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Cassarini M, Besaury L, Rémond C. Valorisation of wheat bran to produce natural pigments using selected microorganisms. J Biotechnol 2021; 339:81-92. [PMID: 34364925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigments are compounds with highly diverse structures and wide uses, which production is increasing worldwide. An eco-friendly method of bioproduction is to use the ability of some microorganisms to ferment on renewable carbon sources. Wheat bran (WB) is a cheap and abundant lignocellulosic co-product of low recalcitrance to biological conversion. Microbial candidates with theoretical ability to degrade WB were first preselected using specific databases. The microorganisms were Ashbya gossypii (producing riboflavin), Chitinophaga pinensis (producing flexirubin), Chromobacterium vaccinii (violacein) and Gordonia alkanivorans (carotenoids). Growth was shown for each on minimal salt medium supplemented with WB at 5 g.L-1. Activities of the main enzymes consuming WB were measured, showing leucine amino-peptidase (up to 8.45 IU. mL-1) and β-glucosidase activities (none to 6.44 IU. mL-1). This was coupled to a FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) study of the WB residues that showed main degradation of the WB protein fraction for C. pinensis, C. vaccinii and G. alkanivorans. Production of the pigments on WB was assessed for all the strains except Ashbya, with values of production reaching up to 1.47 mg.L-1. The polyphasic approach used in this study led to a proof of concept of pigment production from WB as a cheap carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cassarini
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51097, Reims, France.
| | - Ludovic Besaury
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51097, Reims, France.
| | - Caroline Rémond
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, 51097, Reims, France.
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Yu SJ, Pan Q, Luo R, Wang CL, Cheng LY, Yang JS, Zhou HN, Hou DY, Liu HQ, Ran C. Expression of exogenous dsRNA by Lecanicillium attenuatum enhances its virulence to Dialeurodes citri. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1014-1023. [PMID: 30221452 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dialeurodes citri is an important pest in citrus-producing areas of the world. Lecanicillium attenuatum parasitizes D. citri and kills it, suggesting a potential approach for the biological control of pests. However, the low virulence of the fungus and its slow rate of killing have limited its commercial competitiveness. The objective reason for these disadvantages is immunological rejection by the host. Our strategy was to use fungi to express the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of the host immune genes. The fungal hyphae release siRNA at the time of infection, thus interfering with the expression of immune genes in the host and facilitating fungal invasion. RESULTS We selected prophenoloxidase (DcPPO), prophenoloxidase-activating factor (DcPPO-AF), and lysozyme (DcLZM) as target genes to construct intron-splicing hairpin RNA expression vectors and to successfully obtain transgenic fungi. Two days after infection, the immune genes of D. citri showed varying degrees of silencing compared with those in the positive control group. The median lethal concentration (LC50 ; spores mL-1 ) values of La::GFP, La::DcPPO, La::DcPPO-AF, and La::DcLZM were 9.63 × 104 , 2.66 × 104 , 1.21 × 105 , and 3.31 × 104 , respectively. The 50% lethal time (LT50 ) values of these fungi were 5.15, 3.60, 5.34, and 4.04 days, respectively. The virulence of La::DcPPO and La::DcLZM increased 3.62- and 2.91-fold, respectively, and their LT50 decreased by 30.10% and 21.55%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that this method, which uses tens of thousands of hyphae to inject dsRNA to improve the virulence of transgenic fungi, can play a greater role in the prevention and control of pests in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Ren Luo
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Cui-Lun Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Yan Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan-Sheng Yang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao-Nan Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Yuan Hou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
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Devi G. Utilization of Nematode Destroying Fungi for Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes-A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nematode destroying fungi are potential biocontrol agent for management of plant-parasitic nematodes. They inhibit nematode population through trapping devices or by means of enzymes and metabolic products. They regulate nematode behavior by interfering plant-nematode recognition, and promote plant growth. For more effective biocontrol, thorough understanding of the biology of nematode destroying fungi, targeted nematode pest and the soil ecology and environmental condition in the field is necessary. This review highlights different types of nematode destroying fungi, their mode of action as well as commercial products based on reports published in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Devi
- Department of Nematology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India
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Yang J, Zhang KQ. Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Nematophagous Fungi. NEMATODE-TRAPPING FUNGI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8730-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhang Y, Qiao M, Xu J, Cao Y, Zhang KQ, Yu ZF. Genetic diversity and recombination in natural populations of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora from China. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:312-25. [PMID: 23467563 PMCID: PMC3586641 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi can trap and capture nematodes and other small invertebrates. This unique ability has made them ideal organisms from which to develop biological control agents against plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes. However, effective application of biocontrol agents in the field requires a comprehensive understanding about the ecology and population genetics of the nematophagous fungi in natural environments. Here, we genotyped 228 strains of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora using 12 single nucleotide polymorphic markers located on eight random DNA fragments. The strains were from different ecological niches and geographical regions from China. Our analyses identified that ecological niche separations contributed significantly, whereas geographic separation contributed relatively little to the overall genetic variation in our samples of A. oligospora. Interestingly, populations from stressful environments seemed to be more variable and showed more evidence for recombination than those from benign environments at the same geographic areas. We discussed the implications of our results to the conservation and biocontrol application of A. oligospora in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan UniversityKunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan UniversityKunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan UniversityKunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan UniversityKunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan UniversityKunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ze-Fen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan UniversityKunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
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Santi L, Silva WO, Pinto AF, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. Metarhizium anisopliae host–pathogen interaction: differential immunoproteomics reveals proteins involved in the infection process of arthropods. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:312-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharpton TJ, Stajich JE, Rounsley SD, Gardner MJ, Wortman JR, Jordar VS, Maiti R, Kodira CD, Neafsey DE, Zeng Q, Hung CY, McMahan C, Muszewska A, Grynberg M, Mandel MA, Kellner EM, Barker BM, Galgiani JN, Orbach MJ, Kirkland TN, Cole GT, Henn MR, Birren BW, Taylor JW. Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives. Genome Res 2009; 19:1722-31. [PMID: 19717792 DOI: 10.1101/gr.087551.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While most Ascomycetes tend to associate principally with plants, the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are primary pathogens of immunocompetent mammals, including humans. Infection results from environmental exposure to Coccidiodies, which is believed to grow as a soil saprophyte in arid deserts. To investigate hypotheses about the life history and evolution of Coccidioides, the genomes of several Onygenales, including C. immitis and C. posadasii; a close, nonpathogenic relative, Uncinocarpus reesii; and a more diverged pathogenic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, were sequenced and compared with those of 13 more distantly related Ascomycetes. This analysis identified increases and decreases in gene family size associated with a host/substrate shift from plants to animals in the Onygenales. In addition, comparison among Onygenales genomes revealed evolutionary changes in Coccidioides that may underlie its infectious phenotype, the identification of which may facilitate improved treatment and prevention of coccidioidomycosis. Overall, the results suggest that Coccidioides species are not soil saprophytes, but that they have evolved to remain associated with their dead animal hosts in soil, and that Coccidioides metabolism genes, membrane-related proteins, and putatively antigenic compounds have evolved in response to interaction with an animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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Huang X, Zhao N, Zhang K. Extracellular enzymes serving as virulence factors in nematophagous fungi involved in infection of the host. Res Microbiol 2005; 155:811-6. [PMID: 15567274 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular enzymes, including serine protease, chitinase and collagenase, corresponding to the main chemical constituents of the nematode cuticle and eggshell, have been reported to be involved in the infectious process as virulence factors. This review will focus on the categories, characterization, purification, cloning and potential function of these virulence enzymes and will attempt to provide new insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Huang
- Laboratory for Conversation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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Hoffman B, Breuil C. Analysis of the distribution and regulation of three representative subtilase genes in sapstaining fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:274-83. [PMID: 14732272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to grow in wood, sapstaining fungi produce multiple proteases. Previously we have shown that three groups of subtilases appear to be present in sapstaining fungi; however, it is unknown whether these groups have distinct physiological roles. A representative gene from each of the three groups was chosen and the copy number and presence of homologous genes in other sapstaining fungi were determined. As well, the expressional regulation of these genes was determined in response to available nutrients, exogenous pH, and culture age. Gene homologues in the Ofloc1 group were common in Ophiostoma species. However, homologues from the Opic group were found in only certain Ophiostoma species. Cr group homologues were found in all of the species tested, except for Ophiostoma piceae. The expression of opil1, an Ofloc1 group gene, was induced by BSA, regulated by pH, and expressed within 12h of induction by BSA. The expression of the opic gene, an Opic group gene, was induced by BSA but required the removal of either nitrogen or carbon repression, was also regulated by pH, and was expressed within 24h of BSA induction. The Cr group gene opil2 was expressed under all conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Hoffman
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Morton CO, Hirsch PR, Peberdy JP, Kerry BR. Cloning of and genetic variation in protease VCP1 from the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:38-46. [PMID: 12735242 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756202007050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia is a biocontrol agent with commercial potential for root knot and cyst nematodes. It produces an alkaline serine protease, VCP1, during infection of nematode eggs. The gene encoding VCP1 was sequenced and the sequences of cDNAs from six isolates from different nematode hosts were compared. The gene encoding VCP1 was similar to PR1 from Metarhizium anisopliae with similar regulatory elements. Comparison of translated cDNA sequences revealed two amino acid polymorphisms at positions 65 and 99, indicating a difference between isolates from cyst and root nematodes. The positions and nature of the polymorphisms indicated that the two forms of VCP1 might have different properties and this was tested with five chromogenic polypeptide substrates. Enzyme assays revealed the two forms differed in their abilities to utilise Succ-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNa and Succ-Ala-Val-Pro-Phe-pNa, suggesting different amino acid affinities at the S3 binding region. This indicates host related genetic variation in VCP1 between isolates of P. chlamydosporia isolated from different nematode hosts, which might contribute to host preference. Such differences may be important in future exploitation of P. chlamydosporia as a nematode biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliver Morton
- Nematode Interactions Unit, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Lopez-Llorca LV, Carbonell T, Gomez-Vidal S. Degradation of insect cuticle by Paecilomyces farinosus proteases. Mycol Prog 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-006-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Tikhonov VE, Lopez-Llorca LV, Salinas J, Jansson HB. Purification and characterization of chitinases from the nematophagous fungi Verticillium chlamydosporium and V. suchlasporium. Fungal Genet Biol 2002; 35:67-78. [PMID: 11860266 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.2001.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Culture filtrates of the nematophagous fungi Verticillium chlamydosporium and V. suchlasporium growing on colloidal chitin showed increasing chitinolytic activity and production of two (32- and 43-kDa) main proteins. Maximum activity was found 18-20 days after inoculation, but V. suchlasporium always displayed higher activity. Zymography of such filtrates on carboxymethyl-chitin-Remazol brilliant violet 5R/acrylamide gels showed five bands of substrate degradation for V. suchlasporium and three for V. chlamydosporium. Filtrates with maximum activity were chromatographed on macroporous cross-linked chitin affinity matrix, showing a peak of main (50-60%) activity, which only contained a 43-kDa protein for both fungi. Zymography and colloidal chitin degradation showed that it was a single endochitinase (CHI43) with optimum pH range of 5.2-5.7. The main isoforms had pIs of 7.6 for V. suchlasporium and 7.9 for V. chlamydosporium. Eggs of the nematode Globodera pallida treated with CHI43 and the serine protease P32 from V. suchlasporium alone or in combination showed surface damage in comparison with controls when examined by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Tikhonov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilow St., 28, Moscow, Russia
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Bidochka MJ, Melzer MJ. Genetic polymorphisms in three subtilisin-like protease isoforms (Pr1A, Pr1B, and Pr1C) from Metarhizium strains. Can J Microbiol 2000; 46:1138-44. [PMID: 11142404 DOI: 10.1139/w00-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were examined in three isoforms of a gene family encoding subtilisin-like proteases (Pr1A, Pr1B, and Pr1C) in several isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. RFLP variation was not observed in any of the Pr1 genes from isolates within the same genetically related group. Between genetically related groups and between isolates from disparate geographical areas, the greatest variation in RFLP patterns was observed for Pr1A. When variation does occur at Pr1B and Pr1C, it was generally observed at an EcoRI site. Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus strain 473 and a M. flavoviride isolate were most dissimilar in RFLP patterns at all Pr1 genes when compared to the M. anisopliae strains. We suggest that Pr1 genes represent a gene family of subtilisin-like proteases and that the Pr1A gene encodes for the ancestral subtilisin-like protease which has subsequently duplicated and rearranged within the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bidochka
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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Kerry BR. Rhizosphere Interactions and the Exploitation of Microbial Agents for the Biological Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2000; 38:423-441. [PMID: 11701849 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A range of specialist and generalist microorganisms in the rhizosphere attacks plant-parasitic nematodes. Plants have a profound effect on the impact of this microflora on the regulation of nematode populations by influencing both the dynamics of the nematode host and the structure and dynamics of the community of antagonists and parasites in the rhizosphere. In general, those organisms that have a saprophytic phase in their life cycle are most affected by environmental conditions in the rhizosphere, but effects on obligate parasites have also been recorded. Although nematodes influence the colonization of roots by pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms, little is known of such interactions with the natural enemies of nematodes in the rhizosphere. As nematodes influence the quantity and quality of root exudates, they are likely to affect the physiology of those microorganisms in the rhizosphere; such changes may be used as signals for nematode antagonists and parasites. Successful biological control strategies will depend on a thorough understanding of these interactions at the population, organismal, and molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Kerry
- Entomology and Nematology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; e-mail:
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