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de Marco Castro E, Valli G, Buffière C, Guillet C, Mullen B, Pratt J, Horner K, Naumann-Gola S, Bader-Mittermaier S, Paganini M, De Vito G, Roche HM, Dardevet D. Peripheral Amino Acid Appearance Is Lower Following Plant Protein Fibre Products, Compared to Whey Protein and Fibre Ingestion, in Healthy Older Adults despite Optimised Amino Acid Profile. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010035. [PMID: 36615694 PMCID: PMC9824653 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based proteins are generally characterised by lower Indispensable Amino Acid (IAA) content, digestibility, and anabolic properties, compared to animal-based proteins. However, they are environmentally friendlier, and wider consumption is advocated. Older adults have higher dietary protein needs to prevent sarcopenia, a disease marked by an accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. Given the lower environmental footprint of plant-based proteins and the importance of optimising dietary protein quality among older adults, this paper aims to assess the net peripheral Amino Acid (AA) appearance after ingestion of three different plant protein and fibre (PPF) products, compared to whey protein with added fibre (WPF), in healthy older adults. In a randomised, single-blind, crossover design, nine healthy men and women aged ≥65 years consumed four test meals balanced in AA according to the FAO reference protein for humans, matched for leucine, to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults. A fasted blood sample was drawn at each visit before consuming the test meal, followed by postprandial arterialise blood sampling every 30 min for 3 h. The test meal was composed of a soup containing either WPF or PPF 1-3. The PPF blends comprised pea proteins with varying additional rice, pumpkin, soy, oat, and/or almond protein. PPF product ingestion resulted in a lower maximal increase of postprandial leucine concentration and the sum of branched-chain AA (BCAA) and IAA concentrations, compared to WPF, with no effect on their incremental area under the curve. Plasma methionine and cysteine, and to a lesser extent threonine, appearance were limited after consuming the PPF products, but not WPF. Despite equal leucine doses, the WPF induced greater postprandial insulin concentrations than the PPF products. In conclusion, the postprandial appearance of AA is highly dependent on the protein source in older adults, despite providing equivalent IAA levels and dietary fibre. Coupled with lower insulin concentrations, this could imply less anabolic potential. Further investigation is required to understand the applicability of plant-based proteins in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Marco Castro
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giacomo Valli
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Caroline Buffière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Brian Mullen
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jedd Pratt
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Katy Horner
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanne Naumann-Gola
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str., 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Matteo Paganini
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Helen M. Roche
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Correspondence:
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Carraro V, Combaret L, Coudy-Gandilhon C, Parry L, Averous J, Maurin AC, Jousse C, Voyard G, Fafournoux P, Papet I, Bruhat A. Activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 Pathway by Chronic Paracetamol Treatment Is Prevented by Dietary Supplementation with Cysteine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137196. [PMID: 35806203 PMCID: PMC9266523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic treatment with acetaminophen (APAP) induces cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) deficiency which leads to adverse metabolic effects including muscle atrophy. Mammalian cells respond to essential amino acid deprivation through the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Phosphorylated eIF2α leads to the recruitment of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) to specific CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-ATF response element (CARE) located in the promoters of target genes. Our purpose was to study the activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in response to APAP-induced Cys deficiency, as well as the potential contribution of the eIF2α kinase GCN2 and the effect of dietary supplementation with Cys. Our results showed that chronic treatment with APAP activated both GCN2 and PERK eIF2α kinases and downstream target genes in the liver. Activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in skeletal muscle was accompanied by muscle atrophy even in the absence of GCN2. The dietary supplementation with cysteine reversed APAP-induced decreases in plasma-free Cys, liver GSH, muscle mass, and muscle GSH. Our new findings demonstrate that dietary Cys supplementation also reversed the APAP-induced activation of GCN2 and PERK and downstream ATF4-target genes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Carraro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Cécile Coudy-Gandilhon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Laurent Parry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Julien Averous
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Anne-Catherine Maurin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Céline Jousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Guillaume Voyard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Pierre Fafournoux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
| | - Isabelle Papet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Alain Bruhat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (V.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.-G.); (L.P.); (J.A.); (A.-C.M.); (C.J.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (A.B.)
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Wei YN, Lin B, Shu Y, Wang JH. Mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent imaging of cysteine. Analyst 2021; 146:4642-4648. [PMID: 34170269 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As an indispensable biothiol, cysteine (Cys) plays a critical part in cellular redox homeostasis, and pathological and physiological processes. One of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human cells is the substrate end of the respiratory chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Therefore, it is valuable to develop probes targeting mitochondria to detect Cys. In this work, we designed a novel fluorescent probe, 2-(2-(6-(acryloyloxy) naphthalen-2-yl) vinyl)-3-ethylbenzothiazol-3-ium (ANET). The naphthyl benzothiazole is the fluorophore group and the acrylate moiety is the Cys response site to avoid the interference of homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH). ANET combines multiple strengths for detecting Cys: targeting mitochondria, ratiometric fluorescence, high selectivity, and a large Stokes shift. After ANET reacted with Cys, the fluorescence signals changed from green (λem = 525 nm) to orange red (λem = 595 nm), and the detection limit was calculated to be 74 nM through a linear relationship between ratiometric fluorescence F595/F525 and Cys concentration. The imaging of Cys was confirmed in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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Sestili P, Fimognari C. Paracetamol-Induced Glutathione Consumption: Is There a Link With Severe COVID-19 Illness? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:579944. [PMID: 33117175 PMCID: PMC7577213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is posing an unprecedented sanitary threat: antiviral and host-directed medications to treat the disease are urgently needed. A great effort has been paid to find drugs and treatments for hospitalized, severely ill patients. However, medications used for the domiciliary management of early symptoms, notwithstanding their importance, have not been and are not presently regarded with the same attention and seriousness. In analogy with other airways viral infections, COVID-19 patients in the early phase require specific antivirals (still lacking) and non-etiotropic drugs to lower pain, fever, and control inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol (PAC) are widely used as non-etiotropic agents in common airways viral infections and hence are both theoretically repurposable for COVID-19. However, a warning from some research reports and National Authorities raised NSAIDs safety concerns because of the supposed induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels (the receptor used by SARS-CoV2 to enter host airways cells), the increased risk of bacterial superinfections and masking of disease symptoms. As a consequence, the use of NSAIDs was, and is still, discouraged while the alternative adoption of paracetamol is still preferred. On the basis of novel data and hypothesis on the possible role of scarce glutathione (GSH) levels in the exacerbation of COVID-19 and of the GSH depleting activity of PAC, this commentary raises the question of whether PAC may be the better choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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