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Burningham A, Brendgen M, Turgeon L, Vitaro F. The Social Failure Model: Do Classroom Norms Play a Role in the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Depressive Symptoms? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024:10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2. [PMID: 39167320 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating role of descriptive and status norms in the stability of youth's antisocial behavior, and the link between initial antisocial behavior and the development of depressive symptoms over the course of one academic year, while controlling for initial depression levels. A total of 1081 students (51.06% girls; grades 4 through 6) in schools in low to average socio-economic status neighborhoods completed self-reports and a peer nomination inventory in the fall (T1) and spring (T2) of one year. Descriptive norms were operationalized as the classroom- and sex-specific mean level of antisocial behavior. Status norms were operationalized as the classroom- and sex-specific correlation between antisocial behavior and social preference. Descriptive norms moderated the link between T1 and T2 antisocial behavior, such that youth exhibiting high levels of antisocial behavior showed a greater increase in antisocial behavior in classrooms where descriptive norms strongly favored such behavior (i.e., + 1 SD) than in classrooms with neutral or weak descriptive norms (i.e., - 1 SD). Status norms moderated the association between T1 antisocial behavior and T2 depressive symptoms, such that youth with high levels of antisocial behavior had higher depressive symptoms in classrooms where status norms disfavored antisocial behavior than in classrooms with neutral or favorable norms. No moderating effects of sex or grade were observed. These results suggest that both descriptive norms and status norms play important, albeit distinct, roles in exacerbating youth's depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior, but they may also mitigate these same outcomes in favorable contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Burningham
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, 200 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, 200 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Lyse Turgeon
- Department of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Department of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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A Link between Parental Psychopathology and Preschool Depression: Take Care of Parents to Take Care of Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010150. [PMID: 36670700 PMCID: PMC9857282 DOI: 10.3390/children10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a lot of evidence in the literature showing that early-onset depression determines an emotional and cognitive vulnerability for psychiatric disorders in subsequent years. AIMS The first aim of this outcome research was to analyze the impact of parental support treatment in a sample of depressed preschool children divided into two groups of comparison (under-reactive and over-reactive) through evolution in the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The second aim was to analyze the correlation between the presence of parental psychopathology and the severity of children's disorders. METHODS Our clinical sample consisted of 32 preschool-age children with a final diagnosis of MDD. The children's assessment included a psychiatric assessment to establish a diagnosis of MDD, confirmed by means of a semi-structured interview, which was administered again one month after the end of parental treatment. All the parents began a six-month parent training treatment conducted by experienced child psychiatrists, whereas children were not treated. During this period, the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) was filled out monthly in order to observe the evolution of the children's disorders. RESULTS Post-hoc tests showed a significant difference from before the treatment to after the treatment only in the over-reactive group (p = 0.00). Regarding parental psychiatric disorders, in the over-reactive group, only 3 children had no parents with psychopathology. In the under-reactive group, no child lacked a parent with psychopathology. CONCLUSION Parent training treatment seems to be a valid intervention to improve preschool depression, especially in over-reactive groups, and to prevent dysfunctional parental styles connected to parental psychopathology.
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Ansar N, Hjeltnes A, Stige SH, Binder PE, Stiegler JR. Parenthood-Lost and Found: Exploring Parents' Experiences of Receiving a Program in Emotion Focused Skills Training. Front Psychol 2021; 12:559188. [PMID: 34149488 PMCID: PMC8209250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.559188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parents play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and deterioration of child difficulties. Emotion focused skills training (EFST) targets parents’ capacity to provide their child with emotion-oriented skills in order to promote good child mental health. Few qualitative studies have specifically investigated parents’ experiences of receiving such programs. Objective This study aimed to explore how parents experience working with their own and their child’s emotions undergoing a short-term program in EFST; in particular, changes in their experience of being a parent and in everyday life are reported. Method Semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 parents who had completed a short-term EFST program (2-day group training and 6 h of supervision). Interview transcripts were analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Results A total of 14 parents (40% men, four couples, Mage = 39.5, SD = 4.4) participated in the study. Our analysis resulted in the following three themes: (1) “Coming home” as a parent, with the following subthemes: (a) New ways of being with their child and (b) Parents’ painful inner world; (2) Reclaiming parenthood—applying new tools and learning in challenging situations; and (3) This is us—changing the heart of the story. The first theme was related to the descriptions of the changes that emerged in parents’ inner lives, the second revolved around the employment of their skills intuitively and creatively based on what was required by the challenging situations, and the third theme referred to new discoveries on family dynamics. Conclusion Parents’ experiences of having wisdom and calmness inside them (being) and doing parenting differently, as well as the changed perspectives of the family (living), resonate with the theoretical ground of emotion-focused therapy (EFT). The findings also indicate that therapists should be aware of potential parental distress when working in view of changing unpleasant emotions in such skill-based programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ansar
- Norwegian Institute of Emotion-Focused Therapy, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aslak Hjeltnes
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Signe Hjelen Stige
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review findings related to predictors, correlates, outcomes, and treatment of preschool depression that have been published in the last 3 years. RECENT FINDINGS Preschool depression displays a chronic course through late adolescence and is associated with temperamental and personality traits, poorer physical health, and negative parenting practices. Preschool depression predicts deficits into adolescence, including social difficulties and blunted neural response to rewards. Depressed preschoolers can experience suicidal ideation and behaviors and display an accurate understanding of the finality of death. A treatment for preschool depression has now been validated that uses the parent-child relationship to enhance emotion development and reduce depressive symptoms. Preschool depression is homotypic with depression that occurs later in life. Future work elucidating mechanisms through which preschool depression develops and informs the sub-groups for which particular treatments may be most effective will have considerable implications for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kirsten E Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura Hennefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Wilhelmsen-Langeland A, Aardal H, Hjelmseth V, Fyhn KH, Stige SH. An Emotion Focused Family Therapy workshop for parents with children 6-12 years increased parental self-efficacy. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2019.1655921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Wilhelmsen-Langeland
- Norwegian Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy (NIEFT), Institute for Psychological Counselling, Bergen, Norway
| | - H. Aardal
- Norwegian Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy (NIEFT), Institute for Psychological Counselling, Bergen, Norway
| | - V. Hjelmseth
- Norwegian Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy (NIEFT), Institute for Psychological Counselling, Bergen, Norway
| | - K. H. Fyhn
- Norwegian Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy (NIEFT), Institute for Psychological Counselling, Bergen, Norway
| | - S. H. Stige
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Steinsbekk S, Wichstrøm L. Cohort Profile: The Trondheim Early Secure Study (TESS)—a study of mental health, psychosocial development and health behaviour from preschool to adolescence. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1401-1401i. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silje Steinsbekk
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- NTNU Social Science, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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The longitudinal association between temperament and physical activity in young children. Prev Med 2018; 111:342-347. [PMID: 29197529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the longitudinal association of negative affect and physical activity in a population of preschool children. STUDY DESIGN Participants included 763 children (53% male) attending scheduled health supervision visits in their primary care physicians' offices. Data were collected at two time points at mean ages 27 (SD=5.4) and 47 (SD=6.2) months. Negative affect (NA) was measured using the Negative Affectivity (frustration/anger, decreased soothability) domain of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Physical Activity (PA) was assessed using a parent-report questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses tested the association between NA and PA, adjusting for child age, sex, z-BMI, PA at Time 1, maternal education, household income, and season, and examined for sex differences in the relationship between NA and PA. RESULTS The longitudinal association between NA at Time 1 and PA at Time 2 was moderated by sex (p<0.001). After adjusting for covariates, females with greater NA at Time 1 had decreased PA at Time 2 (p=0.01), whereas males with greater NA at Time 1 had increased PA at Time 2 (p=0.01). Specifically, among females, every 1 unit increase in NA at Time 1 was associated with a 9.9min/day decrease in PA at Time 2 (95% CI: -17.1, -2.8). CONCLUSIONS NA and PA were associated early in childhood and the effects of NA on PA were gender specific. These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal and gender-specific analyses in mood-obesity research.
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Wang Y. Intergenerational Transmission of Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Parental Negative Perceptions and Behaviors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:123-136. [PMID: 28516386 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined parental proximal processes involving in the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms from parents to their children. Extant literature has predominantly focused on maternal depressive symptoms. Yet, the mechanisms that may underlie the transmission of paternal depressive symptoms is less often studied. Participants were Chinese parents of first-graders (N = 2282). Results of structural equation modeling suggested that maternal and paternal depressive symptoms may be transmitted to their children through differential processes. Depressive symptoms in mothers, but not in fathers, were associated with their negatively-biased perceptions and dysfunctional parenting practices, which then predicted depressive symptoms in children. Moreover, mothers' depressive symptoms were associated with children's depressive symptoms regardless of child gender, whereas fathers' depressive symptoms were associated with boys', but not girls', depressive symptoms. Findings expand the understandings on parental processes in the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms in families, the role of paternal depressive symptoms in promoting children's depressive symptoms, and who may be at particular risks for psychopathology in the face of parental depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiji Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Junxiu Building 213, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Abstract
This article reviews recent empirical literature on the prevalence, correlates, assessment, and treatment of preschool-onset internalizing disorders. Major advances in the acceptance and recognition of both preschool-onset depression and anxiety have occurred over the past decade. This work has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of genetic, neural, and physiologic indicators, which further validate these constellations of symptoms in young children. Despite this growth in research, much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the cause, risk, treatment, and protective factors for preschool-onset internalizing disorders.
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Zahl T, Steinsbekk S, Wichstrøm L. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Symptoms of Major Depression in Middle Childhood. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-1711. [PMID: 28069664 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prospective relation between physical activity and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-defined major depression in middle childhood is unknown, as is the stability of depression. We therefore aimed to (1) determine whether there are reciprocal relations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior, on one hand, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition defined symptoms of major depressive disorder, on the other and (2) assess the extent of stability in depressive symptoms from age 6 to 10 years. METHODS A community sample of children living in Trondheim, Norway, comprising a total of 795 6-year-old children was followed up at 8 (n = 699) and 10 (n = 702) years of age. Physical activity was recorded by accelerometry and symptoms of major depression were measured through semistructured clinical interviews of parents and children. Bidirectional relationships between MVPA, sedentary activity, and symptoms of depression were analyzed through autoregressive cross-lagged models, and adjusted for symptoms of comorbid psychiatric disorders and BMI. RESULTS At both age 6 and 8 years, higher MVPA predicted fewer symptoms of major depressive disorders 2 years later. Sedentary behavior did not predict depression, and depression predicted neither MVPA nor sedentary activity. The number of symptoms of major depression declined from ages 6 to 8 years and evidenced modest continuity. CONCLUSIONS MVPA predicts fewer symptoms of major depression in middle childhood, and increasing MVPA may serve as a complementary method to prevent and treat childhood depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Zahl
- NTNU Social Reseach, Trondheim, Norway; and .,Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Steinsbekk
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- NTNU Social Reseach, Trondheim, Norway; and.,Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Garaigordobil M, Bernarás E, Jaureguizar J, Machimbarrena JM. Childhood Depression: Relation to Adaptive, Clinical and Predictor Variables. Front Psychol 2017; 8:821. [PMID: 28572787 PMCID: PMC5435802 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study had two goals: (1) to explore the relations between self-assessed childhood depression and other adaptive and clinical variables (2) to identify predictor variables of childhood depression. Participants were 420 students aged 7-10 years old (53.3% boys, 46.7% girls). Results revealed: (1) positive correlations between depression and clinical maladjustment, school maladjustment, emotional symptoms, internalizing and externalizing problems, problem behaviors, emotional reactivity, and childhood stress; and (2) negative correlations between depression and personal adaptation, global self-concept, social skills, and resilience (sense of competence and affiliation). Linear regression analysis including the global dimensions revealed 4 predictors of childhood depression that explained 50.6% of the variance: high clinical maladjustment, low global self-concept, high level of stress, and poor social skills. However, upon introducing the sub-dimensions, 9 predictor variables emerged that explained 56.4% of the variance: many internalizing problems, low family self-concept, high anxiety, low responsibility, low personal self-assessment, high social stress, few aggressive behaviors toward peers, many health/psychosomatic problems, and external locus of control. The discussion addresses the importance of implementing prevention programs for childhood depression at early ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Garaigordobil
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque CountrySan Sebastian, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maite Garaigordobil,
| | - Elena Bernarás
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of the Basque CountrySan Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joana Jaureguizar
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University College of Teaching Training, University of the Basque CountryBilbao, Spain
| | - Juan M. Machimbarrena
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque CountrySan Sebastian, Spain
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