1
|
Chapple M, Davis P, Billington J, Corcoran R. Exploring the different cognitive, emotional and imaginative experiences of autistic and non-autistic adult readers when contemplating serious literature as compared to non-fiction. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1001268. [PMID: 37213386 PMCID: PMC10192853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent research has demonstrated how reflections on serious literature can challenge dominant social-deficit views of autism. This method enables autistic readers to explore social realities more slowly and carefully, encouraging detail-focused considerations. Previous research has also shown that autistic and non-autistic readers reflecting on serious literature together are able to achieve mutuality in a way that enables them to overcome the double empathy problem. However, the advantages of reading aloud designs have yet to be explored with autistic and non-autistic readers due to previous concerns amongst autistic people on the issue of being read aloud to. The present study aimed to explore how an adapted shared reading design that compared serious literature and non-fiction would enable autistic and non-autistic readers to imaginatively engage in the reading experience. Methods Seven autistic and six non-autistic participants read 8 short text extracts alone while listening to pre-recorded audio of an experienced reader reading each text aloud. Participants completed a reflective questionnaire for each text and a follow-up interview where moving parts of the text were then re-read aloud before discussion. Half of these texts were serious literature, while the other half were non-fiction. Similarly, half of the texts explored fictional social realities that depicted a lack of mutuality, or non-fiction accounts of autism; while the other half explored broader emotional experiences. Results Thematic and literary analysis of participant reflections and follow-up interviews revealed three main themes: (1) From Surface Reading to Intuitive Engagement, (2) Imaginative Feeling and (3) Going Forward from the Reading Experience. Discussion The findings showed that autistic readers were better able to hold onto the detailed complexity of serious literature, while non-autistic readers tended to reduce information down to key ideas and understandings for later generalization. Findings are discussed in relation to future shared reading designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chapple
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Davis
- Centre for Research Into Reading, Literature and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Josie Billington
- Centre for Research Into Reading, Literature and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon Corcoran
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Research Into Reading, Literature and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bikson M, Giordano J. Defining distinction between real vs hypothetical problems in the ethics of neurotechnology. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:977-979. [PMID: 37301469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, USA.
| | - James Giordano
- Dept of Neurology and Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Velthoven EAM, van Stuijvenberg OC, Haselager DRE, Broekman M, Chen X, Roelfsema P, Bredenoord AL, Jongsma KR. Ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses-a systematic review. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35475424 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac65b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this review was to systematically identify the ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses.Approach. A systematic search was performed in both PubMed and Embase using a search string that combined synonyms for visual neuroprostheses, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), cochlear implants (CIs), and ethics. We chose to include literature on BCIs and CIs, because of their ethically relavant similarities and functional parallels with visual neuroprostheses.Main results. We included 84 articles in total. Six focused specifically on visual prostheses. The other articles focused more broadly on neurotechnologies, on BCIs or CIs. We identified 169 ethical implications that have been categorized under seven main themes: (a) benefits for health and well-being; (b) harm and risk; (c) autonomy; (d) societal effects; (e) clinical research; (f) regulation and governance; and (g) involvement of experts, patients and the public.Significance. The development and clinical use of visual neuroprostheses is accompanied by ethical issues that should be considered early in the technological development process. Though there is ample literature on the ethical implications of other types of neuroprostheses, such as motor neuroprostheses and CIs, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the ethical implications of visual neuroprostheses. Our findings can serve as a starting point for further research and normative analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A M van Velthoven
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - O C van Stuijvenberg
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - D R E Haselager
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - M Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - X Chen
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Roelfsema
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A L Bredenoord
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K R Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
DeFranco J, Calabrese E, Giordano J. Restoring cerebral circulation and function postmortem: A multidimensional analysis. Brain Circ 2019; 5:94-96. [PMID: 31334363 PMCID: PMC6611189 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_10_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph DeFranco
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Edward Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry; Neuroethics Studies Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Snow J, Giordano J. Aerosolized Nanobots: Parsing Fact from Fiction for Health Security—A Dialectical View. Health Secur 2019; 17:77-79. [DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Snow
- Jennifer Snow, MS, is a lieutenant colonel in the US Air Force, assigned as the US Special Operations Command Donovan Group Innovation Officer, and USSOCOM J5 Future Plans and Strategy Team Air Force Representative at MacDill AFB; she is the Technology Liaison Officer for SOFWERX, Tampa, FL
| | - James Giordano
- James Giordano, PhD, is Professor, Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, and Chief, Neuroethics Studies Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, and is Donovan Group Senior Fellow, Biowarfare and Biodefense, USSOCOM 2019
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yaden DB, Eichstaedt JC, Medaglia JD. The Future of Technology in Positive Psychology: Methodological Advances in the Science of Well-Being. Front Psychol 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 29967586 PMCID: PMC6016018 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biotechnology and information technology are poised to transform well-being research. This article reviews the technologies that we predict will have the most impact on both measurement and intervention in the field of positive psychology over the next decade. These technologies include: psychopharmacology, non-invasive brain stimulation, virtual reality environments, and big-data methods for large-scale multivariate analysis. Some particularly relevant potential costs and benefits to individual and collective well-being are considered for each technology as well as ethical considerations. As these technologies may substantially enhance the capacity of psychologists to intervene on and measure well-being, now is the time to discuss the potential promise and pitfalls of these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Yaden
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - John D. Medaglia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iwry J, Yaden DB, Newberg AB. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Personal Identity: Ethical Considerations. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:281. [PMID: 28638327 PMCID: PMC5461331 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technology advances, these methods may become increasingly capable of influencing complex networks of mental functioning. We suggest that these might include cognitive and affective processes underlying personality and belief systems, which would raise important questions concerning personal identity and autonomy. We give particular attention to the relationship between personal identity and belief, emphasizing the importance of respecting users' personal values. We posit that research participants and patients should be encouraged to take an active approach to considering the personal implications of altering their own cognition, particularly in cases of neurocognitive "enhancement." We suggest that efforts to encourage careful consideration through the informed consent process would contribute usefully to studies and treatments that use NIBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iwry
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - David B. Yaden
- Department of Psychology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew B. Newberg
- Myrna Brind Center for Integrative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|