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Zavattieri L, Muñoz González F, Ferrero MC, Baldi PC. Immune Responses Potentially Involved in the Gestational Complications of Brucella Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1450. [PMID: 38133333 PMCID: PMC10747693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Brucella species in pregnant animals and humans is associated with an increased risk of abortion, preterm birth, and transmission of the infection to the offspring. The pathogen has a marked tropism for the placenta and the pregnant uterus and has the ability to invade and replicate within cells of the maternal-fetal unit, including trophoblasts and decidual cells. Placentitis is a common finding in infected pregnant animals. Several proinflammatory factors have been found to be increased in both the placenta of Brucella-infected animals and in trophoblasts or decidual cells infected in vitro. As normal pregnancies require an anti-inflammatory placental environment during most of the gestational period, Brucella-induced placentitis is thought to be associated with the obstetric complications of brucellosis. A few studies suggest that the blockade of proinflammatory factors may prevent abortion in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Zavattieri
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (F.M.G.); (M.C.F.)
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Florencia Muñoz González
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (F.M.G.); (M.C.F.)
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Mariana C. Ferrero
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (F.M.G.); (M.C.F.)
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Pablo C. Baldi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (F.M.G.); (M.C.F.)
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
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Li W, Yuan W, Huang S, Zou L, Zheng K, Xie D. Research progress on the mechanism of Treponema pallidum breaking through placental barrier. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106392. [PMID: 37852552 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Congenital syphilis, a significant cause of fetal mortality worldwide, is a congenital infectious disease instigated by the vertical transmission of Treponema pallidum during pregnancy. Clinical manifestations include preterm delivery, stillbirth, neonatal skin lesions, skeletal abnormalities, and central nervous system aberrations. The ongoing increase in the incidence of congenital syphilis, coupled with complexities in diagnosis, necessitates a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis for the development of improved diagnostic approaches, and to interrupt the route of vertical transmission. Drawing from the broader body of research associated with vertical transmission pathogens, we aim to clarify the potential mechanisms by which Treponema pallidum breaches the placental barrier to infect the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China.
| | - Dongde Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China.
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Conner KN, Holman D, Lydic T, Hardy JW. Infection with Listeria monocytogenes alters the placental transcriptome and eicosanome. Placenta 2022; 128:29-35. [PMID: 36057170 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental infection and inflammation are risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm labor. However, the mechanisms underlying these outcomes are poorly understood. METHODS To study this response, we have employed a pregnant mouse model of placental infection caused by the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocyogenes, which infects the human placenta. Through in vivo bioluminescence imaging, we confirm the presence of placental infection and quantify relative infection levels. Infected and control placentas were collected on embryonic day 18 for RNA sequencing to evaluate gene expression signatures associated with infection by Listeria. RESULTS We identified an enrichment of genes associated with eicosanoid biosynthesis, suggesting an increase in eicosanoid production in infected tissues. Because of the known importance of eicosanoids in inflammation and timing of labor, we quantified eicosanoid levels in infected and uninfected placentas using semi-targeted mass spectrometry. We found a significant increase in the concentrations of several key eicosanoids: leukotriene B4, lipoxin A4, prostaglandin A2, prostaglandin D2, and eicosatrienoic acid. DISCUSSION Our study provides a likely explanation for dysregulation of the timing of labor following placental infection. Further, our results suggest potential biomarkers of placental pathology and targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N Conner
- Michigan State University Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, MI, United States; Michigan State University Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Derek Holman
- Stanford University School of Medicine Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Todd Lydic
- Michigan State University Department of Physiology, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Jonathan W Hardy
- Michigan State University Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, MI, United States; Michigan State University Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Nicholas RE, Sandstrom K, Anderson JL, Smith WR, Wetzel M, Banerjee P, Janaka SK, Evans DT. KIR3DL05 and KIR3DS02 Recognition of a Nonclassical MHC Class I Molecule in the Rhesus Macaque Implicated in Pregnancy Success. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841136. [PMID: 35401580 PMCID: PMC8984097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the MHC class I ligands of rhesus macaque killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) is fundamental to understanding the role of natural killer (NK) cells in this species as a nonhuman primate model for infectious diseases, transplantation and reproductive biology. We previously identified Mamu-AG as a ligand for KIR3DL05. Mamu-AG is a nonclassical MHC class I molecule that is expressed at the maternal-fetal interface of the placenta in rhesus macaques similar to HLA-G in humans. Although Mamu-AG and HLA-G share similar molecular features, including limited polymorphism and a short cytoplasmic tail, Mamu-AG is considerably more polymorphic. To determine which allotypes of Mamu-AG serve as ligands for KIR3DL05, we tested reporter cell lines expressing five different alleles of KIR3DL05 (KIR3DL05*001, KIR3DL05*004, KIR3DL05*005, KIR3DL05*008 and KIR3DL05*X) for responses to target cells expressing eight different alleles of Mamu-AG. All five allotypes of KIR3DL05 responded to Mamu-AG2*01:01, two exhibited dominant responses to Mamu-AG1*05:01, and three had low but detectable responses to Mamu-AG3*03:01, -AG3*03:02, -AG3*03:03 and -AG3*03:04. Since KIR3DL05*X is the product of recombination between KIR3DL05 and KIR3DS02, we also tested an allotype of KIR3DS02 (KIR3DS02*004) and found that this activating KIR also recognizes Mamu-AG2*01:01. Additional analysis of Mamu-AG variants with single amino acid substitutions identified residues in the α1-domain essential for recognition by KIR3DL05. These results reveal variation in KIR3DL05 and KIR3DS02 responses to Mamu-AG and define Mamu-AG polymorphisms that differentially affect KIR recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Nicholas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kjell Sandstrom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Willow R. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molly Wetzel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Priyankana Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Decidual NK cells kill Zika virus-infected trophoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115410118. [PMID: 34785597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115410118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy infects fetal trophoblasts and causes placental damage and birth defects including microcephaly. Little is known about the anti-ZIKV cellular immune response at the maternal-fetal interface. Decidual natural killer cells (dNK), which directly contact fetal trophoblasts, are the dominant maternal immune cells in the first-trimester placenta, when ZIKV infection is most hazardous. Although dNK express all the cytolytic molecules needed to kill, they usually do not kill infected fetal cells but promote placentation. Here, we show that dNK degranulate and kill ZIKV-infected placental trophoblasts. ZIKV infection of trophoblasts causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which makes them dNK targets by down-regulating HLA-C/G, natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptor ligands that help maintain tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus. ER stress also activates the NK activating receptor NKp46. ZIKV infection of Ifnar1 -/- pregnant mice results in high viral titers and severe intrauterine growth restriction, which are exacerbated by depletion of NK or CD8 T cells, indicating that killer lymphocytes, on balance, protect the fetus from ZIKV by eliminating infected cells and reducing the spread of infection.
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Gare J, Kanoute A, Meda N, Viennot S, Bourgeois D, Carrouel F. Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137194. [PMID: 34281133 PMCID: PMC8297070 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia, the second most frequent direct source of maternal mortality, is a multisystem gestational disorder characterized by proteinuria and maternal hypertension after the 20th gestational week. Although the causes of pre-eclampsia are still discussed, research has suggested that the placenta has a central place in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, current surveys indicated that periodontal disorders observed during the pregnancy and more particularly, periodontal pathogens could be link to the risk of pre-eclampsia. OBJECTIVES This article aims to review recent studies focusing on periodontal conditions and pathogens associated with pre-eclampsia. METHODS The process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. RESULTS Metabolic conditions, immunological changes, fluctuating progesterone and estrogen levels of the pregnant woman induce a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and contribute to increase inflammation of periodontal tissues. Periodontal pathogens could diffuse through the bloodstream inducing a placenta inflammatory response as well as inflammatory molecules produced in response to periodontopathogens could migrate through the bloodstream leading to a placenta inflammatory response. Also, periodontopathogens can colonize the vaginal microbiota through the gastrointestinal tract or during oro-genital contacts. CONCLUSION A cumulative bi-directional relationship between periodontal conditions, pathogens and the pre-eclampsia exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Gare
- Laboratory P2S (Health Systemic Process), UR4129, University Claude Bernard of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; (J.G.); (S.V.); (D.B.)
- Public Health Laboratory (LASAP), ED2S Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, University Joseph Ki Zerbo, Ouagadougou 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Aida Kanoute
- Public Health Service, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar 10700, Senegal;
| | - Nicolas Meda
- Public Health Laboratory (LASAP), ED2S Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, University Joseph Ki Zerbo, Ouagadougou 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Stephane Viennot
- Laboratory P2S (Health Systemic Process), UR4129, University Claude Bernard of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; (J.G.); (S.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory P2S (Health Systemic Process), UR4129, University Claude Bernard of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; (J.G.); (S.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory P2S (Health Systemic Process), UR4129, University Claude Bernard of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; (J.G.); (S.V.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-78-78-57-44
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Wang Z, Tao X, Liu S, Zhao Y, Yang X. An Update Review on Listeria Infection in Pregnancy. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1967-1978. [PMID: 34079306 PMCID: PMC8165209 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s313675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is an intracellular, aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium, which is primarily transmitted to humans orally via food. LM could occur in asymptomatic pregnant women; however, fetal infection is a serious condition, entailing premature birth, abortion, sepsis, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, or even death. If a pregnant woman exhibits symptoms, the performance is almost like influenza, such as fever, headache, diarrhea, myalgia, or other digestive-related symptoms. This review collected clinical and empirical results regarding the mechanism, clinical manifestations, obstetrical outcome, diagnosis, treatment, vertical transmission, neonatal infection, and prevention of listeriosi according to articles published in PubMed from January 1, 1980, to March 20, 2021. The early detection and diagnosis of pregnancy-associated listeriosis are significant since sensitive antibiotics are effective at enhancing the prognosis of newborns. Listeriosis can be diagnosed using positive cultures from maternal or neonatal blood, neonatal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), amniotic fluid, intrauterine mucosa, or the placenta. Two weeks of high-dose intravenous amoxicillin (more than 6 g/day) is recommended for LM pregnant women without allergy. Terminating the pregnancy to save the mother’s life should be considered if maternal and fetal conditions aggravate. Neonatal Listeria infection is primarily transmitted through the placenta, which is a critical illness associated with a high mortality rate. The necessary dietary guidance for pregnant women can reduce the incidence rate of pregnancy-related listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Tao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Moura LM, Ferreira VLDR, Loureiro RM, de Paiva JPQ, Rosa-Ribeiro R, Amaro E, Soares MBP, Machado BS. The Neurobiology of Zika Virus: New Models, New Challenges. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:654078. [PMID: 33897363 PMCID: PMC8059436 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.654078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted attention due to one striking characteristic: the ability to cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus, possibly causing severe neurodevelopmental disruptions included in the Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Few years after the epidemic, the CZS incidence has begun to decline. However, how ZIKV causes a diversity of outcomes is far from being understood. This is probably driven by a chain of complex events that relies on the interaction between ZIKV and environmental and physiological variables. In this review, we address open questions that might lead to an ill-defined diagnosis of CZS. This inaccuracy underestimates a large spectrum of apparent normocephalic cases that remain underdiagnosed, comprising several subtle brain abnormalities frequently masked by a normal head circumference. Therefore, new models using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence are needed to improve our understanding of the neurobiology of ZIKV and its true impact in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edson Amaro
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Bahia, Brazil.,University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning - SENAI, Bahia, Brazil
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Preconceptual Priming Overrides Susceptibility to Escherichia coli Systemic Infection during Pregnancy. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00002-21. [PMID: 33622714 PMCID: PMC8545081 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00002-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Escherichia coli is a primary cause of bacteremia in women and occurs more frequently during pregnancy. Several key outstanding questions remain regarding how to identify women at highest infection risk and how to boost immunity against E. coli infection during pregnancy. Here, we show that pregnancy-induced susceptibility to E. coli systemic infection extends to rodents as a model of human infection. Mice infected during pregnancy contain >100-fold-more recoverable bacteria in target tissues than nonpregnant controls. Infection leads to near complete fetal wastage that parallels placental plus congenital fetal invasion. Susceptibility in maternal tissues positively correlates with the number of concepti, suggesting important contributions by expanded placental-fetal target tissue. Remarkably, these pregnancy-induced susceptibility phenotypes are also efficiently overturned in mice with resolved sublethal infection prior to pregnancy. Preconceptual infection primes the accumulation of E. coli-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, and adoptive transfer of serum containing these antibodies to naive recipient mice protects against fetal wastage. Together, these results suggest that the lack of E. coli immunity may help discriminate individuals at risk during pregnancy, and that overriding susceptibility to E. coli prenatal infection by preconceptual priming is a potential strategy for boosting immunity in this physiological window of vulnerability.IMPORTANCE Pregnancy makes women especially vulnerable to infection. The most common cause of bloodstream infection during pregnancy is by a bacterium called Escherichia coli This bacterium is a very common cause of bloodstream infection, not just during pregnancy but in all individuals, from newborn babies to the elderly, probably because it is always present in our intestine and can intermittently invade through this mucosal barrier. We first show that pregnancy in animals also makes them more susceptible to E. coli bloodstream infection. This is important because many of the dominant factors likely to control differences in human infection susceptibility can be property controlled for only in animals. Despite this vulnerability induced by pregnancy, we also show that animals with resolved E. coli infection are protected against reinfection during pregnancy, including having resistance to most infection-induced pregnancy complications. Protection against reinfection is mediated by antibodies that can be measured in the blood. This information may help to explain why most women do not develop E. coli infection during pregnancy, enabling new approaches for identifying those at especially high risk of infection and strategies for preventing infection during pregnancy.
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Olaniyi KS, Moodley J, Mahabeer Y, Mackraj I. Placental Microbial Colonization and Its Association With Pre-eclampsia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:413. [PMID: 32903432 PMCID: PMC7434969 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and role of the microbiome in regulating physiological and pathophysiological conditions including metabolism, energy homeostasis, immune tolerance, behavior, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular-related diseases is of immense interest. It is now clear that the human placenta is not sterile, but rather colonized with microbes. The placental and vaginal microbiomes are distinct however, the placental microbiome is comparable with the oral microbiome, with a limited variation when compared with the gut microbiome. Pre-eclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, remains the leading cause of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. This is largely due to the lack of a clear etiology of PE and consequently, diagnostic strategies, and treatment are sub-optimal. The present review focuses on the current understanding of the placental microbiome and its implication in the etiology of PE. It provides a perspective on the alteration of placental microbiome as a possible therapeutic approach in the prevention and management of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde S Olaniyi
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yesholata Mahabeer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Zavattieri L, Ferrero MC, Alonso Paiva IM, Sotelo AD, Canellada AM, Baldi PC. Brucella abortus Proliferates in Decidualized and Non-Decidualized Human Endometrial Cells Inducing a Proinflammatory Response. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050369. [PMID: 32408491 PMCID: PMC7281465 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. have been associated with abortion in humans and animals. Although the mechanisms involved are not well established, it is known that placental Brucella infection is accompanied by inflammatory phenomena. The ability of Brucella abortus to infect and survive in human endometrial stromal cells (T-HESC cell line) and the cytokine response elicited were evaluated. B. abortus was able to infect and proliferate in both non-decidualized and decidualized T-HESC cells. Intracellular proliferation depended on the expression of a functional virB operon in the pathogen. B. abortus internalization was inhibited by cytochalasin D and to a lower extent by colchicine, but was not affected by monodansylcadaverine. The infection did not induce cytotoxicity and did not alter the decidualization status of cells. B. abortus infection elicited the secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 in either decidualized or non-decidualized T-HESC, a response also induced by heat-killed B. abortus and outer membrane vesicles derived from this bacterium. The stimulation of T-HESC with conditioned media from Brucella-infected macrophages induced the production of IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was shown to depend on IL-1β and TNF-α. The proinflammatory responses of T-HESC to B. abortus and to factors produced by infected macrophages may contribute to the gestational complications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Zavattieri
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Mariana C. Ferrero
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Iván M. Alonso Paiva
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Agustina D. Sotelo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Andrea M. Canellada
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
| | - Pablo C. Baldi
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (L.Z.); (M.C.F.); (I.M.A.P.); (A.D.S.); (A.M.C.)
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires 1033, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-5287-4419
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Mittal N, Byard RW, Dahlstrom JE. A practical guide to placental examination for forensic pathologists. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 16:295-312. [PMID: 31873913 PMCID: PMC8585837 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a complex interface organ that may hold clues to the reasons for fetal, neonatal or maternal demise. For this reason, placental examination should be a mandatory part of all perinatal or maternal autopsies. While published protocols for the examination of the placenta exist, they are often not adopted. The following review provides practical guidelines for placental examination, with discussion of specific medical conditions that can negatively impact upon the fetus, neonate or mother involving placental pathology to cause death. The review aims to discuss concepts, with illustrations, that forensic pathologists may not routinely focus on in death investigations that may either contribute or mask the cause of a fetal or neonatal death, or are associated with a recurrence risk. While it is recognized that many forensic facilities do not have formal guidelines for placental examination, involvement of local perinatal pathology services in cases is one way of obtaining additional specialist expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Mittal
- Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services PO Box 11, Woden, ACT, 2606, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Rd., Adelaide, 5005, Australia.,Forensic Science SA, GPO Box 2790, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- Anatomical Pathology, ACT Pathology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra Health Services PO Box 11, Woden, ACT, 2606, Australia. .,College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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13
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Byndloss MX, Tsai AY, Walker GT, Miller CN, Young BM, English BC, Seyffert N, Kerrinnes T, de Jong MF, Atluri VL, Winter MG, Celli J, Tsolis RM. Brucella abortus Infection of Placental Trophoblasts Triggers Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Cell Death and Fetal Loss via Type IV Secretion System-Dependent Activation of CHOP. mBio 2019; 10:e01538-19. [PMID: 31337727 PMCID: PMC6650558 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01538-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Subversion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function is a feature shared by multiple intracellular bacteria and viruses, and in many cases this disruption of cellular function activates pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In the case of infection with Brucella abortus, the etiologic agent of brucellosis, the unfolded protein response in the infected placenta contributes to placentitis and abortion, leading to pathogen transmission. Here we show that B. abortus infection of pregnant mice led to death of infected placental trophoblasts in a manner that depended on the VirB type IV secretion system (T4SS) and its effector VceC. The trophoblast death program required the ER stress-induced transcription factor CHOP. While NOD1/NOD2 expression in macrophages contributed to ER stress-induced inflammation, these receptors did not play a role in trophoblast death. Both placentitis and abortion were independent of apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC). These studies show that B. abortus uses its T4SS to induce cell-type-specific responses to ER stress in trophoblasts that trigger placental inflammation and abortion. Our results suggest further that in B. abortus the T4SS and its effectors are under selection as bacterial transmission factors.IMPORTANCEBrucella abortus infects the placenta of pregnant cows, where it replicates to high levels and triggers abortion of the calf. The aborted material is highly infectious and transmits infection to both cows and humans, but very little is known about how B. abortus causes abortion. By studying this infection in pregnant mice, we discovered that B. abortus kills trophoblasts, which are important cells for maintaining pregnancy. This killing required an injected bacterial protein (VceC) that triggered an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in the trophoblast. By inhibiting ER stress or infecting mice that lack CHOP, a protein induced by ER stress, we could prevent death of trophoblasts, reduce inflammation, and increase the viability of the pups. Our results suggest that B. abortus injects VceC into placental trophoblasts to promote its transmission by abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - April Y Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gregory T Walker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cheryl N Miller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Briana M Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bevin C English
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Núbia Seyffert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tobias Kerrinnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maarten F de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vidya L Atluri
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maria G Winter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean Celli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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14
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Animal and Human Tissue Models of Vertical Listeria monocytogenes Transmission and Implications for Other Pregnancy-Associated Infections. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00801-17. [PMID: 29483290 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00801-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infections lead to serious complications for mother and fetus, including preterm birth, maternal and fetal death, and neurological sequelae in the surviving offspring. Improving maternal and child heath is a global priority. Yet, the development of strategies to prevent and treat pregnancy-related diseases has lagged behind progress made in other medical fields. One of the challenges is finding tractable model systems that replicate the human maternal-fetal interface. Animal models offer the ability to study pathogenesis and host defenses in vivo However, the anatomy of the maternal-fetal interface is highly divergent across species. While many tools are available to study host responses in the pregnant mouse model, other animals have placentas that are more similar to that of humans. Here we describe new developments in animal and human tissue models to investigate the pathogenesis of listeriosis at the maternal-fetal interface. We highlight gaps in existing knowledge and make recommendations on how they can be filled.
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15
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Kenny LC, Kell DB. Immunological Tolerance, Pregnancy, and Preeclampsia: The Roles of Semen Microbes and the Father. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 4:239. [PMID: 29354635 PMCID: PMC5758600 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely considered, in many cases, to involve two separable stages (poor placentation followed by oxidative stress/inflammation), the precise originating causes of preeclampsia (PE) remain elusive. We have previously brought together some of the considerable evidence that a (dormant) microbial component is commonly a significant part of its etiology. However, apart from recognizing, consistent with this view, that the many inflammatory markers of PE are also increased in infection, we had little to say about immunity, whether innate or adaptive. In addition, we focused on the gut, oral and female urinary tract microbiomes as the main sources of the infection. We here marshall further evidence for an infectious component in PE, focusing on the immunological tolerance characteristic of pregnancy, and the well-established fact that increased exposure to the father's semen assists this immunological tolerance. As well as these benefits, however, semen is not sterile, microbial tolerance mechanisms may exist, and we also review the evidence that semen may be responsible for inoculating the developing conceptus (and maybe the placenta) with microbes, not all of which are benign. It is suggested that when they are not, this may be a significant cause of PE. A variety of epidemiological and other evidence is entirely consistent with this, not least correlations between semen infection, infertility and PE. Our view also leads to a series of other, testable predictions. Overall, we argue for a significant paternal role in the development of PE through microbial infection of the mother via insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Kenny
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Reyes L, Phillips P, Wolfe B, Golos TG, Walkenhorst M, Progulske-Fox A, Brown M. Porphyromonas gingivalis and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 10:1374153. [PMID: 29291034 PMCID: PMC5646603 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1374153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium considered to be an important pathogen of periodontal disease that is also implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). Until recently, our understanding of the role of P. gingivalis in APO has been limited and sometimes contradictory. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of past and current research on P. gingivalis that addresses some of the controversies concerning the role of this organism in the pathogenesis of APO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Priscilla Phillips
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Bryce Wolfe
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Molly Walkenhorst
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary Brown
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Madjunkov M, Chaudhry S, Ito S. Listeriosis during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 296:143-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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