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Yin L, Rong T, Zhang Y, Gao J. The relationship between sleep quality and anxiety and depression among older caregivers of centenarians in China: A cross-sectional study. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 54:302-309. [PMID: 37918038 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
To explore the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety and depression in older caregivers. From April 2020 to November 2022, GAD-7, GDS-15, and PSQI were used to measure anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. The correlation of each variable was explored by regression analysis. Among 442 caregivers ≥ 65 years old, the prevalence of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression was 40.5 %, 20.2 %, and 26.4 %. After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, anxiety (OR1.1; 95 % CI 1-1.2) and depression (OR 1.29; 95 % CI 1.21-1.38) were associated with sleep disorders. Daytime dysfunction components of PSQI measurements were associated with anxiety(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, sleep efficiency, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction components of PSQI measurements were associated with depression(P < 0.05). Therefore, the sleep quality of older caregivers is strongly related to anxiety and depression. It is necessary to provide sleep guidance or professional intervention for older caregivers to reduce anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Yin
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Gerontology and Longevity, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ting Rong
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Gerontology and Longevity, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Gerontology and Longevity, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jianlin Gao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Research Center of Gerontology and Longevity, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Stahl ST, Skidmore E, Kringle E, Shih M, Baum C, Hammel J, Krafty R, Covassin N, Li J, Smagula SF. Rest-Activity Rhythm Characteristics Associated With Depression Symptoms in Stroke Survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 104:1203-1208. [PMID: 36736806 PMCID: PMC10802795 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine which 24-hour rest-activity rhythm (RAR) characteristics are associated with depression symptoms in stroke survivors. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study examining associations of RAR characteristics with the presence of depression symptoms adjusting for age, sex, race, and medical comorbidity. SETTING Community setting. PARTICIPANTS Stroke survivors: (1) recruited locally (N women=35, N men=28) and (2) a nationally representative probability sample (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]; N women=156, N men=124). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS Objective RAR characteristics derived from accelerometer recordings including activity onset/offset times and non-parametric measures of RAR strength (relative amplitude), stability (interdaily stability), and fragmentation (intradaily variability). The presence of depression symptoms was categorized using Patient Health Questionnaire scores. RESULTS In both samples, the only RAR characteristic associated with depression symptoms was intradaily variability (fragmentation): local sample, odds ratio=1.96 [95% confidence interval=1.05-3.63]; NHANES sample, odds ratio=1.34, [95% confidence interval=1.01-1.78]). In the NHANES sample, which included both mild and moderate/severe depression, the association between 24-hour sleep-wake fragmentation and depression symptoms was driven by moderate-to-severe cases. CONCLUSIONS Stroke survivors with higher levels of RAR fragmentation were more likely to have depression symptoms in both samples. These findings have implications, given prior studies in general samples linking RAR fragmentation with future depression and dementia risk. Research is needed to establish the potential consequences, mechanisms, and modifiability of RAR fragmentation in stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Skidmore
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Kringle
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Minmei Shih
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn Baum
- Program in Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joy Hammel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert Krafty
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Naima Covassin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jingen Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen F Smagula
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Smagula SF, Aizenstein HJ. Initial evidence regarding the neurobiological basis of psychological symptoms in dementia caregivers. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:169. [PMID: 37202392 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood symptoms and disorders are common in dementia caregivers, who can be exposed to a myriad of potential stressors including their care recipient's neuropsychiatric symptoms. Existing evidence indicates that the effects of potentially stressful exposures on mental health depend on the caregiver's individual characteristics and responses. Specifically, prior studies indicate that risk factors measured on psychological (e.g., emotion-focused/behaviorally disengaged coping responses) and behavioral (e.g., sleep and activity restriction) levels of analysis may confer the effects of caregiving exposures on mental health. Theoretically, this process from caregiving stressors and other risk factors to mood symptoms is neurobiologically mediated. This article reviews recent studies that used brain imaging to identify neurobiological factors that are related to psychological outcomes in caregivers. Available observational data indicate that psychological outcomes in caregivers are related to differences in the structure/function of regions involved in socio-affective information processing (prefrontal), autobiographical memory (the posterior cingulate), and stress (amygdala). In addition, two small randomized controlled trials using repeated brain imaging showed that Mentalizing Imagery Therapy (a mindfulness program) increased prefrontal network connectivity and reduced mood symptoms. These studies raise the possibility that, in the future, brain imaging may be useful to detect the neurobiological basis of a given caregiver's mood vulnerability and guide the selection of interventions that are known to modify it. However, there remains a need for evidence on whether brain imaging improves on simpler/inexpensive measurement modalities like self-report for identifying vulnerable caregivers and matching them with efficacious interventions. In addition, to target interventions, more evidence is needed regarding the effects that both risk factors and interventions have on mood neurobiology (e.g., how persistent emotion-focused coping, sleep disruption, and mindfulness affect brain function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Smagula
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Howard J Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gianfredi V, Schaper NC, Odone A, Signorelli C, Amerio A, Eussen SJPM, Köhler S, Savelberg HHCM, Stehouwer CDA, Dagnelie PC, Henry RMA, van der Kallen CJH, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Schram MT, Koster A. Daily patterns of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and prevalent and incident depression-The Maastricht Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1768-1780. [PMID: 36114702 PMCID: PMC9827855 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the accelerometer-measured daily patterns of PA and sedentary behavior among participants with and without prevalent/incident depressive symptoms. We used data from 5582 individuals in The Maastricht Study (59.9 ± 8.6 years, 50.3% women). Daily patterns of sedentary time, light-intensity physical activity (LiPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sit-to-stand transitions were objectively measured at baseline with the activPAL3 activity monitor. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, both at baseline and annually (median follow-up: 5.1 years). General linear models were used to compare patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior between those with and without prevalent/incident depressive symptoms. Participants with prevalent depressive symptoms had significantly more sedentary time (18.6 min/day) and lower LiPA (26.8 min/day) and MVPA (4.8 min/day) than participants without depressive symptoms. Considering the daily patterns, participants with prevalent depressive symptoms had significantly more sedentary time early in the afternoon (12:00-18:00), early evening (18:00-21:00), and during the night (00:00-03:00), less time in LiPA in all periods between 09:00-21.00 and less MVPA in the morning (09:00:12:00), early afternoon (12:00-15:00), and evening (18:00-21:00), than those without. Similar differences in activity and sedentary behavior patterns between those and without incident depressive symptoms were observed albeit the differences were smaller. Overall, we did not find specific time slots particularly associated with both prevalent and incident depressive symptoms. These findings may indicate that less sedentary time and more intense PA can be important targets for the prevention of depression irrespective of the timing of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Gianfredi
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Nicolaas C. Schaper
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Anna Odone
- Department Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | - Andrea Amerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of PsychiatryUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly,Mood Disorders ProgramTufts Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Simone J. P. M. Eussen
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- MHeNS School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans H. C. M. Savelberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,School of Health Professions EducationMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translation Research MaastrichtMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. Dagnelie
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald M. A. Henry
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Carla J. H. van der Kallen
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marleen M. J. van Greevenbroek
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Miranda T. Schram
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Internal MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,MHeNS School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Heart and Vascular CenterMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Koster
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Social MedicineMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Liu Y, Leggett AN, Kim K, Polenick CA, McCurry SM, Zarit SH. Daily sleep, well-being, and adult day services use among dementia care dyads. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:2472-2480. [PMID: 34761966 PMCID: PMC9109303 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1998354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to describe daily sleep characteristics for dementia care dyads in the context of adult day services (ADS) use and examine the associations with sleep quality and daytime functioning (fatigue, affect, and behavior problems). METHODS Caregivers (CG; N = 173) reported daily bedtime, wake time, and sleep quality for themselves and the persons living with dementia (PLWD) across 8 consecutive days (N = 1359), where PLWD attended ADS at least 2 days of the week. On each day, caregivers also reported their own fatigue and affect and PLWD's daytime behavior problems and nighttime sleep problems. Considering the context of ADS use, we compared mean differences in bedtime, wake time, and total time in bed on nights before versus after ADS use. We estimated multilevel models to examine daily sleep-well-being associations. RESULTS On nights before an upcoming ADS day, care dyads went to bed and woke up earlier, and spent less time in bed. Further, PLWD had better sleep quality the night before an upcoming ADS day. Using ADS during the day buffered the negative impact of PLWD's sleep problems in the previous night, reducing daytime negative affect for caregivers. For caregivers, using ADS yesterday attenuated the association between shorter than typical time in bed and daytime fatigue; it also attenuated the association between PLWD's nighttime sleep problems and lowered daytime positive affect. CONCLUSIONS Regular ADS use may promote earlier sleep timing and protect against the adverse impact of sleep disturbances on daytime functioning for dementia care dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Utah State University
| | | | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University
| | | | - Susan M. McCurry
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington
| | - Steven H. Zarit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
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Adaptation and Pilot Study of a Behavioral Intervention Targeting Morning Activation Deficits in Dementia Caregivers: Scheduling Activity and Monitoring Mornings (SAMM). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:494-503. [PMID: 34753633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morning activation deficits (MADs) correlate with depression symptom persistence in older dementia caregivers. To clarify the potential of MADs as a target for depression interventions, we aimed to: 1) adapt an existing behavioral activation program, Engage therapy, to target mornings; and 2) evaluate effects on self-reported MADs and depression symptoms. METHODS While trialing the 9-week Engage adaption (targeting mornings) in six older dementia caregivers, we incorporated feedback and finalized an adapted program called Scheduling Activity and Monitoring Mornings (SAMM). We delivered the SAMM protocol to 13 dementia caregivers (all female; mean age = 69, standard deviation = 7). We report modifications made/rationale, as well as changes in subjective MADs (relevant items from the Composite Scale of Morningness) and depression symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire - 9). RESULTS Using caregiver and expert input, we adapted the protocol to: include educational materials/content describing the potential relationship between morning inactivity and depression; target activity scheduling within 2 hours of awakening (preferably earlier); and focus only on the main components of morning activity scheduling, planning, and monitoring. This program was associated with decreases in subjective MADs averaging 29% at week 4, 52% at week 6, and 57% by week 9 (all p's <0.005). Initial depression symptoms were significantly reduced, by 62%, at week 9. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that subjective MADs can be modified pragmatically, and that doing so may have antidepressant effects. A controlled trial with measures of the putative mechanism is needed to clarify whether, and if so how, targeting MAD with SAMM causally perturbs depression's mechanisms.
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Smagula SF, Capps CS, Krafty RT. Evaluating the timing of differences in activity related to depression symptoms across adulthood in the United States. J Affect Disord 2021; 284:64-68. [PMID: 33582433 PMCID: PMC7958982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative activity deficits found in people with (verses without) depression symptoms/disorders may accumulate uniformly throughout the day, or they may tend to be expressed at specific times. Evidence for the latter would suggest times when behavioral approaches are most needed to reduce depression and its health consequences. METHODS We performed a secondary-data analysis of participants who contributed valid accelerometer data at the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=4390). Participants were categorized according to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 standard cut-point of ≥10 (i.e., people with versus without clinically significant depression symptoms). Average levels of accelerometer-measured activity in two-hour bins were the dependent variable in mixed models testing if the relationship between depression status and activity level differed by time of day; and if any such relations varied by age group (18-29 years, 30-44 years, 45-59 years, and 60+ years). RESULTS In adults over the age of 30, people with depression symptoms had generally lower levels of activity across the day, but these effects were most markedly pronounced in the morning hours. We found no differences in activity levels associated with prevalent depression symptoms among people 18-30 years of age. LIMITATIONS Core aspects of depression pathophysiology that produce these different activity patterns and confer their effects on mood were not measured. CONCLUSIONS In adults 30 years and older, efforts to ameliorate relative activity deficits associated with depression may benefit from considering the apparently outsized role of inactivity that occurs in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Smagula
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Chandler S Capps
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Robert T Krafty
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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Stahl ST, Rodakowski J, Smagula SF. Timing of Daily Activities over a 24-Hour Period and Affective Status among a National Cohort of Older Dementia Caregivers. J Aging Health 2020; 33:125-132. [PMID: 32975475 DOI: 10.1177/0898264320962363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the allocation of daily activities over a 24-hour period in caregivers (CGs) with and without a probable affective disorder. Methods: Participants were 192 older dementia CGs (mean age = 72.9 years, 70% female) who participated in the National Study of Caregiving. Time diary data were used to measure the duration and timing that caregivers were doing hygienic self-care, eating/drinking, household care, physical caregiving, medical caregiving, socializing, and television viewing. Affective status was assessed using the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder screeners. Results: CGs were more likely to screen positive for depression/anxiety symptoms if they started hygienic self-care later (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.10-2.83) and started medical caregiving later (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.24-4.41). Hygienic self-care start times attenuated the effects of medical caregiving on the affective status. Discussion: Later timing of hygienic self-care may be an important behavioral response that contributes to affective disorder risk in dementia CGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Stahl
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juleen Rodakowski
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen F Smagula
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Smagula SF, Karim HT, Ibrahim TS, Krafty RT, Stahl ST, Rodakowski J, Reynolds CF, Hall MH, Aizenstein HJ. Resting-State Function Connectivity Associated With Being a "Morning-Type" Dementia Caregiver and Having Lower Depression Symptom Severity. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1071-1076. [PMID: 32750139 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A lack of "morningness" predicts greater depression symptom severity over time, including in a vulnerable group of older adults: family dementia caregivers (dCGs). Evidence regarding the neurobiological basis of these correlations is needed to guide future research towards biomarker-informed detection and prevention approaches. We therefore primarily aimed to identify simple resting-state biomarkers that correlated with a lack of "morningness" in dCGs. METHOD We examined 54 dCGs (mean age = 70, range: 61-84; 70% female) of whom 40% were definite "morning types" according to Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). Using a 7 Tesla resting-state sequence, we compared the functional connectivity of nodes in networks previously implicated in depression (fronto-parietal, default mode, limbic, and salience) between caregivers who were and were not "morning types." RESULTS Correcting for voxel-wise comparisons, "morning-type" dCGs had less amygdala-posterior cingulate connectivity (Cohen's d = -1.3), which statistically mediated ~32% of the association between the degree of "morningness" and lower depression severity. Post hoc analyses of CSM items found significant correlations, with both amygdala-posterior cingulate FC and depression severity, for 4/6 items pertaining to difficulty, 2/5 items pertaining to preference, and 0/2 items pertaining to typical patterns. DISCUSSION Prior research shows that amygdala-posterior cingulate connectivity increases when allocating attention to peripheral aspects of negative emotional stimuli. As such, difficulty with morning activation may relate to the ongoing direction of focus around distressing content; in contrast, morning activity participation may serve to limit focus on distress. Replication and experimental studies are required to confirm these associations and their modifiability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Smagula
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tamer S Ibrahim
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert T Krafty
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah T Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juleen Rodakowski
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles F Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Martica H Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Howard J Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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White Matter Integrity Underlying Depressive Symptoms in Dementia Caregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 28:578-582. [PMID: 31892441 PMCID: PMC7170753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether the aspects of white matter connectivity implicated in major depression also relate to mild depressive symptoms in family dementia caregivers (dCGs). METHODS Forty-one dCGs (average age=69 years, standard deviation=6.4) underwent a 7 Tesla 64-direction (12-minute) diffusion-weighted imaging sequence. We compared the fractional anisotropy (FA) of 11 white matter features between dCGs with (n=20) and without (n=21) depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores ≥5). RESULTS Caregivers reporting depression symptoms had lower FA in tracts connecting to the posterior cingulate cortex (Cohen's d = -0.9) and connecting dorsolateral prefrontal with rostral cingulate regions (Cohen's d = -1.2). CONCLUSIONS Posterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal-to-rostral cingulate white matter, implicated in prior studies of major depression, appear relevant to mild depression in dCGs.
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