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Luitel P, Yadav R, Neupane N, Paudel S, Adhikari N, Punukollu R. Health-related quality of life outcomes in children after congenital heart disease surgery in low-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:4695-4704. [PMID: 39118716 PMCID: PMC11305774 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Improved treatments for children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have led to a growing interest in long-term functional outcomes such as health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Studies on HRQOL in children with CHD have yielded contradictory results. In this study, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the effect of surgery on HRQOL outcomes in children with CHD in low-income and middle-income countries. Methods A comprehensive search for articles was performed using the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Embase databases from their inception to September 5, 2023. Studies reporting QOL outcomes in children <18 years and published in English were included. Results Of the 1239 records screened, 10 studies, including 1721 participants, were included in the study. The overall QOL was significantly better in the control group than in the children who underwent surgery for CHD (P=0.04, standard mean difference of -0.62, 95% CI: -1.2 to -0.04), and the overall QOL was significantly better in the children with CHD after surgery than before surgery (P=0.05, standard mean difference of -0.56, 95% CI: -1.11 to -0.01). Conclusion The QOL of children from low-income and middle-income countries who undergo surgery for CHD is significantly poorer than that of controls in all dimensions except the emotional domain. Meanwhile, surgery has the greatest impact on improving the physical domain in children with CHD after surgery. Strategies to improve HRQOL in this subgroup of patients should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajjwol Luitel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rukesh Yadav
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nischal Neupane
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sujan Paudel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Adhikari
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Searchinger C, Nalubwama H, Pulle J, Mehta R, Tumwbaze H, Kyarimpa R, Mwima R, Atukunda E, Bua B, Sarnacki R, Sherman MG, Oketcho M, Zimmerman M, Nakitto M, Longenecker CT, Webel A, Scheel A, Lwabi PS, Sable CA. Quality of Life in Ugandan Children and Young Adults After Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Mixed Methods Approach. Glob Heart 2024; 19:36. [PMID: 38638125 PMCID: PMC11025577 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a critical issue for patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) but has never been assessed in a low-income country. We conducted a cross-sectional mixed methods study with age-matched healthy siblings serving as controls at the Uganda Heart Institute. Methods One-hundred fifteen CHD pediatric and young adult patients and sibling control participants were recruited. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0 in participants ages 5-17 and 36-Item Short Form Survey for young adults aged 18-25. A subset of 27 participants completed face-to-face interviews to supplement quantitative findings. Results Eighty-six pediatric (age 5-17) sibling and parent pairs completed Peds QOL surveys, and 29 young adult (age 18-25) sibling pairs completed SF-36 surveys. One third of patients had surgery in Uganda. Ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common diagnoses. Health-related quality of life scores in patients were lower across all domains compared to control participants in children. Reductions in physical and emotional domains of HRQOL were also statistically significant for young adults. Variables associated with lower HRQOL score on multivariate analysis in pediatric patients were younger age in the physical and emotional domains, greater number of surgeries in the physical domain and surgery outside Uganda in the school domain. The only predictor of lower HRQOL score in young adults was surgery outside Uganda in the social domain. Qualitative interviews identified a number of themes that correlated with survey results including abandonment by family, isolation from peers and community, financial hardship and social stigmatization. Conclusion Health-related quality of life was lower in Ugandan patients after CHD surgery than siblings. Younger patients and those who had surgery outside of Uganda had lower HRQOL. These data have important implications for patients undergoing CHD surgery in LMIC and have potential to inform interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Searchinger
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Division of Cardiology and Global Health Initiative, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Rittal Mehta
- Division of Cardiology and Global Health Initiative, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel Sarnacki
- Division of Cardiology and Global Health Initiative, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Meredith G. Sherman
- Division of Cardiology and Global Health Initiative, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chris T. Longenecker
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Global Health University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Allison Webel
- University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Amy Scheel
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Craig A. Sable
- Division of Cardiology and Global Health Initiative, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Mamasoula C, Pennington L, Adesanya AM, Rankin J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of school and cognitive function domains of health-related quality of life measures for children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2275. [PMID: 38014517 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on cognitive and school functioning domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) presents inconsistencies. OBJECTIVES To summarize and synthesize data on school and cognitive function domains of HRQOL for children and young people (CYP) with CHD. METHODS Five electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERI, and citations were systematically searched. We included original-research articles reporting the cognitive and school function domains of HRQOL for children and young people with CHD (child and parent reports included). Both fixed and random-effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate pooled mean test scores for cognitive and school function. A total of 34 studies met our inclusion criteria and were synthesized narratively, 17 studies were included in formal meta-analyses. RESULTS Self-reported cognitive function was lower for children and young people with CHD than healthy controls (SMD -0.28 (-0.42, -0.15)). Parental reports demonstrated similar results to self-reports (SMD -0.54 (-0.91, -0.18)). School function was lower in children and young people with CHD compared with healthy controls in self-reported (SMD -0.30 (-0.48, -0.13)) and parent reported HRQOL (SMD -0.49 (0.64, -0.36)). Self-reported school function domain scores were lower for young (<8 years) (SMD -0.65 (-1.32, 0.03)) and older children (8-18 years) (SMD -0.25 (-0.47, -0.03)) with CHD than their peers. Similarly, parents reported lower school function domain scores for young (<8 years) (SMD -0.68 (-1.29, -0.07)) and older (8-18 years) (SMD -0.46 (-068, -0.25)) children with CHD than typically developing peers. CONCLUSION Children born with CHD may experience lower cognitive and school function HRQOL scores than healthy controls (self and proxy-report). This is consistent with a subgroup meta-analysis of young (<8 years) and older (8 years old or more) children with CHD reporting lower school function scores compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay Pennington
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Judith Rankin
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Bsesa SS, Srour S, Dashash M. Oral health-related quality of life and oral manifestations of Syrian children with congenital heart disease: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:316. [PMID: 37221589 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There was an immense need for studies evaluating the oral health status of Syrian children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and its impact on their quality of life. No contemporary data are available. The objective of this study was to investigate oral manifestations and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children with CHD and compare them with healthy controls aged 4-12 years. METHODS A case-control study was undertaken. A total of 200 patients with CHD and 100 healthy children belonging to the same patient's family were included. Decayed, missed, and filled permanent teeth index (DMFT) and decayed, missed, and filled primary teeth index (dmft), Oral Hygiene Index (OHI), Papillary Marginal Gingivitis Index (PMGI), and dental abnormalities were recorded. The Arabic version of the Child Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (COHRQoL, 36-item) which was divided into 4 different domains (Oral Symptoms, Functional Limitations, Emotional Well-Being, Social Well-Being) were studied. Chi-square test and independent- t-test were used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS CHD patients experienced more periodontitis, dental caries, poor oral health, and enamel defects. The dmft mean was significantly higher in CHD patients than in healthy children (5.245 vs. 2.660, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between patients and controls in the DMFT Mean (P = 0.731). There was a significant difference between CHD patients and healthy children in the mean of the OHI (5.954 vs. 1.871, P < 0.05), and PMGI (1.689 vs. 1.170, P < 0.05). CHD patients have significantly higher enamel opacities (8% vs. 2%) and hypocalcification (10.5% vs. 2%) than controls. Also, the 4 COHRQoL domains, showed significant differences between CHD children and controls. CONCLUSIONS Evidence about the oral health and COHRQoL of children with CHD was provided. Further preventive measures are still required to improve the health and quality of life of this vulnerable group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouq Sharar Bsesa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Samir Srour
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The University Pediatric Hospital of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Mayssoon Dashash
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Rajagopal R, Raman N, Ong LC, Foo JC, Fong CY. Health-related quality of life among Malaysian pediatric survivors of central nervous system tumor. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 40:26-39. [PMID: 35608384 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2069895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric central nervous system tumor survivors (CNSTS) experience late effects that may affect their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The study aims: i) compare HRQOL among Malaysian CNSTS with acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors (ALLS) and healthy children, and ii) explore factors associated with low HRQOL. We performed a comparative cross-sectional HRQOL study of 46 CNSTS aged 5-18 years and 90 ALLS (age and gender-matched) who completed treatment for >1 year, and a published cohort of healthy children. Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) was used for all groups and PedsQL Cancer Module for CNSTS and ALLS. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with low HRQOL. Mean PedsQL total scale score, physical health score and psychosocial health score of CNSTS were 69.0 (SD 20.3), 68.7 (SD 27.9) and 69.2 (SD 19.2) respectively. These scores were significantly lower in all domains particularly in teenagers compared with healthy children and ALLS. The median PedsQL Cancer Module score of CNSTS was significantly lower than ALLS in total scale, cognitive problems and communication. Physical impairment was associated with lower PedsQL scores in all 3 domains; special education placement was associated with lower PedsQL total scale and physical health scores and clinically significant internalizing behavioral difficulties score was associated with lower PedsQL psychosocial health scores. CNSTS reported lower PedsQL scores in all domains than ALLS and healthy children. Clinicians need to be vigilant of HRQOL needs among CNSTS, especially those with risk factors of special education needs, physical impairment, and internalizing behavioral difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Rajagopal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur'Aini Raman
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai Choo Ong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jen Chun Foo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choong Yi Fong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Emotional quality-of-life and patient-reported limitation in sports participation in children with uncorrected congenital and acquired heart disease in healthcare-restricted settings in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:188-196. [PMID: 32019617 PMCID: PMC7332412 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951120000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about emotional quality-of-life in paediatric heart disease in low- and middle-income countries where the prevalence of uncorrected lesions is high. Research on emotional quality-of-life and its predictors in these settings is key to planning interventions. METHODS Ten-year retrospective cross-sectional study of children aged 6-17 years with uncorrected congenital or acquired heart disease in 12 low- and middle-income countries was conducted. Emotional functioning score of the PedsQL TM 4.0 generic core scale and data on patient-reported limitation in sports participation were collected via in-person interview and analysed using regression analyses. RESULTS Ninety-four children reported mean emotional functioning scores of 71.94 (SD 25.32) [95% CI 66.75-77.13] with lower scores independently associated with having a parent with a chronic illness or who had died (p = 0.005), having less than three siblings (p = 0.007), and reporting a subjective limitation in carrying an item equivalent to a 4 lb load (p = 0.021). Patient-reported limitation in sports participation at least "sometimes" was present in 69% and was independently associated with experiencing symptoms at least once a month (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Some of the factors which were associated with better emotional quality-of-life were similar to those identified in previous studies in patients with corrected defects. Patient-reported limitation in sports participation is common. In addition to corrective surgery and exercise, numerous other interventions which are practicable during surgical missions might improve emotional quality-of-life.
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Xiang L, Su Z, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zhang X, Li S, Zhang H. Impact of Family Socioeconomic Status on Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Critical Congenital Heart Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e010616. [PMID: 30563422 PMCID: PMC6405710 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) for children with critical congenital heart disease; however, literature from newly industrialized countries is scarce. Methods and Results This cross‐sectional study included 2037 surviving patients operated on for critical congenital heart disease at a tertiary hospital in China between May 2012 and December 2015. All eligible patients were aged 2 to 12 years. HRQOL was measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 generic and 3.0 cardiac modules. Family SES was assessed by a composite of household income in the past year and occupation and education level of each parent in the family. Mean scores of major domains in HRQOL were significantly lower in the low‐SES group than in the medium‐ and high‐SES groups (total generic scores: 71.2±7.9 versus 75.0±8.0 and 76.0±7.9, respectively [P<0.001]; psychosocial functioning: 70.8±9.0 versus 74.4±8.4 and 75.3±8.4 [P<0.001]; physical functioning: 71.6±10.4 versus 76.0±9.7 and 77.1±9.4 [P<0.001]; heart symptoms: 71.9±11.6 versus 75.7±11.0 and 76.8±10.3 [P<0.001]; cognitive problems: 65.4±11.1 versus 69.4±12.1 and 74.6±13.6 [P<0.001]). After adjustment for other clinical and demographic variables in the multivariable linear regression model, family SES significantly affected all dimensions of HRQOL except for treatment barriers, treatment anxiety, physical appearance and communication. Conclusions Family SES is an important factor associated with HRQOL in patients with critical congenital heart disease. Further targeted interventions to improve HRQOL that consider the family and environmental issues confronted by those who are economically disadvantaged might help these patients have better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,2 Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fuwai Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Zhanhao Su
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,2 Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fuwai Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,2 Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fuwai Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Yuan Huang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,2 Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fuwai Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Shoujun Li
- 2 Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fuwai Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
| | - Hao Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,2 Center for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Fuwai Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Beijing China
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Fong CY, Ng K, Kong AN, Ong LC, Rithauddin MA, Thong MK, Ganesan V, Heng HS, Teh CM, Yahya N. Quality of life of children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104:972-978. [PMID: 31122923 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-316394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluation of impaired quality of life (QOL) of Malaysian children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and its possible risk factors. METHOD Cross-sectional study on 68 parents of Malaysian children aged 2-18 years with TSC. QOL was assessed using proxy-report Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) V.4.0, and scores compared with those from a previous cohort of healthy children. Parents also completed questionnaires on child behaviour (child behaviour checklist (CBCL)) and parenting stress (parenting stress index-short form). Multiple regression analysis was used to determine sociodemographic, medical, parenting stress and behavioural factors that impacted on QOL. RESULTS The mean proxy-report PedsQL V.4.0 total scale score, physical health summary score and psychosocial health summary score of the patients were 60.6 (SD 20.11), 65.9 (SD 28.05) and 57.8 (SD 19.48), respectively. Compared with healthy children, TSC patients had significantly lower mean PedsQL V.4.0 total scale, physical health and psychosocial health summary scores (mean difference (95% CI): 24 (18-29), 20 (12-27) and 26 (21-31) respectively). Lower total scale scores were associated with clinically significant CBCL internalising behaviour scores, age 8-18 years and Chinese ethnicity. Lower psychosocial health summary scale scores were associated with clinically significant CBCL internalising behaviour scores, Chinese ethnicity or >1 antiepileptic drug (AED). CONCLUSION Parents of children with TSC reported lower PedsQL V.4.0 QOL scores in all domains, with psychosocial health most affected. Older children, those with internalising behaviour problems, of Chinese ethnicity or on >1 AED was at higher risk of lower QOL. Clinicians need to be vigilant of QOL needs among children with TSC particularly with these additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Yi Fong
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kexin Ng
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ann Nie Kong
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lai Choo Ong
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Meow Keong Thong
- Genetics Medicine Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Hock Sin Heng
- Paediatric Department, Sabah Women and Children Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chee Ming Teh
- Paediatric Department, Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norazni Yahya
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
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